concurrent.futures
— Launching parallel tasks¶
Added in version 3.2.
소스 코드: Lib/concurrent/futures/thread.py와 Lib/concurrent/futures/process.py
concurrent.futures
모듈은 비동기적으로 콜러블을 실행하는 고수준 인터페이스를 제공합니다.
The asynchronous execution can be performed with threads, using
ThreadPoolExecutor
or InterpreterPoolExecutor
,
or separate processes, using ProcessPoolExecutor
.
Each implements the same interface, which is defined
by the abstract Executor
class.
Availability: not WASI.
This module does not work or is not available on WebAssembly. See WebAssembly platforms for more information.
Executor 객체¶
- class concurrent.futures.Executor¶
비동기적으로 호출을 실행하는 메서드를 제공하는 추상 클래스입니다. 직접 사용해서는 안 되며, 구체적인 하위 클래스를 통해 사용해야 합니다.
- submit(fn, /, *args, **kwargs)¶
Schedules the callable, fn, to be executed as
fn(*args, **kwargs)
and returns aFuture
object representing the execution of the callable.with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1) as executor: future = executor.submit(pow, 323, 1235) print(future.result())
- map(fn, *iterables, timeout=None, chunksize=1)¶
Similar to
map(fn, *iterables)
except:iterables 는 느긋하게 처리되는 것이 아니라 즉시 수집됩니다.
fn is executed asynchronously and several calls to fn may be made concurrently.
The returned iterator raises a
TimeoutError
if__next__()
is called and the result isn’t available after timeout seconds from the original call toExecutor.map()
. timeout can be an int or a float. If timeout is not specified orNone
, there is no limit to the wait time.If a fn call raises an exception, then that exception will be raised when its value is retrieved from the iterator.
When using
ProcessPoolExecutor
, this method chops iterables into a number of chunks which it submits to the pool as separate tasks. The (approximate) size of these chunks can be specified by setting chunksize to a positive integer. For very long iterables, using a large value for chunksize can significantly improve performance compared to the default size of 1. WithThreadPoolExecutor
andInterpreterPoolExecutor
, chunksize has no effect.버전 3.5에서 변경: chunksize 인자가 추가되었습니다.
- shutdown(wait=True, *, cancel_futures=False)¶
현재 계류 중인 퓨처가 실행 완료될 때, 사용 중인 모든 자원을 해제해야 한다는 것을 실행기에 알립니다. 종료(shutdown) 후에 이루어지는
Executor.submit()
과Executor.map()
호출은RuntimeError
를 발생시킵니다.wait 가
True
면, 계류 중인 모든 퓨처가 실행을 마치고 실행기와 관련된 자원이 해제될 때까지 이 메서드는 돌아오지 않습니다. wait 가False
면, 이 메서드는 즉시 돌아오고 실행기와 연관된 자원은 계류 중인 모든 퓨처가 실행을 마칠 때 해제됩니다. wait 의 값과 관계없이, 모든 계류 중인 퓨처가 실행을 마칠 때까지 전체 파이썬 프로그램이 종료되지 않습니다.cancel_futures가
True
이면, 이 메서드는 실행기가 실행을 시작시키지 않은 계류 중인 모든 퓨처를 취소합니다. cancel_futures의 값과 관계없이 완료되었거나 실행 중인 퓨처는 취소되지 않습니다.cancel_futures와 wait가 모두
True
이면, 이 메서드가 반환하기 전에 실행기가 실행을 시작한 모든 퓨처가 완료됩니다. 나머지 퓨처는 취소됩니다.with
문을 사용하여Executor
를 종료시키면 (Executor.shutdown()
를 wait 값True
로 호출한 것처럼 대기합니다), 이 메서드를 명시적으로 호출할 필요가 없어집니다.:import shutil with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4) as e: e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src2.txt', 'dest2.txt') e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src3.txt', 'dest3.txt') e.submit(shutil.copy, 'src4.txt', 'dest4.txt')
버전 3.9에서 변경: cancel_futures를 추가했습니다.
ThreadPoolExecutor¶
ThreadPoolExecutor
는 스레드 풀을 사용하여 호출을 비동기적으로 실행하는 Executor
서브 클래스입니다.
Future
와 관련된 콜러블 객체가 다른 Future
의 결과를 기다릴 때 교착 상태가 발생할 수 있습니다. 예를 들면:
import time
def wait_on_b():
time.sleep(5)
print(b.result()) # b will never complete because it is waiting on a.
return 5
def wait_on_a():
time.sleep(5)
print(a.result()) # a will never complete because it is waiting on b.
return 6
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=2)
a = executor.submit(wait_on_b)
b = executor.submit(wait_on_a)
그리고:
def wait_on_future():
f = executor.submit(pow, 5, 2)
# This will never complete because there is only one worker thread and
# it is executing this function.
print(f.result())
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
executor.submit(wait_on_future)
- class concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=None, thread_name_prefix='', initializer=None, initargs=())¶
최대 max_workers 스레드의 풀을 사용하여 호출을 비동기적으로 실행하는
Executor
서브 클래스.All threads enqueued to
ThreadPoolExecutor
will be joined before the interpreter can exit. Note that the exit handler which does this is executed before any exit handlers added usingatexit
. This means exceptions in the main thread must be caught and handled in order to signal threads to exit gracefully. For this reason, it is recommended thatThreadPoolExecutor
not be used for long-running tasks.initializer 는 각 작업자 스레드의 시작 부분에서 호출되는 선택적 콜러블입니다; initargs 는 initializer에 전달되는 인자들의 튜플입니다. initializer 가 예외를 발생시키는 경우, 현재 계류 중인 모든 작업과 풀에 추가로 작업을 제출하려는 시도는
BrokenThreadPool
을 발생시킵니다.버전 3.5에서 변경: max_workers 가
None
이거나 주어지지 않았다면, 기본값으로 기계의 프로세서 수에5
를 곱한 값을 사용합니다.ThreadPoolExecutor
가 CPU 작업보다는 I/O를 동시에 진행하는데 자주 쓰이고, 작업자의 수가ProcessPoolExecutor
보다 많아야 한다고 가정하고 있습니다.버전 3.6에서 변경: Added the thread_name_prefix parameter to allow users to control the
threading.Thread
names for worker threads created by the pool for easier debugging.버전 3.7에서 변경: initializer 및 initargs 인자가 추가되었습니다.
버전 3.8에서 변경: max_workers의 기본값은
min(32, os.cpu_count() + 4)
로 변경됩니다. 이 기본값은 I/O 병목 작업을 위해 최소 5개의 작업자를 유지합니다. GIL을 반납하는 CPU 병목 작업을 위해 최대 32개의 CPU 코어를 사용합니다. 또한 많은 코어를 가진 시스템에서 매우 큰 자원을 묵시적으로 사용하는 것을 방지합니다.ThreadPoolExecutor는 이제 max_workers 작업자 스레드를 시작하기 전에 유휴 작업자 스레드를 재사용합니다.
버전 3.13에서 변경: Default value of max_workers is changed to
min(32, (os.process_cpu_count() or 1) + 4)
.
ThreadPoolExecutor 예제¶
import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request
URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
'http://www.cnn.com/',
'http://europe.wsj.com/',
'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
'http://nonexistent-subdomain.python.org/']
# Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
def load_url(url, timeout):
with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
return conn.read()
# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
# Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
url = future_to_url[future]
try:
data = future.result()
except Exception as exc:
print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
else:
print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))
InterpreterPoolExecutor¶
The InterpreterPoolExecutor
class uses a pool of interpreters
to execute calls asynchronously. It is a ThreadPoolExecutor
subclass, which means each worker is running in its own thread.
The difference here is that each worker has its own interpreter,
and runs each task using that interpreter.
The biggest benefit to using interpreters instead of only threads is true multi-core parallelism. Each interpreter has its own Global Interpreter Lock, so code running in one interpreter can run on one CPU core, while code in another interpreter runs unblocked on a different core.
The tradeoff is that writing concurrent code for use with multiple interpreters can take extra effort. However, this is because it forces you to be deliberate about how and when interpreters interact, and to be explicit about what data is shared between interpreters. This results in several benefits that help balance the extra effort, including true multi-core parallelism, For example, code written this way can make it easier to reason about concurrency. Another major benefit is that you don’t have to deal with several of the big pain points of using threads, like nrace conditions.
Each worker’s interpreter is isolated from all the other interpreters.
“Isolated” means each interpreter has its own runtime state and
operates completely independently. For example, if you redirect
sys.stdout
in one interpreter, it will not be automatically
redirected any other interpreter. If you import a module in one
interpreter, it is not automatically imported in any other. You
would need to import the module separately in interpreter where
you need it. In fact, each module imported in an interpreter is
a completely separate object from the same module in a different
interpreter, including sys
, builtins
,
and even __main__
.
Isolation means a mutable object, or other data, cannot be used by more than one interpreter at the same time. That effectively means interpreters cannot actually share such objects or data. Instead, each interpreter must have its own copy, and you will have to synchronize any changes between the copies manually. Immutable objects and data, like the builtin singletons, strings, and tuples of immutable objects, don’t have these limitations.
Communicating and synchronizing between interpreters is most effectively
done using dedicated tools, like those proposed in PEP 734. One less
efficient alternative is to serialize with pickle
and then send
the bytes over a shared socket
or
pipe
.
- class concurrent.futures.InterpreterPoolExecutor(max_workers=None, thread_name_prefix='', initializer=None, initargs=(), shared=None)¶
A
ThreadPoolExecutor
subclass that executes calls asynchronously using a pool of at most max_workers threads. Each thread runs tasks in its own interpreter. The worker interpreters are isolated from each other, which means each has its own runtime state and that they can’t share any mutable objects or other data. Each interpreter has its own Global Interpreter Lock, which means code run with this executor has true multi-core parallelism.The optional initializer and initargs arguments have the same meaning as for
ThreadPoolExecutor
: the initializer is run when each worker is created, though in this case it is run.in the worker’s interpreter. The executor serializes the initializer and initargs usingpickle
when sending them to the worker’s interpreter.참고
Functions defined in the
__main__
module cannot be pickled and thus cannot be used.참고
The executor may replace uncaught exceptions from initializer with
ExecutionFailed
.The optional shared argument is a
dict
of objects that all interpreters in the pool share. The shared items are added to each interpreter’s__main__
module. Not all objects are shareable. Shareable objects include the builtin singletons,str
andbytes
, andmemoryview
. See PEP 734 for more info.Other caveats from parent
ThreadPoolExecutor
apply here.
submit()
and map()
work like normal,
except the worker serializes the callable and arguments using
pickle
when sending them to its interpreter. The worker
likewise serializes the return value when sending it back.
참고
Functions defined in the __main__
module cannot be pickled
and thus cannot be used.
When a worker’s current task raises an uncaught exception, the worker
always tries to preserve the exception as-is. If that is successful
then it also sets the __cause__
to a corresponding
ExecutionFailed
instance, which contains a summary of the original exception.
In the uncommon case that the worker is not able to preserve the
original as-is then it directly preserves the corresponding
ExecutionFailed
instance instead.
ProcessPoolExecutor¶
ProcessPoolExecutor
클래스는 프로세스 풀을 사용하여 호출을 비동기적으로 실행하는 Executor
서브 클래스입니다. ProcessPoolExecutor
는 multiprocessing
모듈을 사용합니다. 전역 인터프리터 록 을 피할 수 있도록 하지만, 오직 피클 가능한 객체만 실행되고 반환될 수 있음을 의미합니다.
__main__
모듈은 작업자 서브 프로세스가 임포트 할 수 있어야 합니다. 즉, ProcessPoolExecutor
는 대화형 인터프리터에서 작동하지 않습니다.
ProcessPoolExecutor
에 제출된 콜러블에서 Executor
나 Future
메서드를 호출하면 교착 상태가 발생합니다.
- class concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor(max_workers=None, mp_context=None, initializer=None, initargs=(), max_tasks_per_child=None)¶
An
Executor
subclass that executes calls asynchronously using a pool of at most max_workers processes. If max_workers isNone
or not given, it will default toos.process_cpu_count()
. If max_workers is less than or equal to0
, then aValueError
will be raised. On Windows, max_workers must be less than or equal to61
. If it is not thenValueError
will be raised. If max_workers isNone
, then the default chosen will be at most61
, even if more processors are available. mp_context can be amultiprocessing
context orNone
. It will be used to launch the workers. If mp_context isNone
or not given, the defaultmultiprocessing
context is used. See 컨텍스트 및 시작 방법.initializer 는 각 작업자 프로세스의 시작 부분에서 호출되는 선택적 콜러블입니다; initargs 는 initializer에 전달되는 인자들의 튜플입니다. initializer 가 예외를 발생시키는 경우, 현재 계류 중인 모든 작업과 풀에 추가로 작업을 제출하려는 시도는
BrokenProcessPool
을 발생시킵니다.max_tasks_per_child is an optional argument that specifies the maximum number of tasks a single process can execute before it will exit and be replaced with a fresh worker process. By default max_tasks_per_child is
None
which means worker processes will live as long as the pool. When a max is specified, the “spawn” multiprocessing start method will be used by default in absence of a mp_context parameter. This feature is incompatible with the “fork” start method.버전 3.3에서 변경: When one of the worker processes terminates abruptly, a
BrokenProcessPool
error is now raised. Previously, behaviour was undefined but operations on the executor or its futures would often freeze or deadlock.버전 3.7에서 변경: mp_context 인자가 추가되어 사용자가 풀에서 만드는 작업자 프로세스의 시작 방법을 제어 할 수 있습니다.
initializer 및 initargs 인자가 추가되었습니다.
버전 3.11에서 변경: The max_tasks_per_child argument was added to allow users to control the lifetime of workers in the pool.
버전 3.12에서 변경: On POSIX systems, if your application has multiple threads and the
multiprocessing
context uses the"fork"
start method: Theos.fork()
function called internally to spawn workers may raise aDeprecationWarning
. Pass a mp_context configured to use a different start method. See theos.fork()
documentation for further explanation.버전 3.13에서 변경: max_workers uses
os.process_cpu_count()
by default, instead ofos.cpu_count()
.버전 3.14에서 변경: The default process start method (see 컨텍스트 및 시작 방법) changed away from fork. If you require the fork start method for
ProcessPoolExecutor
you must explicitly passmp_context=multiprocessing.get_context("fork")
.
ProcessPoolExecutor 예제¶
import concurrent.futures
import math
PRIMES = [
112272535095293,
112582705942171,
112272535095293,
115280095190773,
115797848077099,
1099726899285419]
def is_prime(n):
if n < 2:
return False
if n == 2:
return True
if n % 2 == 0:
return False
sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
if n % i == 0:
return False
return True
def main():
with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):
print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Future 객체¶
Future
클래스는 콜러블 객체의 비동기 실행을 캡슐화합니다. Future
인스턴스는 Executor.submit()
에 의해 생성됩니다.
- class concurrent.futures.Future¶
콜러블 객체의 비동기 실행을 캡슐화합니다.
Future
인스턴스는Executor.submit()
에 의해 생성되며 테스트를 제외하고는 직접 생성되어서는 안 됩니다.- cancel()¶
호출을 취소하려고 시도합니다. 호출이 현재 실행 중이거나 실행 종료했고 취소할 수 없는 경우 메서드는
False
를 반환하고, 그렇지 않으면 호출이 취소되고 메서드는True
를 반환합니다.
- cancelled()¶
호출이 성공적으로 취소되었으면
True
를 반환합니다.
- running()¶
호출이 현재 실행 중이고 취소할 수 없는 경우
True
를 반환합니다.
- done()¶
호출이 성공적으로 취소되었거나 실행이 완료되었으면
True
를 반환합니다.
- result(timeout=None)¶
Return the value returned by the call. If the call hasn’t yet completed then this method will wait up to timeout seconds. If the call hasn’t completed in timeout seconds, then a
TimeoutError
will be raised. timeout can be an int or float. If timeout is not specified orNone
, there is no limit to the wait time.완료하기 전에 퓨처가 취소되면
CancelledError
가 발생합니다.If the call raised an exception, this method will raise the same exception.
- exception(timeout=None)¶
Return the exception raised by the call. If the call hasn’t yet completed then this method will wait up to timeout seconds. If the call hasn’t completed in timeout seconds, then a
TimeoutError
will be raised. timeout can be an int or float. If timeout is not specified orNone
, there is no limit to the wait time.완료하기 전에 퓨처가 취소되면
CancelledError
가 발생합니다.호출이 예외 없이 완료되면,
None
이 반환됩니다.
- add_done_callback(fn)¶
콜러블 fn 을 퓨처에 연결합니다. fn 은 퓨처가 취소되거나 실행이 종료될 때 퓨처를 유일한 인자로 호출됩니다.
추가된 콜러블은 추가된 순서대로 호출되며, 항상 콜러블을 추가한 프로세스에 속하는 스레드에서 호출됩니다. 콜러블이
Exception
서브 클래스를 발생시키면, 로그 되고 무시됩니다. 콜러블이BaseException
서브 클래스를 발생시키면, 동작은 정의되지 않습니다.퓨처가 이미 완료되었거나 취소된 경우 fn 이 즉시 호출됩니다.
다음
Future
메서드는 단위 테스트와Executor
의 구현을 위한 것입니다.- set_running_or_notify_cancel()¶
이 메서드는
Future
와 관련된 작업을 실행하기 전에Executor
구현에 의해서만 호출되거나 단위 테스트에서만 호출되어야 합니다.If the method returns
False
then theFuture
was cancelled, i.e.Future.cancel()
was called and returnedTrue
. Any threads waiting on theFuture
completing (i.e. throughas_completed()
orwait()
) will be woken up.If the method returns
True
then theFuture
was not cancelled and has been put in the running state, i.e. calls toFuture.running()
will returnTrue
.이 메서드는 한 번만 호출 할 수 있으며,
Future.set_result()
또는Future.set_exception()
이 호출 된 후에는 호출할 수 없습니다.
- set_result(result)¶
Future
와 관련된 작업 결과를 result 로 설정합니다.이 메서드는
Executor
구현과 단위 테스트에서만 사용해야 합니다.버전 3.8에서 변경: 이 메서드는
Future
가 이미 완료되었으면concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError
를 발생시킵니다.
모듈 함수¶
- concurrent.futures.wait(fs, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED)¶
Wait for the
Future
instances (possibly created by differentExecutor
instances) given by fs to complete. Duplicate futures given to fs are removed and will be returned only once. Returns a named 2-tuple of sets. The first set, nameddone
, contains the futures that completed (finished or cancelled futures) before the wait completed. The second set, namednot_done
, contains the futures that did not complete (pending or running futures).timeout 은 반환하기 전에 대기 할 최대 시간(초)을 제어하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. timeout 은 int 또는 float가 될 수 있습니다. timeout 이 지정되지 않았거나
None
인 경우, 대기 시간에는 제한이 없습니다.return_when 은, 이 함수가 언제 반환되어야 하는지를 나타냅니다. 다음 상수 중 하나여야 합니다:
상수
설명
- concurrent.futures.FIRST_COMPLETED¶
퓨처가 어느 하나라도 끝나거나 취소될 때 함수가 반환됩니다.
- concurrent.futures.FIRST_EXCEPTION¶
The function will return when any future finishes by raising an exception. If no future raises an exception then it is equivalent to
ALL_COMPLETED
.- concurrent.futures.ALL_COMPLETED¶
모든 퓨처가 끝나거나 취소되면 함수가 반환됩니다.
- concurrent.futures.as_completed(fs, timeout=None)¶
Returns an iterator over the
Future
instances (possibly created by differentExecutor
instances) given by fs that yields futures as they complete (finished or cancelled futures). Any futures given by fs that are duplicated will be returned once. Any futures that completed beforeas_completed()
is called will be yielded first. The returned iterator raises aTimeoutError
if__next__()
is called and the result isn’t available after timeout seconds from the original call toas_completed()
. timeout can be an int or float. If timeout is not specified orNone
, there is no limit to the wait time.
더 보기
- PEP 3148 – 퓨처 - 계산을 비동기적으로 실행
파이썬 표준 라이브러리에 포함하기 위해, 이 기능을 설명한 제안.
예외 클래스¶
- exception concurrent.futures.CancelledError¶
퓨처가 취소될 때 발생합니다.
- exception concurrent.futures.TimeoutError¶
A deprecated alias of
TimeoutError
, raised when a future operation exceeds the given timeout.버전 3.11에서 변경: This class was made an alias of
TimeoutError
.
- exception concurrent.futures.BrokenExecutor¶
RuntimeError
에서 파생됩니다, 이 예외 클래스는 어떤 이유로 실행기가 망가져서 새 작업을 제출하거나 실행할 수 없을 때 발생합니다.Added in version 3.7.
- exception concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError¶
퓨처에 현재 상태에서 허용되지 않는 연산이 수행될 때 발생합니다.
Added in version 3.8.
- exception concurrent.futures.thread.BrokenThreadPool¶
Derived from
BrokenExecutor
, this exception class is raised when one of the workers of aThreadPoolExecutor
has failed initializing.Added in version 3.7.
- exception concurrent.futures.interpreter.BrokenInterpreterPool¶
Derived from
BrokenThreadPool
, this exception class is raised when one of the workers of aInterpreterPoolExecutor
has failed initializing.Added in version 3.14.
- exception concurrent.futures.interpreter.ExecutionFailed¶
Raised from
InterpreterPoolExecutor
when the given initializer fails or fromsubmit()
when there’s an uncaught exception from the submitted task.Added in version 3.14.
- exception concurrent.futures.process.BrokenProcessPool¶
Derived from
BrokenExecutor
(formerlyRuntimeError
), this exception class is raised when one of the workers of aProcessPoolExecutor
has terminated in a non-clean fashion (for example, if it was killed from the outside).Added in version 3.3.