파이썬 표준 라이브러리

파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 파이썬 언어의 정확한 문법과 의미를 설명하고 있지만, 이 라이브러리 레퍼런스 설명서는 파이썬과 함께 배포되는 표준 라이브러리를 설명합니다. 또한, 파이썬 배포판에 일반적으로 포함되어있는 선택적 구성 요소 중 일부를 설명합니다.

파이썬의 표준 라이브러리는 매우 광범위하며, 아래 나열된 긴 목차에 표시된 대로 다양한 기능을 제공합니다. 라이브러리에는 일상적인 프로그래밍에서 발생하는 많은 문제에 대한 표준적인 해결책을 제공하는 파이썬으로 작성된 모듈뿐만 아니라, 파일 I/O와 같은 시스템 기능에 액세스하는 (C로 작성된) 내장 모듈들이 포함됩니다 (이 모듈들이 없다면 파이썬 프로그래머가 액세스할 방법은 없습니다). 이 모듈 중 일부는 플랫폼 관련 사항을 플랫폼 중립적인 API들로 추상화시킴으로써, 파이썬 프로그램의 이식성을 권장하고 개선하도록 명시적으로 설계되었습니다.

윈도우 플랫폼용 파이썬 설치 프로그램은 일반적으로 전체 표준 라이브러리를 포함하며 종종 많은 추가 구성 요소도 포함합니다. 유닉스와 같은 운영체제의 경우, 파이썬은 일반적으로 패키지 모음으로 제공되기 때문에, 운영 체제와 함께 제공되는 패키지 도구를 사용하여 선택적 구성 요소의 일부 또는 전부를 구해야 할 수 있습니다.

표준 라이브러리 외에도, 수천 가지 컴포넌트(개별 프로그램과 모듈부터 패키지 및 전체 응용 프로그램 개발 프레임워크까지)가 늘어나고 있는데, 파이썬 패키지 색인 에서 얻을 수 있습니다.

• 1. 소개
• 2. 내장 함수
• 3. 내장 상수
  • 3.1. site 모듈에 의해 추가된 상수들
• 4. 내장형
  • 4.1. 논리값 검사
  • 4.2. 논리 연산 — and, or, not
  • 4.3. 비교
  • 4.4. 숫자 형 — int, float, complex
  • 4.5. 이터레이터 형
  • 4.6. 시퀀스 형 — list, tuple, range
  • 4.7. 텍스트 시퀀스 형 — str
  • 4.8. 바이너리 시퀀스 형 — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
  • 4.9. 집합 형 — set, frozenset
  • 4.10. 매핑 형 — dict
  • 4.11. 컨텍스트 관리자 형
  • 4.12. 기타 내장형
  • 4.13. 특수 어트리뷰트
• 5. 내장 예외
  • 5.1. 베이스 클래스
  • 5.2. 구체적인 예외
  • 5.3. 경고
  • 5.4. 예외 계층 구조
• 6. Text Processing Services
  • 6.1. string — Common string operations
  • 6.2. re — Regular expression operations
  • 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
  • 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
  • 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database
  • 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
  • 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface
  • 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
• 7. Binary Data Services
  • 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
  • 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
• 8. Data Types
  • 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
  • 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
  • 8.3. collections — Container datatypes
  • 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
  • 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
  • 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
  • 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
  • 8.8. weakref — Weak references
  • 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
  • 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
  • 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer
  • 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
  • 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations
• 9. 숫자와 수학 모듈
  • 9.1. numbers — 숫자 추상 베이스 클래스
  • 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
  • 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  • 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  • 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
  • 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
  • 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
• 10. Functional Programming Modules
  • 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
  • 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
  • 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions
• 11. File and Directory Access
  • 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
  • 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
  • 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
  • 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results
  • 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
  • 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
  • 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
  • 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
  • 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
  • 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations
  • 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
• 12. Data Persistence
  • 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization
  • 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions
  • 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence
  • 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
  • 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix 《databases》
  • 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
• 13. Data Compression and Archiving
  • 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
  • 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
  • 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
  • 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
  • 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
  • 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
• 14. File Formats
  • 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
  • 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser
  • 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing
  • 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
  • 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
• 15. Cryptographic Services
  • 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
  • 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
  • 15.3. secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets
• 16. Generic Operating System Services
  • 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
  • 16.3. time — Time access and conversions
  • 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
  • 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
  • 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python
  • 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration
  • 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
  • 16.9. getpass — Portable password input
  • 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
  • 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
  • 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
  • 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
  • 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
  • 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
• 17. Concurrent Execution
  • 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism
  • 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
  • 17.3. The concurrent package
  • 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
  • 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management
  • 17.6. sched — Event scheduler
  • 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class
  • 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
  • 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API
  • 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
• 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
  • 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface
  • 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
  • 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion
  • 18.4. selectors — High-level I/O multiplexing
  • 18.5. asyncio — Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
  • 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
  • 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
  • 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
  • 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
• 19. Internet Data Handling
  • 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
  • 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
  • 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
  • 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
  • 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
  • 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
  • 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
  • 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
  • 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
  • 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
• 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools
  • 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support
  • 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
  • 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
  • 20.4. XML Processing Modules
  • 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
  • 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
  • 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
  • 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
  • 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
  • 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
  • 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
  • 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
  • 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
• 21. Internet Protocols and Support
  • 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
  • 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
  • 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
  • 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
  • 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules
  • 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
  • 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
  • 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
  • 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
  • 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
  • 21.11. http — HTTP modules
  • 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client
  • 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client
  • 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client
  • 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
  • 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
  • 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
  • 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server
  • 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client
  • 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
  • 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers
  • 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers
  • 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management
  • 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
  • 21.25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
  • 21.26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
  • 21.27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
  • 21.28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
• 22. Multimedia Services
  • 22.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
  • 22.2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
  • 22.3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
  • 22.4. wave — Read and write WAV files
  • 22.5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
  • 22.6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
  • 22.7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
  • 22.8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
  • 22.9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
• 23. Internationalization
  • 23.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
  • 23.2. locale — Internationalization services
• 24. Program Frameworks
  • 24.1. turtle — Turtle graphics
  • 24.2. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
  • 24.3. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
• 25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
  • 25.1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
  • 25.2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
  • 25.3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
  • 25.4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
  • 25.5. IDLE
  • 25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
• 26. Development Tools
  • 26.1. typing — Support for type hints
  • 26.2. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
  • 26.3. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
  • 26.4. unittest — Unit testing framework
  • 26.5. unittest.mock — mock object library
  • 26.6. unittest.mock — getting started
  • 26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
  • 26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python
  • 26.9. test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
• 27. Debugging and Profiling
  • 27.1. bdb — Debugger framework
  • 27.2. faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
  • 27.3. pdb — The Python Debugger
  • 27.4. The Python Profilers
  • 27.5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
  • 27.6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
  • 27.7. tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
• 28. Software Packaging and Distribution
  • 28.1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
  • 28.2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
  • 28.3. venv — Creation of virtual environments
  • 28.4. zipapp — Manage executable python zip archives
• 29. 파이썬 실행시간 서비스
  • 29.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
  • 29.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
  • 29.3. builtins — Built-in objects
  • 29.4. __main__ — 최상위 스크립트 환경
  • 29.5. warnings — Warning control
  • 29.6. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
  • 29.7. abc — Abstract Base Classes
  • 29.8. atexit — Exit handlers
  • 29.9. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
  • 29.10. __future__ — Future statement definitions
  • 29.11. gc — Garbage Collector interface
  • 29.12. inspect — Inspect live objects
  • 29.13. site — Site-specific configuration hook
  • 29.14. fpectl — Floating point exception control
• 30. Custom Python Interpreters
  • 30.1. code — Interpreter base classes
  • 30.2. codeop — Compile Python code
• 31. Importing Modules
  • 31.1. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
  • 31.2. pkgutil — Package extension utility
  • 31.3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
  • 31.4. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
  • 31.5. importlib — The implementation of import
• 32. Python Language Services
  • 32.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
  • 32.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
  • 32.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
  • 32.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 32.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
  • 32.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
  • 32.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
  • 32.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
  • 32.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
  • 32.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
  • 32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
  • 32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
  • 32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
• 33. Miscellaneous Services
  • 33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
• 34. MS Windows Specific Services
  • 34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
  • 34.2. msvcrt — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
  • 34.3. winreg — Windows registry access
  • 34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
• 35. Unix Specific Services
  • 35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
  • 35.2. pwd — The password database
  • 35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
  • 35.4. grp — The group database
  • 35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
  • 35.6. termios — POSIX style tty control
  • 35.7. tty — Terminal control functions
  • 35.8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
  • 35.9. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
  • 35.10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
  • 35.11. resource — Resource usage information
  • 35.12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
  • 35.13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
• 36. Superseded Modules
  • 36.1. optparse — Parser for command line options
  • 36.2. imp — Access the import internals
• 37. Undocumented Modules
  • 37.1. Platform specific modules