파이썬 표준 라이브러리
**********************

파이썬 언어 레퍼런스 는 파이썬 언어의 정확한 문법과 의미를 설명하고 있
지만, 이 라이브러리 레퍼런스 설명서는 파이썬과 함께 배포되는 표준 라이
브러리를 설명합니다. 또한, 파이썬 배포판에 일반적으로 포함되어있는 선
택적 구성 요소 중 일부를 설명합니다.

파이썬의 표준 라이브러리는 매우 광범위하며, 아래 나열된 긴 목차에 표시
된 대로 다양한 기능을 제공합니다. 라이브러리에는 일상적인 프로그래밍에
서 발생하는 많은 문제에 대한 표준적인 해결책을 제공하는 파이썬으로 작
성된 모듈뿐만 아니라, 파일 I/O와 같은 시스템 기능에 액세스하는 (C로 작
성된) 내장 모듈들이 포함됩니다 (이 모듈들이 없다면 파이썬 프로그래머가
액세스할 방법은 없습니다). 이 모듈 중 일부는 플랫폼 관련 사항을 플랫폼
중립적인 API들로 추상화시킴으로써, 파이썬 프로그램의 이식성을 권장하고
개선하도록 명시적으로 설계되었습니다.

윈도우 플랫폼용 파이썬 설치 프로그램은 일반적으로 전체 표준 라이브러리
를 포함하며 종종 많은 추가 구성 요소도 포함합니다. 유닉스와 같은 운영
체제의 경우, 파이썬은 일반적으로 패키지 모음으로 제공되기 때문에, 운영
체제와 함께 제공되는 패키지 도구를 사용하여 선택적 구성 요소의 일부 또
는 전부를 구해야 할 수 있습니다.

표준 라이브러리 외에도, 수천 가지 컴포넌트(개별 프로그램과 모듈부터 패
키지 및 전체 응용 프로그램 개발 프레임워크까지)가 늘어나고 있는데, 파
이썬 패키지 색인 에서 얻을 수 있습니다.

* 1. 소개

* 2. 내장 함수

* 3. 내장 상수

  * 3.1. "site" 모듈에 의해 추가된 상수들

* 4. 내장형

  * 4.1. 논리값 검사

  * 4.2. 논리 연산 --- "and", "or", "not"

  * 4.3. 비교

  * 4.4. 숫자 형 --- "int", "float", "complex"

  * 4.5. 이터레이터 형

  * 4.6. 시퀀스 형 --- "list", "tuple", "range"

  * 4.7. 텍스트 시퀀스 형 --- "str"

  * 4.8. 바이너리 시퀀스 형 --- "bytes", "bytearray", "memoryview"

  * 4.9. 집합 형 --- "set", "frozenset"

  * 4.10. 매핑 형 --- "dict"

  * 4.11. 컨텍스트 관리자 형

  * 4.12. 기타 내장형

  * 4.13. 특수 어트리뷰트

* 5. 내장 예외

  * 5.1. 베이스 클래스

  * 5.2. 구체적인 예외

  * 5.3. 경고

  * 5.4. 예외 계층 구조

* 6. Text Processing Services

  * 6.1. "string" --- Common string operations

  * 6.2. "re" --- Regular expression operations

  * 6.3. "difflib" --- Helpers for computing deltas

  * 6.4. "textwrap" --- Text wrapping and filling

  * 6.5. "unicodedata" --- Unicode Database

  * 6.6. "stringprep" --- Internet String Preparation

  * 6.7. "readline" --- GNU readline interface

  * 6.8. "rlcompleter" --- Completion function for GNU readline

* 7. Binary Data Services

  * 7.1. "struct" --- Interpret bytes as packed binary data

  * 7.2. "codecs" --- Codec registry and base classes

* 8. Data Types

  * 8.1. "datetime" --- Basic date and time types

  * 8.2. "calendar" --- General calendar-related functions

  * 8.3. "collections" --- Container datatypes

  * 8.4. "collections.abc" --- Abstract Base Classes for Containers

  * 8.5. "heapq" --- Heap queue algorithm

  * 8.6. "bisect" --- Array bisection algorithm

  * 8.7. "array" --- Efficient arrays of numeric values

  * 8.8. "weakref" --- Weak references

  * 8.9. "types" --- Dynamic type creation and names for built-in
    types

  * 8.10. "copy" --- Shallow and deep copy operations

  * 8.11. "pprint" --- Data pretty printer

  * 8.12. "reprlib" --- Alternate "repr()" implementation

  * 8.13. "enum" --- Support for enumerations

* 9. 숫자와 수학 모듈

  * 9.1. "numbers" --- 숫자 추상 베이스 클래스

  * 9.2. "math" --- Mathematical functions

  * 9.3. "cmath" --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers

  * 9.4. "decimal" --- Decimal fixed point and floating point
    arithmetic

  * 9.5. "fractions" --- Rational numbers

  * 9.6. "random" --- Generate pseudo-random numbers

  * 9.7. "statistics" --- Mathematical statistics functions

* 10. Functional Programming Modules

  * 10.1. "itertools" --- Functions creating iterators for efficient
    looping

  * 10.2. "functools" --- Higher-order functions and operations on
    callable objects

  * 10.3. "operator" --- Standard operators as functions

* 11. File and Directory Access

  * 11.1. "pathlib" --- Object-oriented filesystem paths

  * 11.2. "os.path" --- Common pathname manipulations

  * 11.3. "fileinput" --- Iterate over lines from multiple input
    streams

  * 11.4. "stat" --- Interpreting "stat()" results

  * 11.5. "filecmp" --- File and Directory Comparisons

  * 11.6. "tempfile" --- Generate temporary files and directories

  * 11.7. "glob" --- Unix style pathname pattern expansion

  * 11.8. "fnmatch" --- Unix filename pattern matching

  * 11.9. "linecache" --- Random access to text lines

  * 11.10. "shutil" --- High-level file operations

  * 11.11. "macpath" --- Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions

* 12. Data Persistence

  * 12.1. "pickle" --- Python object serialization

  * 12.2. "copyreg" --- Register "pickle" support functions

  * 12.3. "shelve" --- Python object persistence

  * 12.4. "marshal" --- Internal Python object serialization

  * 12.5. "dbm" --- Interfaces to Unix "databases"

  * 12.6. "sqlite3" --- DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases

* 13. Data Compression and Archiving

  * 13.1. "zlib" --- Compression compatible with **gzip**

  * 13.2. "gzip" --- Support for **gzip** files

  * 13.3. "bz2" --- Support for **bzip2** compression

  * 13.4. "lzma" --- Compression using the LZMA algorithm

  * 13.5. "zipfile" --- Work with ZIP archives

  * 13.6. "tarfile" --- Read and write tar archive files

* 14. File Formats

  * 14.1. "csv" --- CSV File Reading and Writing

  * 14.2. "configparser" --- Configuration file parser

  * 14.3. "netrc" --- netrc file processing

  * 14.4. "xdrlib" --- Encode and decode XDR data

  * 14.5. "plistlib" --- Generate and parse Mac OS X ".plist" files

* 15. Cryptographic Services

  * 15.1. "hashlib" --- Secure hashes and message digests

  * 15.2. "hmac" --- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication

  * 15.3. "secrets" --- Generate secure random numbers for managing
    secrets

* 16. Generic Operating System Services

  * 16.1. "os" --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces

  * 16.2. "io" --- Core tools for working with streams

  * 16.3. "time" --- Time access and conversions

  * 16.4. "argparse" --- Parser for command-line options, arguments
    and sub-commands

  * 16.5. "getopt" --- C-style parser for command line options

  * 16.6. "logging" --- Logging facility for Python

  * 16.7. "logging.config" --- Logging configuration

  * 16.8. "logging.handlers" --- Logging handlers

  * 16.9. "getpass" --- Portable password input

  * 16.10. "curses" --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays

  * 16.11. "curses.textpad" --- Text input widget for curses programs

  * 16.12. "curses.ascii" --- Utilities for ASCII characters

  * 16.13. "curses.panel" --- A panel stack extension for curses

  * 16.14. "platform" ---  Access to underlying platform's identifying
    data

  * 16.15. "errno" --- Standard errno system symbols

  * 16.16. "ctypes" --- A foreign function library for Python

* 17. Concurrent Execution

  * 17.1. "threading" --- Thread-based parallelism

  * 17.2. "multiprocessing" --- Process-based parallelism

  * 17.3. The "concurrent" package

  * 17.4. "concurrent.futures" --- Launching parallel tasks

  * 17.5. "subprocess" --- Subprocess management

  * 17.6. "sched" --- Event scheduler

  * 17.7. "queue" --- A synchronized queue class

  * 17.8. "dummy_threading" --- Drop-in replacement for the
    "threading" module

  * 17.9. "_thread" --- Low-level threading API

  * 17.10. "_dummy_thread" --- Drop-in replacement for the "_thread"
    module

* 18. Interprocess Communication and Networking

  * 18.1. "socket" --- Low-level networking interface

  * 18.2. "ssl" --- TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects

  * 18.3. "select" --- Waiting for I/O completion

  * 18.4. "selectors" --- High-level I/O multiplexing

  * 18.5. "asyncio" --- Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and
    tasks

  * 18.6. "asyncore" --- Asynchronous socket handler

  * 18.7. "asynchat" --- Asynchronous socket command/response handler

  * 18.8. "signal" --- Set handlers for asynchronous events

  * 18.9. "mmap" --- Memory-mapped file support

* 19. Internet Data Handling

  * 19.1. "email" --- An email and MIME handling package

  * 19.2. "json" --- JSON encoder and decoder

  * 19.3. "mailcap" --- Mailcap file handling

  * 19.4. "mailbox" --- Manipulate mailboxes in various formats

  * 19.5. "mimetypes" --- Map filenames to MIME types

  * 19.6. "base64" --- Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings

  * 19.7. "binhex" --- Encode and decode binhex4 files

  * 19.8. "binascii" --- Convert between binary and ASCII

  * 19.9. "quopri" --- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data

  * 19.10. "uu" --- Encode and decode uuencode files

* 20. Structured Markup Processing Tools

  * 20.1. "html" --- HyperText Markup Language support

  * 20.2. "html.parser" --- Simple HTML and XHTML parser

  * 20.3. "html.entities" --- Definitions of HTML general entities

  * 20.4. XML Processing Modules

  * 20.5. "xml.etree.ElementTree" --- The ElementTree XML API

  * 20.6. "xml.dom" --- The Document Object Model API

  * 20.7. "xml.dom.minidom" --- Minimal DOM implementation

  * 20.8. "xml.dom.pulldom" --- Support for building partial DOM trees

  * 20.9. "xml.sax" --- Support for SAX2 parsers

  * 20.10. "xml.sax.handler" --- Base classes for SAX handlers

  * 20.11. "xml.sax.saxutils" --- SAX Utilities

  * 20.12. "xml.sax.xmlreader" --- Interface for XML parsers

  * 20.13. "xml.parsers.expat" --- Fast XML parsing using Expat

* 21. Internet Protocols and Support

  * 21.1. "webbrowser" --- Convenient Web-browser controller

  * 21.2. "cgi" --- Common Gateway Interface support

  * 21.3. "cgitb" --- Traceback manager for CGI scripts

  * 21.4. "wsgiref" --- WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation

  * 21.5. "urllib" --- URL handling modules

  * 21.6. "urllib.request" --- Extensible library for opening URLs

  * 21.7. "urllib.response" --- Response classes used by urllib

  * 21.8. "urllib.parse" --- Parse URLs into components

  * 21.9. "urllib.error" --- Exception classes raised by
    urllib.request

  * 21.10. "urllib.robotparser" ---  Parser for robots.txt

  * 21.11. "http" --- HTTP modules

  * 21.12. "http.client" --- HTTP protocol client

  * 21.13. "ftplib" --- FTP protocol client

  * 21.14. "poplib" --- POP3 protocol client

  * 21.15. "imaplib" --- IMAP4 protocol client

  * 21.16. "nntplib" --- NNTP protocol client

  * 21.17. "smtplib" --- SMTP protocol client

  * 21.18. "smtpd" --- SMTP Server

  * 21.19. "telnetlib" --- Telnet client

  * 21.20. "uuid" --- UUID objects according to **RFC 4122**

  * 21.21. "socketserver" --- A framework for network servers

  * 21.22. "http.server" --- HTTP servers

  * 21.23. "http.cookies" --- HTTP state management

  * 21.24. "http.cookiejar" --- Cookie handling for HTTP clients

  * 21.25. "xmlrpc" --- XMLRPC server and client modules

  * 21.26. "xmlrpc.client" --- XML-RPC client access

  * 21.27. "xmlrpc.server" --- Basic XML-RPC servers

  * 21.28. "ipaddress" --- IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library

* 22. Multimedia Services

  * 22.1. "audioop" --- Manipulate raw audio data

  * 22.2. "aifc" --- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files

  * 22.3. "sunau" --- Read and write Sun AU files

  * 22.4. "wave" --- Read and write WAV files

  * 22.5. "chunk" --- Read IFF chunked data

  * 22.6. "colorsys" --- Conversions between color systems

  * 22.7. "imghdr" --- Determine the type of an image

  * 22.8. "sndhdr" --- Determine type of sound file

  * 22.9. "ossaudiodev" --- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices

* 23. Internationalization

  * 23.1. "gettext" --- Multilingual internationalization services

  * 23.2. "locale" --- Internationalization services

* 24. Program Frameworks

  * 24.1. "turtle" --- Turtle graphics

  * 24.2. "cmd" --- Support for line-oriented command interpreters

  * 24.3. "shlex" --- Simple lexical analysis

* 25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk

  * 25.1. "tkinter" --- Python interface to Tcl/Tk

  * 25.2. "tkinter.ttk" --- Tk themed widgets

  * 25.3. "tkinter.tix" --- Extension widgets for Tk

  * 25.4. "tkinter.scrolledtext" --- Scrolled Text Widget

  * 25.5. IDLE

  * 25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages

* 26. Development Tools

  * 26.1. "typing" --- Support for type hints

  * 26.2. "pydoc" --- Documentation generator and online help system

  * 26.3. "doctest" --- Test interactive Python examples

  * 26.4. "unittest" --- Unit testing framework

  * 26.5. "unittest.mock" --- mock object library

  * 26.6. "unittest.mock" --- getting started

  * 26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation

  * 26.8. "test" --- Regression tests package for Python

  * 26.9. "test.support" --- Utilities for the Python test suite

* 27. Debugging and Profiling

  * 27.1. "bdb" --- Debugger framework

  * 27.2. "faulthandler" --- Dump the Python traceback

  * 27.3. "pdb" --- The Python Debugger

  * 27.4. The Python Profilers

  * 27.5. "timeit" --- Measure execution time of small code snippets

  * 27.6. "trace" --- Trace or track Python statement execution

  * 27.7. "tracemalloc" --- Trace memory allocations

* 28. Software Packaging and Distribution

  * 28.1. "distutils" --- Building and installing Python modules

  * 28.2. "ensurepip" --- Bootstrapping the "pip" installer

  * 28.3. "venv" --- Creation of virtual environments

  * 28.4. "zipapp" --- Manage executable python zip archives

* 29. 파이썬 실행시간 서비스

  * 29.1. "sys" --- System-specific parameters and functions

  * 29.2. "sysconfig" --- Provide access to Python's configuration
    information

  * 29.3. "builtins" --- Built-in objects

  * 29.4. "__main__" --- 최상위 스크립트 환경

  * 29.5. "warnings" --- Warning control

  * 29.6. "contextlib" --- Utilities for "with"-statement contexts

  * 29.7. "abc" --- Abstract Base Classes

  * 29.8. "atexit" --- Exit handlers

  * 29.9. "traceback" --- Print or retrieve a stack traceback

  * 29.10. "__future__" --- Future statement definitions

  * 29.11. "gc" --- Garbage Collector interface

  * 29.12. "inspect" --- Inspect live objects

  * 29.13. "site" --- Site-specific configuration hook

  * 29.14. "fpectl" --- Floating point exception control

* 30. Custom Python Interpreters

  * 30.1. "code" --- Interpreter base classes

  * 30.2. "codeop" --- Compile Python code

* 31. Importing Modules

  * 31.1. "zipimport" --- Import modules from Zip archives

  * 31.2. "pkgutil" --- Package extension utility

  * 31.3. "modulefinder" --- Find modules used by a script

  * 31.4. "runpy" --- Locating and executing Python modules

  * 31.5. "importlib" --- The implementation of "import"

* 32. Python Language Services

  * 32.1. "parser" --- Access Python parse trees

  * 32.2. "ast" --- Abstract Syntax Trees

  * 32.3. "symtable" --- Access to the compiler's symbol tables

  * 32.4. "symbol" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

  * 32.5. "token" --- Constants used with Python parse trees

  * 32.6. "keyword" --- Testing for Python keywords

  * 32.7. "tokenize" --- Tokenizer for Python source

  * 32.8. "tabnanny" --- Detection of ambiguous indentation

  * 32.9. "pyclbr" --- Python class browser support

  * 32.10. "py_compile" --- Compile Python source files

  * 32.11. "compileall" --- Byte-compile Python libraries

  * 32.12. "dis" --- Disassembler for Python bytecode

  * 32.13. "pickletools" --- Tools for pickle developers

* 33. Miscellaneous Services

  * 33.1. "formatter" --- Generic output formatting

* 34. MS Windows Specific Services

  * 34.1. "msilib" --- Read and write Microsoft Installer files

  * 34.2. "msvcrt" --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

  * 34.3. "winreg" --- Windows registry access

  * 34.4. "winsound" --- Sound-playing interface for Windows

* 35. Unix Specific Services

  * 35.1. "posix" --- The most common POSIX system calls

  * 35.2. "pwd" --- The password database

  * 35.3. "spwd" --- The shadow password database

  * 35.4. "grp" --- The group database

  * 35.5. "crypt" --- Function to check Unix passwords

  * 35.6. "termios" --- POSIX style tty control

  * 35.7. "tty" --- Terminal control functions

  * 35.8. "pty" --- Pseudo-terminal utilities

  * 35.9. "fcntl" --- The "fcntl" and "ioctl" system calls

  * 35.10. "pipes" --- Interface to shell pipelines

  * 35.11. "resource" --- Resource usage information

  * 35.12. "nis" --- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)

  * 35.13. "syslog" --- Unix syslog library routines

* 36. Superseded Modules

  * 36.1. "optparse" --- Parser for command line options

  * 36.2. "imp" --- Access the *import* internals

* 37. Undocumented Modules

  * 37.1. Platform specific modules
