getopt — C-style parser for command line options

소스 코드: Lib/getopt.py

버전 3.13부터 폐지됨: The getopt module is soft deprecated and will not be developed further; development will continue with the argparse module.

참고

The getopt module is a parser for command line options whose API is designed to be familiar to users of the C getopt() function. Users who are unfamiliar with the C getopt() function or who would like to write less code and get better help and error messages should consider using the argparse module instead.

---

This module helps scripts to parse the command line arguments in sys.argv. It supports the same conventions as the Unix getopt() function (including the special meanings of arguments of the form ‘-’ and ‘--‘). Long options similar to those supported by GNU software may be used as well via an optional third argument.

이 모듈은 두 가지 함수와 예외를 제공합니다:

getopt.getopt(args, shortopts, longopts=[])

Parses command line options and parameter list. args is the argument list to be parsed, without the leading reference to the running program. Typically, this means sys.argv[1:]. shortopts is the string of option letters that the script wants to recognize, with options that require an argument followed by a colon (':') and options that accept an optional argument followed by two colons ('::'); i.e., the same format that Unix getopt() uses.

참고

Unlike GNU getopt(), after a non-option argument, all further arguments are considered also non-options. This is similar to the way non-GNU Unix systems work.

longopts, if specified, must be a list of strings with the names of the long options which should be supported. The leading '--' characters should not be included in the option name. Long options which require an argument should be followed by an equal sign ('='). Long options which accept an optional argument should be followed by an equal sign and question mark ('=?'). To accept only long options, shortopts should be an empty string. Long options on the command line can be recognized so long as they provide a prefix of the option name that matches exactly one of the accepted options. For example, if longopts is ['foo', 'frob'], the option --fo will match as --foo, but --f will not match uniquely, so GetoptError will be raised.

반환 값은 두 요소로 구성됩니다: 첫 번째는 (option, value) 쌍의 리스트입니다; 두 번째는 옵션 리스트가 제거된 후 남겨진 프로그램 인자 리스트입니다 (이것은 args의 후행 슬라이스입니다). 반환된 각 옵션-값 쌍은 첫 번째 요소로 옵션을 가지며, 짧은 옵션(예를 들어, '-x')은 하이픈이, 긴 옵션(예를 들어, '--long-option')은 두 개의 하이픈이 접두사로 붙고, 두 번째 요소는 옵션 인자나 옵션에 인자가 없으면 빈 문자열입니다. 옵션은 발견된 순서와 같은 순서로 리스트에 나타나므로, 여러 번 나오는 것을 허용합니다. 긴 옵션과 짧은 옵션은 혼합될 수 있습니다.

버전 3.14에서 변경: Optional arguments are supported.

getopt.gnu_getopt(args, shortopts, longopts=[])

이 함수는 기본적으로 GNU 스타일 스캔 모드가 사용된다는 점을 제외하고는 getopt()처럼 작동합니다. 이것은 옵션과 옵션이 아닌 인자가 섞일 수 있음을 뜻합니다. getopt() 함수는 옵션이 아닌 인자가 발견되자마자 옵션 처리를 중지합니다.

If the first character of the option string is '+', or if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, then option processing stops as soon as a non-option argument is encountered.

If the first character of the option string is '-', non-option arguments that are followed by options are added to the list of option-and-value pairs as a pair that has None as its first element and the list of non-option arguments as its second element. The second element of the gnu_getopt() result is a list of program arguments after the last option.

버전 3.14에서 변경: Support for returning intermixed options and non-option arguments in order.

exception getopt.GetoptError

This is raised when an unrecognized option is found in the argument list or when an option requiring an argument is given none. The argument to the exception is a string indicating the cause of the error. For long options, an argument given to an option which does not require one will also cause this exception to be raised. The attributes msg and opt give the error message and related option; if there is no specific option to which the exception relates, opt is an empty string.

exception getopt.error

GetoptError의 별칭; 과거 호환성을 위한 것입니다.

유닉스 스타일 옵션만 사용하는 예제:

>>> import getopt
>>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
>>> args
['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
>>> optlist
[('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
>>> args
['a1', 'a2']

긴 옵션 이름을 사용하는 것도 똑같이 간단합니다:

>>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
>>> args = s.split()
>>> args
['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
...     'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
>>> optlist
[('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]
>>> args
['a1', 'a2']

Optional arguments should be specified explicitly:

>>> s = '-Con -C --color=off --color a1 a2'
>>> args = s.split()
>>> args
['-Con', '-C', '--color=off', '--color', 'a1', 'a2']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'C::', ['color=?'])
>>> optlist
[('-C', 'on'), ('-C', ''), ('--color', 'off'), ('--color', '')]
>>> args
['a1', 'a2']

The order of options and non-option arguments can be preserved:

>>> s = 'a1 -x a2 a3 a4 --long a5 a6'
>>> args = s.split()
>>> args
['a1', '-x', 'a2', 'a3', 'a4', '--long', 'a5', 'a6']
>>> optlist, args = getopt.gnu_getopt(args, '-x:', ['long='])
>>> optlist
[(None, ['a1']), ('-x', 'a2'), (None, ['a3', 'a4']), ('--long', 'a5')]
>>> args
['a6']

In a script, typical usage is something like this:

import getopt, sys

def main():
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "ho:v", ["help", "output="])
    except getopt.GetoptError as err:
        # print help information and exit:
        print(err)  # will print something like "option -a not recognized"
        usage()
        sys.exit(2)
    output = None
    verbose = False
    for o, a in opts:
        if o == "-v":
            verbose = True
        elif o in ("-h", "--help"):
            usage()
            sys.exit()
        elif o in ("-o", "--output"):
            output = a
        else:
            assert False, "unhandled option"
    # ...

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

Note that an equivalent command line interface could be produced with less code and more informative help and error messages by using the argparse module:

import argparse

if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-o', '--output')
    parser.add_argument('-v', dest='verbose', action='store_true')
    args = parser.parse_args()
    # ... do something with args.output ...
    # ... do something with args.verbose ..

더 보기

모듈 argparse

대안 명령 줄 옵션과 인자 구문 분석 라이브러리.