"pathlib" --- Object-oriented filesystem paths
**********************************************

Added in version 3.4.

**Source code:** Lib/pathlib/

======================================================================

이 모듈은 다른 운영 체제에 적합한 의미 체계를 가진 파일 시스템 경로를
나타내는 클래스를 제공합니다. 경로 클래스는 I/O 없이 순수한 계산 연산
을 제공하는 순수한 경로와 순수한 경로를 상속하지만, I/O 연산도 제공하
는 구상 경로로 구분됩니다.

[그림: Inheritance diagram showing the classes available in pathlib.
The most basic class is PurePath, which has three direct subclasses:
PurePosixPath, PureWindowsPath, and Path. Further to these four
classes, there are two classes that use multiple inheritance:
PosixPath subclasses PurePosixPath and Path, and WindowsPath
subclasses PureWindowsPath and Path.][그림]

이전에 이 모듈을 사용한 적이 없거나 어떤 클래스가 작업에 적합한지 확신
이 없다면, "Path"가 가장 적합할 가능성이 높습니다. 코드가 실행되는 플
랫폼의 구상 경로를 인스턴스화 합니다.

순수한 경로는 특별한 경우에 유용합니다; 예를 들면:

1. 유닉스 기계에서 윈도우 경로를 조작하려고 할 때 (또는 그 반대). 유닉
   스에서 실행할 때는 "WindowsPath"를 인스턴스화 할 수 없지만,
   "PureWindowsPath"는 인스턴스화 할 수 있습니다.

2. 코드가 실제로 OS에 액세스하지 않고 경로만 조작한다는 확신이 필요할
   때. 이 경우, 순수 클래스 중 하나를 인스턴스화 하면 OS 액세스 연산이
   없어서 유용 할 수 있습니다.

더 보기: **PEP 428**: pathlib 모듈 -- 객체 지향 파일 시스템 경로.

더 보기: 문자열에 대한 저수준 경로 조작을 위해, "os.path" 모듈을 사용할 수도
      있습니다.


기본 사용
=========

메인 클래스 임포트 하기:

   >>> from pathlib import Path

서브 디렉터리 나열하기:

   >>> p = Path('.')
   >>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
   [PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
    PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

이 디렉터리 트리에 있는 파이썬 소스 파일 나열하기:

   >>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
   [PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
    PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
    PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

디렉터리 트리 내에서 탐색하기:

   >>> p = Path('/etc')
   >>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
   >>> q
   PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
   >>> q.resolve()
   PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

경로 속성 조회하기:

   >>> q.exists()
   True
   >>> q.is_dir()
   False

파일 열기:

   >>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
   ...
   '#!/bin/bash\n'


Exceptions
==========

exception pathlib.UnsupportedOperation

   An exception inheriting "NotImplementedError" that is raised when
   an unsupported operation is called on a path object.

   Added in version 3.13.


순수한 경로
===========

순수한 경로 객체는 실제로 파일 시스템에 액세스하지 않는 경로 처리 연산
을 제공합니다. 이 클래스에 액세스하는 방법에는 세 가지가 있으며, *플레
이버(flavours)*라고도 부릅니다:

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

   시스템의 경로 플레이버를 나타내는 일반 클래스 (인스턴스화 하면
   "PurePosixPath"나 "PureWindowsPath"를 만듭니다):

      >>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
      PurePosixPath('setup.py')

   Each element of *pathsegments* can be either a string representing
   a path segment, or an object implementing the "os.PathLike"
   interface where the "__fspath__()" method returns a string, such as
   another path object:

      >>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
      >>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

   *pathsegments*가 비어 있으면, 현재 디렉터리를 가정합니다:

      >>> PurePath()
      PurePosixPath('.')

   If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored
   (like "os.path.join()"):

      >>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
      PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
      PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

   On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path
   segment (e.g., "r'\foo'") is encountered:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

   Spurious slashes and single dots are collapsed, but double dots
   ("'..'") and leading double slashes ("'//'") are not, since this
   would change the meaning of a path for various reasons (e.g.
   symbolic links, UNC paths):

      >>> PurePath('foo//bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
      PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

   (나이브한 접근법은 "PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')"를
   "PurePosixPath('bar')"와 동등하게 만드는데, "foo"가 다른 디렉터리에
   대한 심볼릭 링크일 때는 잘못됩니다)

   순수한 경로 객체는 "os.PathLike" 인터페이스를 구현하여, 이 인터페이
   스가 허용되는 모든 위치에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

   버전 3.6에서 변경: "os.PathLike" 인터페이스에 대한 지원이 추가되었
   습니다.

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

   "PurePath"의 서브 클래스, 이 경로 플레이버는 윈도우 이외의 파일 시
   스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments*는 "PurePath"와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   A subclass of "PurePath", this path flavour represents Windows
   filesystem paths, including UNC paths:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
      PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

   *pathsegments*는 "PurePath"와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

실행 중인 시스템과 관계없이, 이러한 모든 클래스를 인스턴스화 할 수 있
는데, 시스템 호출을 수행하는 연산을 제공하지 않기 때문입니다.


일반 속성
---------

Paths are immutable and *hashable*.  Paths of a same flavour are
comparable and orderable.  These properties respect the flavour's
case-folding semantics:

   >>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
   True

다른 플레이버의 경로는 다르다고 비교되며 대소 비교할 수 없습니다:

   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
   TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'


연산자
------

The slash operator helps create child paths, like "os.path.join()". If
the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored. On
Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted relative
path (e.g., "r'\foo'"):

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> p
   PurePosixPath('/etc')
   >>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
   PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
   >>> q = PurePath('bin')
   >>> '/usr' / q
   PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
   >>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
   PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
   >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
   PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

경로 객체는 "os.PathLike"을 구현하는 객체가 허용되는 모든 곳에서 사용
할 수 있습니다:

   >>> import os
   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> os.fspath(p)
   '/etc'

경로의 문자열 표현은 원시 파일 시스템 경로 자체(네이티브 형식으로, 예
를 들어 윈도우에서 역 슬래시)로, 파일 경로를 문자열로 받아들이는 모든
함수에 전달할 수 있습니다:

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> str(p)
   '/etc'
   >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
   >>> str(p)
   'c:\\Program Files'

마찬가지로, 경로에 대해 "bytes"를 호출하면 "os.fsencode()"로 인코딩된
바이트열 객체로 원시 파일 시스템 경로를 제공합니다:

   >>> bytes(p)
   b'/etc'

참고:

  "bytes" 호출은 유닉스에서만 권장됩니다. 윈도우에서, 유니코드 형식이
  파일 시스템 경로의 규범적(canonical) 표현입니다.


개별 부분에 액세스하기
----------------------

경로의 개별 "부분"(구성 요소)에 액세스하려면, 다음 프로퍼티를 사용하십
시오:

PurePath.parts

   경로의 다양한 구성 요소로의 액세스를 제공하는 튜플:

      >>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
      >>> p.parts
      ('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
      >>> p.parts
      ('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

   (드라이브와 로컬 루트가 단일 부분으로 다시 그룹화되는 방식에 유의하
   십시오)


메서드와 프로퍼티
-----------------

순수한 경로는 다음과 같은 메서드와 프로퍼티를 제공합니다:

PurePath.parser

   The implementation of the "os.path" module used for low-level path
   parsing and joining: either "posixpath" or "ntpath".

   Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.drive

   드라이브 문자나 이름을 나타내는 문자열, 있다면:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
      'c:'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
      ''

   UNC 공유도 드라이브로 간주합니다:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
      '\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

   (로컬이나 글로벌) 루트를 나타내는 문자열, 있다면:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
      '\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
      '/'

   UNC 공유에는 항상 루트가 있습니다:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
      '\\'

   If the path starts with more than two successive slashes,
   "PurePosixPath" collapses them:

      >>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
      '//'
      >>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
      '/'
      >>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
      '/'

   참고:

     This behavior conforms to *The Open Group Base Specifications
     Issue 6*, paragraph 4.11 Pathname Resolution:*"A pathname that
     begins with two successive slashes may be interpreted in an
     implementation-defined manner, although more than two leading
     slashes shall be treated as a single slash."*

PurePath.anchor

   드라이브와 루트의 이어 붙이기:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
      'c:\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
      'c:'
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
      '/'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
      '\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

   경로의 논리적 조상에 대한 액세스를 제공하는 불변 시퀀스:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
      >>> p.parents[0]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
      >>> p.parents[1]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
      >>> p.parents[2]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/')

   버전 3.10에서 변경: The parents sequence now supports *slices* and
   negative index values.

PurePath.parent

   경로의 논리적 부모:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

   앵커나 빈 경로를 넘어갈 수 없습니다:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('.')

   참고:

     이것은 순수한 어휘(lexical) 연산이라서, 다음과 같이 동작합니다:

        >>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
        >>> p.parent
        PurePosixPath('foo')

     If you want to walk an arbitrary filesystem path upwards, it is
     recommended to first call "Path.resolve()" so as to resolve
     symlinks and eliminate "".."" components.

PurePath.name

   드라이브와 루트를 제외하고, 마지막 경로 구성 요소를 나타내는 문자열
   , 있다면:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'

   UNC 드라이브 이름은 고려되지 않습니다:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
      ''

PurePath.suffix

   The last dot-separated portion of the final component, if any:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
      '.py'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
      '.gz'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
      ''

   This is commonly called the file extension.

   버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (""."") is considered a valid
   suffix.

PurePath.suffixes

   A list of the path's suffixes, often called file extensions:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gar']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gz']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
      []

   버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (""."") is considered a valid
   suffix.

PurePath.stem

   suffix가 없는, 마지막 경로 구성 요소:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
      'library.tar'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
      'library'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
      'library'

   버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (""."") is considered a valid
   suffix.

PurePath.as_posix()

   슬래시("/")가 있는 경로의 문자열 표현을 반환합니다:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
      >>> str(p)
      'c:\\windows'
      >>> p.as_posix()
      'c:/windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

   경로가 절대적인지 아닌지를 반환합니다. 루트와 (플레이버가 허락하면)
   드라이브가 모두 있으면 경로를 절대적이라고 간주합니다:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
      False

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
      True

PurePath.is_relative_to(other)

   이 경로가 *other* 경로에 상대적인지를 반환합니다.

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
   True
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
   False

   This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor
   treats "".."" segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

   >>> u = PurePath('/usr')
   >>> u == p or u in p.parents
   False

   Added in version 3.9.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, removed in version 3.14: Passing
   additional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are joined
   with *other*.

PurePath.joinpath(*pathsegments)

   Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each
   of the given *pathsegments* in turn:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.full_match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern.  Return
   "True" if matching is successful, "False" otherwise.  For example:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('a/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('*.py')
      False
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('/a/**')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('**/*.py')
      True

   더 보기: Pattern language documentation.

   다른 메서드와 마찬가지로, 대소 문자를 구분할지는 플랫폼 기본값을 따
   릅니다:

      >>> PurePosixPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      True

   Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False" to override this
   behaviour.

   Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Match this path against the provided non-recursive glob-style
   pattern. Return "True" if matching is successful, "False"
   otherwise.

   This method is similar to "full_match()", but empty patterns aren't
   allowed ("ValueError" is raised), the recursive wildcard ""**""
   isn't supported (it acts like non-recursive ""*""), and if a
   relative pattern is provided, then matching is done from the right:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
      False

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *pattern* parameter accepts a *path-like
   object*.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

PurePath.relative_to(other, walk_up=False)

   Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by
   *other*.  If it's impossible, "ValueError" is raised:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/')
      PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/etc')
      PurePosixPath('passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/usr')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   When *walk_up* is false (the default), the path must start with
   *other*. When the argument is true, ".." entries may be added to
   form the relative path. In all other cases, such as the paths
   referencing different drives, "ValueError" is raised.:

      >>> p.relative_to('/usr', walk_up=True)
      PurePosixPath('../etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('foo', walk_up=True)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not on the same drive as 'foo' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   경고:

     This function is part of "PurePath" and works with strings. It
     does not check or access the underlying file structure. This can
     impact the *walk_up* option as it assumes that no symlinks are
     present in the path; call "resolve()" first if necessary to
     resolve symlinks.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *walk_up* parameter was added (old behavior
   is the same as "walk_up=False").

   Deprecated since version 3.12, removed in version 3.14: Passing
   additional positional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they
   are joined with *other*.

PurePath.with_name(name)

   "name"이 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 이름(name)이 없으
   면 ValueError가 발생합니다:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

   "stem"이 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 이름(name)이 없으
   면, ValueError가 발생합니다:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
      >>> p.with_stem('final')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_stem('lib')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_stem('')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
          return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

   Added in version 3.9.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

   "suffix"가 변경된 새 경로를 반환합니다. 원래 경로에 접미사(suffix)
   가 없으면, 새 *suffix*가 대신 추가됩니다. *suffix*가 빈 문자열이면,
   원래 접미사가 제거됩니다:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
      PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p.with_suffix('')
      PureWindowsPath('README')

   버전 3.14에서 변경: A single dot (""."") is considered a valid
   suffix. In previous versions, "ValueError" is raised if a single
   dot is supplied.

PurePath.with_segments(*pathsegments)

   Create a new path object of the same type by combining the given
   *pathsegments*. This method is called whenever a derivative path is
   created, such as from "parent" and "relative_to()". Subclasses may
   override this method to pass information to derivative paths, for
   example:

      from pathlib import PurePosixPath

      class MyPath(PurePosixPath):
          def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
              super().__init__(*pathsegments)
              self.session_id = session_id

          def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
              return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)

      etc = MyPath('/etc', session_id=42)
      hosts = etc / 'hosts'
      print(hosts.session_id)  # 42

   Added in version 3.12.


구상 경로
=========

구상 경로는 순수한 경로 클래스의 서브 클래스입니다. 후자가 제공하는 연
산 외에도, 경로 객체에 대해 시스템 호출을 수행하는 메서드도 제공합니다
. 구상 경로를 인스턴스화 하는 세 가지 방법이 있습니다:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

   "PurePath"의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 시스템의 경로 플레이버의 구상
   경로를 나타냅니다 (인스턴스화 하면 "PosixPath"나 "WindowsPath"를 만
   듭니다):

      >>> Path('setup.py')
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   *pathsegments*는 "PurePath"와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

   "Path"와 "PurePosixPath"의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 윈도우 이외의
   구상 파일 시스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

      >>> PosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments*는 "PurePath"와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" on Windows. In
   previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was raised instead.

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   "Path"와 "PureWindowsPath"의 서브 클래스, 이 클래스는 구상 윈도우
   파일 시스템 경로를 나타냅니다:

      >>> WindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      WindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')

   *pathsegments*는 "PurePath"와 유사하게 지정됩니다.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" on non-Windows
   platforms. In previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was raised
   instead.

여러분의 시스템에 해당하는 클래스 플레이버만 인스턴스화 할 수 있습니다
(호환되지 않는 경로 플레이버에 대한 시스템 호출을 허용하면 응용 프로그
램에서 버그나 실패가 발생할 수 있습니다):

   >>> import os
   >>> os.name
   'posix'
   >>> Path('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> PosixPath('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
       % (cls.__name__,))
   UnsupportedOperation: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Some concrete path methods can raise an "OSError" if a system call
fails (for example because the path doesn't exist).


Parsing and generating URIs
---------------------------

Concrete path objects can be created from, and represented as, 'file'
URIs conforming to **RFC 8089**.

참고:

  File URIs are not portable across machines with different filesystem
  encodings.

classmethod Path.from_uri(uri)

   Return a new path object from parsing a 'file' URI. For example:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   On Windows, DOS device and UNC paths may be parsed from URIs:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')

   Several variant forms are supported:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:////server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://///server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:/c|/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')

   "ValueError" is raised if the URI does not start with "file:", or
   the parsed path isn't absolute.

   Added in version 3.13.

   버전 3.14에서 변경: The URL authority is discarded if it matches
   the local hostname. Otherwise, if the authority isn't empty or
   "localhost", then on Windows a UNC path is returned (as before),
   and on other platforms a "ValueError" is raised.

Path.as_uri()

   Represent the path as a 'file' URI.  "ValueError" is raised if the
   path isn't absolute.

      >>> p = PosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///etc/passwd'
      >>> p = WindowsPath('c:/Windows')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///c:/Windows'

   Deprecated since version 3.14, will be removed in version 3.19:
   Calling this method from "PurePath" rather than "Path" is possible
   but deprecated. The method's use of "os.fsencode()" makes it
   strictly impure.


Expanding and resolving paths
-----------------------------

classmethod Path.home()

   Return a new path object representing the user's home directory (as
   returned by "os.path.expanduser()" with "~" construct). If the home
   directory can't be resolved, "RuntimeError" is raised.

      >>> Path.home()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine')

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.expanduser()

   Return a new path with expanded "~" and "~user" constructs, as
   returned by "os.path.expanduser()". If a home directory can't be
   resolved, "RuntimeError" is raised.

      >>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
      >>> p.expanduser()
      PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

   Added in version 3.5.

classmethod Path.cwd()

   현재 디렉터리를 나타내는 새 경로 객체를 반환합니다. "os.getcwd()"가
   반환하는 것과 유사합니다:

      >>> Path.cwd()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

Path.absolute()

   Make the path absolute, without normalization or resolving
   symlinks. Returns a new path object:

      >>> p = Path('tests')
      >>> p
      PosixPath('tests')
      >>> p.absolute()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

   심볼릭 링크를 결정하여, 경로를 절대적으로 만듭니다. 새로운 경로 객
   체가 반환됩니다:

      >>> p = Path()
      >>> p
      PosixPath('.')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

   "".."" 구성 요소도 제거됩니다 (이것이 이렇게 하는 유일한 메서드입니
   다):

      >>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

   If a path doesn't exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and
   *strict* is "True", "OSError" is raised.  If *strict* is "False",
   the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is
   appended without checking whether it exists.

   버전 3.6에서 변경: The *strict* parameter was added (pre-3.6
   behavior is strict).

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Symlink loops are treated like other errors:
   "OSError" is raised in strict mode, and no exception is raised in
   non-strict mode. In previous versions, "RuntimeError" is raised no
   matter the value of *strict*.

Path.readlink()

   심볼릭 링크가 가리키는 경로를 반환합니다 ("os.readlink()"가 반환하
   는 것과 유사합니다):

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.readlink()
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   Added in version 3.9.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if
   "os.readlink()" is not available. In previous versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.


Querying file type and status
-----------------------------

버전 3.8에서 변경: "exists()", "is_dir()", "is_file()", "is_mount()",
"is_symlink()", "is_block_device()", "is_char_device()", "is_fifo()",
"is_socket()" now return "False" instead of raising an exception for
paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS level.

버전 3.14에서 변경: The methods given above now return "False" instead
of raising any "OSError" exception from the operating system. In
previous versions, some kinds of "OSError" exception are raised, and
others suppressed. The new behaviour is consistent with
"os.path.exists()", "os.path.isdir()", etc. Use "stat()" to retrieve
the file status without suppressing exceptions.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return an "os.stat_result" object containing information about this
   path, like "os.stat()". The result is looked up at each call to
   this method.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to stat a symlink add the
   argument "follow_symlinks=False", or use "lstat()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.stat().st_mtime
      1327883547.852554

   버전 3.10에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.lstat()

   "Path.stat()"과 비슷하지만, 경로가 심볼릭 링크를 가리키면, 대상이
   아닌 심볼릭 링크의 정보를 반환합니다.

Path.exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to an existing file or directory.
   "False" will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or
   missing. Use "Path.stat()" to distinguish between these cases.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to check if a symlink
   exists, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

      >>> Path('.').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('setup.py').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('/etc').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
      False

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to a regular file. "False" will be
   returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it
   points to something other than a regular file. Use "Path.stat()" to
   distinguish between these cases.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks, add the
   argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to a directory. "False" will be
   returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it
   points to something other than a directory. Use "Path.stat()" to
   distinguish between these cases.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks to
   directories, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.is_symlink()

   Return "True" if the path points to a symbolic link, even if that
   symlink is broken. "False" will be returned if the path is invalid,
   inaccessible or missing, or if it points to something other than a
   symbolic link. Use "Path.stat()" to distinguish between these
   cases.

Path.is_junction()

   Return "True" if the path points to a junction, and "False" for any
   other type of file. Currently only Windows supports junctions.

   Added in version 3.12.

Path.is_mount()

   Return "True" if the path is a *mount point*: a point in a file
   system where a different file system has been mounted.  On POSIX,
   the function checks whether *path*'s parent, "path/..", is on a
   different device than *path*, or whether "path/.." and *path* point
   to the same i-node on the same device --- this should detect mount
   points for all Unix and POSIX variants.  On Windows, a mount point
   is considered to be a drive letter root (e.g. "c:\"), a UNC share
   (e.g. "\\server\share"), or a mounted filesystem directory.

   Added in version 3.7.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: Windows support was added.

Path.is_socket()

   Return "True" if the path points to a Unix socket. "False" will be
   returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it
   points to something other than a Unix socket. Use "Path.stat()" to
   distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_fifo()

   Return "True" if the path points to a FIFO. "False" will be
   returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it
   points to something other than a FIFO. Use "Path.stat()" to
   distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_block_device()

   Return "True" if the path points to a block device. "False" will be
   returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing, or if it
   points to something other than a block device. Use "Path.stat()" to
   distinguish between these cases.

Path.is_char_device()

   Return "True" if the path points to a character device. "False"
   will be returned if the path is invalid, inaccessible or missing,
   or if it points to something other than a character device. Use
   "Path.stat()" to distinguish between these cases.

Path.samefile(other_path)

   이 경로가 *other_path*와 같은 파일을 가리키는지를 반환합니다.
   *other_path*는 Path 객체이거나 문자열일 수 있습니다. 의미는
   "os.path.samefile()"과 "os.path.samestat()"과 유사합니다.

   어떤 이유로 파일에 액세스할 수 없으면 "OSError"가 발생할 수 있습니
   다.

      >>> p = Path('spam')
      >>> q = Path('eggs')
      >>> p.samefile(q)
      False
      >>> p.samefile('spam')
      True

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.info

   A "PathInfo" object that supports querying file type information.
   The object exposes methods that cache their results, which can help
   reduce the number of system calls needed when switching on file
   type. For example:

      >>> p = Path('src')
      >>> if p.info.is_symlink():
      ...     print('symlink')
      ... elif p.info.is_dir():
      ...     print('directory')
      ... elif p.info.exists():
      ...     print('something else')
      ... else:
      ...     print('not found')
      ...
      directory

   If the path was generated from "Path.iterdir()" then this attribute
   is initialized with some information about the file type gleaned
   from scanning the parent directory. Merely accessing "Path.info"
   does not perform any filesystem queries.

   To fetch up-to-date information, it's best to call "Path.is_dir()",
   "is_file()" and "is_symlink()" rather than methods of this
   attribute. There is no way to reset the cache; instead you can
   create a new path object with an empty info cache via "p =
   Path(p)".

   Added in version 3.14.


Reading and writing files
-------------------------

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   내장 "open()" 함수처럼, 경로가 가리키는 파일을 엽니다:

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> with p.open() as f:
      ...     f.readline()
      ...
      '#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   가리키는 파일의 디코딩된 내용을 문자열로 반환합니다:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   파일이 열린 다음에 닫힙니다. 선택적 매개 변수는 "open()"과 같은 의
   미입니다.

   Added in version 3.5.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *newline* parameter was added.

Path.read_bytes()

   가리키는 파일의 바이너리 내용을 바이트열 객체로 반환합니다:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   가리키는 파일을 텍스트 모드로 열고, *data*를 쓴 다음, 파일을 닫습니
   다:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   Return the number of characters written.

   같은 이름의 기존 파일을 덮어씁니다. 선택적 매개 변수는 "open()"에서
   와 같은 의미입니다.

   Added in version 3.5.

   버전 3.10에서 변경: The *newline* parameter was added.

Path.write_bytes(data)

   가리키는 파일을 바이너리 모드로 열고, *data*를 쓴 다음, 파일을 닫습
   니다:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   Return the number of bytes written.

   같은 이름의 기존 파일을 덮어씁니다.

   Added in version 3.5.


Reading directories
-------------------

Path.iterdir()

   경로가 디렉터리를 가리킬 때, 디렉터리 내용의 경로 객체를 산출합니다
   :

      >>> p = Path('docs')
      >>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
      ...
      PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
      PosixPath('docs/_templates')
      PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
      PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
      PosixPath('docs/_build')
      PosixPath('docs/_static')
      PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

   The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special
   entries "'.'" and "'..'" are not included.  If a file is removed
   from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, it is
   unspecified whether a path object for that file is included.

   If the path is not a directory or otherwise inaccessible, "OSError"
   is raised.

Path.glob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

   이 경로로 표현되는 디렉터리에서, 주어진 상대 *pattern*을 glob 하여,
   일치하는 모든 파일을 (종류와 관계없이) 산출합니다:

      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
      [PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
       PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('setup.py'),
       PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

   참고:

     The paths are returned in no particular order. If you need a
     specific order, sort the results.

   더 보기: Pattern language documentation.

   By default, or when the *case_sensitive* keyword-only argument is
   set to "None", this method matches paths using platform-specific
   casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-
   insensitive on Windows. Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False"
   to override this behaviour.

   By default, or when the *recurse_symlinks* keyword-only argument is
   set to "False", this method follows symlinks except when expanding
   ""**"" wildcards. Set *recurse_symlinks* to "True" to always follow
   symlinks.

   참고:

     Any "OSError" exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are
     suppressed. This includes "PermissionError" when accessing
     directories without read permission.

   인자 "self", "pattern"으로 감사 이벤트 "pathlib.Path.glob"을 발생시
   킵니다.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *recurse_symlinks* parameter was added.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *pattern* parameter accepts a *path-like
   object*.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Any "OSError" exceptions raised from scanning
   the filesystem are suppressed. In previous versions, such
   exceptions are suppressed in many cases, but not all.

Path.rglob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

   Glob the given relative *pattern* recursively.  This is like
   calling "Path.glob()" with ""**/"" added in front of the *pattern*.

   참고:

     The paths are returned in no particular order. If you need a
     specific order, sort the results.

   참고:

     Any "OSError" exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are
     suppressed. This includes "PermissionError" when accessing
     directories without read permission.

   더 보기: Pattern language and "Path.glob()" documentation.

   인자 "self", "pattern"으로 감사 이벤트 "pathlib.Path.rglob"을 발생
   시킵니다.

   버전 3.12에서 변경: The *case_sensitive* parameter was added.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *recurse_symlinks* parameter was added.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *pattern* parameter accepts a *path-like
   object*.

Path.walk(top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False)

   Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree
   either top-down or bottom-up.

   For each directory in the directory tree rooted at *self*
   (including *self* but excluding '.' and '..'), the method yields a
   3-tuple of "(dirpath, dirnames, filenames)".

   *dirpath* is a "Path" to the directory currently being walked,
   *dirnames* is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in
   *dirpath* (excluding "'.'" and "'..'"), and *filenames* is a list
   of strings for the names of the non-directory files in *dirpath*.
   To get a full path (which begins with *self*) to a file or
   directory in *dirpath*, do "dirpath / name". Whether or not the
   lists are sorted is file system-dependent.

   If the optional argument *top_down* is true (which is the default),
   the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any
   of its subdirectories (directories are walked top-down).  If
   *top_down* is false, the triple for a directory is generated after
   the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are walked
   bottom-up). No matter the value of *top_down*, the list of
   subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory
   and its subdirectories are walked.

   When *top_down* is true, the caller can modify the *dirnames* list
   in-place (for example, using "del" or slice assignment), and
   "Path.walk()" will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names
   remain in *dirnames*. This can be used to prune the search, or to
   impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform
   "Path.walk()" about directories the caller creates or renames
   before it resumes "Path.walk()" again. Modifying *dirnames* when
   *top_down* is false has no effect on the behavior of "Path.walk()"
   since the directories in *dirnames* have already been generated by
   the time *dirnames* is yielded to the caller.

   By default, errors from "os.scandir()" are ignored.  If the
   optional argument *on_error* is specified, it should be a callable;
   it will be called with one argument, an "OSError" instance. The
   callable can handle the error to continue the walk or re-raise it
   to stop the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
   "filename" attribute of the exception object.

   By default, "Path.walk()" does not follow symbolic links, and
   instead adds them to the *filenames* list. Set *follow_symlinks* to
   true to resolve symlinks and place them in *dirnames* and
   *filenames* as appropriate for their targets, and consequently
   visit directories pointed to by symlinks (where supported).

   참고:

     Be aware that setting *follow_symlinks* to true can lead to
     infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of
     itself. "Path.walk()" does not keep track of the directories it
     has already visited.

   참고:

     "Path.walk()" assumes the directories it walks are not modified
     during execution. For example, if a directory from *dirnames* has
     been replaced with a symlink and *follow_symlinks* is false,
     "Path.walk()" will still try to descend into it. To prevent such
     behavior, remove directories from *dirnames* as appropriate.

   참고:

     Unlike "os.walk()", "Path.walk()" lists symlinks to directories
     in *filenames* if *follow_symlinks* is false.

   This example displays the number of bytes used by all files in each
   directory, while ignoring "__pycache__" directories:

      from pathlib import Path
      for root, dirs, files in Path("cpython/Lib/concurrent").walk(on_error=print):
        print(
            root,
            "consumes",
            sum((root / file).stat().st_size for file in files),
            "bytes in",
            len(files),
            "non-directory files"
        )
        if '__pycache__' in dirs:
              dirs.remove('__pycache__')

   This next example is a simple implementation of "shutil.rmtree()".
   Walking the tree bottom-up is essential as "rmdir()" doesn't allow
   deleting a directory before it is empty:

      # Delete everything reachable from the directory "top".
      # CAUTION:  This is dangerous! For example, if top == Path('/'),
      # it could delete all of your files.
      for root, dirs, files in top.walk(top_down=False):
          for name in files:
              (root / name).unlink()
          for name in dirs:
              (root / name).rmdir()

   Added in version 3.12.


Creating files and directories
------------------------------

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

   Create a file at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it is
   combined with the process's "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the file already exists, the function
   succeeds when *exist_ok* is true (and its modification time is
   updated to the current time), otherwise "FileExistsError" is
   raised.

   더 보기:

     The "open()", "write_text()" and "write_bytes()" methods are
     often used to create files.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False, *, parent_mode=None)

   Create a new directory at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it
   is combined with the process's "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the path already exists,
   "FileExistsError" is raised.

   *parents*가 참이면, 이 경로의 누락 된 부모를 필요하면 만듭니다; 이
   것들은 *mode*를 고려하지 않고 기본 권한으로 만들어집니다 (POSIX
   "mkdir -p" 명령을 모방합니다).

   If *parent_mode* is not "None", it is used as the mode for any
   newly-created, intermediate-level directories when *parents* is
   true. Like *mode*, it is combined with the process's "umask" value.
   Otherwise, intermediate directories are created with the default
   permissions (also subject to the umask).

   *parents*가 거짓(기본값)이면, 누락된 부모가 "FileNotFoundError"를
   발생시킵니다.

   *exist_ok*가 거짓(기본값)이면, 대상 디렉터리가 이미 존재하면
   "FileExistsError"가 발생합니다.

   If *exist_ok* is true, "FileExistsError" will not be raised unless
   the given path already exists in the file system and is not a
   directory (same behavior as the POSIX "mkdir -p" command).

   버전 3.5에서 변경: *exist_ok* 매개 변수가 추가되었습니다.

   Added in version 3.15: The *parent_mode* parameter.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

   Make this path a symbolic link pointing to *target*.

   On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and
   does not morph to the target dynamically.  If the target is
   present, the type of the symlink will be created to match.
   Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if
   *target_is_directory* is true or a file symlink (the default)
   otherwise.  On non-Windows platforms, *target_is_directory* is
   ignored.

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.lstat().st_size
      8

   참고:

     인자의 순서(링크, 대상)는 "os.symlink()"와 반대입니다.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if "os.symlink()"
   is not available. In previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was
   raised.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

   Make this path a hard link to the same file as *target*.

   참고:

     The order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of
     "os.link()"'s.

   Added in version 3.10.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if "os.link()" is
   not available. In previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was
   raised.


Copying, moving and deleting
----------------------------

Path.copy(target, *, follow_symlinks=True, preserve_metadata=False)

   Copy this file or directory tree to the given *target*, and return
   a new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.

   If the source is a file, the target will be replaced if it is an
   existing file. If the source is a symlink and *follow_symlinks* is
   true (the default), the symlink's target is copied. Otherwise, the
   symlink is recreated at the destination.

   If *preserve_metadata* is false (the default), only directory
   structures and file data are guaranteed to be copied. Set
   *preserve_metadata* to true to ensure that file and directory
   permissions, flags, last access and modification times, and
   extended attributes are copied where supported. This argument has
   no effect when copying files on Windows (where metadata is always
   preserved).

   참고:

     Where supported by the operating system and file system, this
     method performs a lightweight copy, where data blocks are only
     copied when modified. This is known as copy-on-write.

   Added in version 3.14.

Path.copy_into(target_dir, *, follow_symlinks=True, preserve_metadata=False)

   Copy this file or directory tree into the given *target_dir*, which
   should be an existing directory. Other arguments are handled
   identically to "Path.copy()". Returns a new "Path" instance
   pointing to the copy.

   Added in version 3.14.

Path.rename(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  On Unix, if *target*
   exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has
   permission. On Windows, if *target* exists, "FileExistsError" will
   be raised. *target* can be either a string or another path object:

      >>> p = Path('foo')
      >>> p.open('w').write('some text')
      9
      >>> target = Path('bar')
      >>> p.rename(target)
      PosixPath('bar')
      >>> target.open().read()
      'some text'

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   It is implemented in terms of "os.rename()" and gives the same
   guarantees.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Added return value, return the new "Path"
   instance.

Path.replace(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  If *target* points to an
   existing file or empty directory, it will be unconditionally
   replaced.

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   버전 3.8에서 변경: Added return value, return the new "Path"
   instance.

Path.move(target)

   Move this file or directory tree to the given *target*, and return
   a new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.

   If the *target* doesn't exist it will be created. If both this path
   and the *target* are existing files, then the target is
   overwritten. If both paths point to the same file or directory, or
   the *target* is a non-empty directory, then "OSError" is raised.

   If both paths are on the same filesystem, the move is performed
   with "os.replace()". Otherwise, this path is copied (preserving
   metadata and symlinks) and then deleted.

   Added in version 3.14.

Path.move_into(target_dir)

   Move this file or directory tree into the given *target_dir*, which
   should be an existing directory. Returns a new "Path" instance
   pointing to the moved path.

   Added in version 3.14.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

   이 파일이나 심볼릭 링크를 제거합니다. 경로가 디렉터리를 가리키면,
   "Path.rmdir()"을 대신 사용하십시오.

   *missing_ok*가 거짓(기본값)이면, 경로가 없을 때 "FileNotFoundError"
   가 발생합니다.

   *missing_ok*가 참이면, "FileNotFoundError" 예외는 무시됩니다 (POSIX
   "rm -f" 명령과 같은 동작).

   버전 3.8에서 변경: *missing_ok* 매개 변수가 추가되었습니다.

Path.rmdir()

   이 디렉터리를 제거합니다. 디렉터리는 비어 있어야 합니다.


Permissions and ownership
-------------------------

Path.owner(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return the name of the user owning the file. "KeyError" is raised
   if the file's user identifier (UID) isn't found in the system
   database.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to get the owner of the
   symlink, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if the "pwd"
   module is not available. In earlier versions, "NotImplementedError"
   was raised.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.group(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return the name of the group owning the file. "KeyError" is raised
   if the file's group identifier (GID) isn't found in the system
   database.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to get the group of the
   symlink, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   버전 3.13에서 변경: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if the "grp"
   module is not available. In earlier versions, "NotImplementedError"
   was raised.

   버전 3.13에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

   Change the file mode and permissions, like "os.chmod()".

   This method normally follows symlinks. Some Unix flavours support
   changing permissions on the symlink itself; on these platforms you
   may add the argument "follow_symlinks=False", or use "lchmod()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33277
      >>> p.chmod(0o444)
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33060

   버전 3.10에서 변경: The *follow_symlinks* parameter was added.

Path.lchmod(mode)

   "Path.chmod()"와 비슷하지만, 경로가 심볼릭 링크를 가리키면, 대상이
   아닌 심볼릭 링크의 모드가 변경됩니다.


Pattern language
================

The following wildcards are supported in patterns for "full_match()",
"glob()" and "rglob()":

"**" (entire segment)
   Matches any number of file or directory segments, including zero.

"*" (entire segment)
   Matches one file or directory segment.

"*" (part of a segment)
   Matches any number of non-separator characters, including zero.

"?"
   Matches one non-separator character.

"[seq]"
   Matches one character in *seq*, where *seq* is a sequence of
   characters. Range expressions are supported; for example, "[a-z]"
   matches any lowercase ASCII letter. Multiple ranges can be
   combined: "[a-zA-Z0-9_]" matches any ASCII letter, digit, or
   underscore.

"[!seq]"
   Matches one character not in *seq*, where *seq* follows the same
   rules as above.

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For
example, ""[?]"" matches the character ""?"".

The ""**"" wildcard enables recursive globbing. A few examples:

+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pattern                   | Meaning                                                               |
|===========================|=======================================================================|
| ""**/*""                  | Any path with at least one segment.                                   |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""**/*.py""               | Any path with a final segment ending "".py"".                         |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""assets/**""             | Any path starting with ""assets/"".                                   |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""assets/**/*""           | Any path starting with ""assets/"", excluding ""assets/"" itself.     |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

참고:

  Globbing with the ""**"" wildcard visits every directory in the
  tree. Large directory trees may take a long time to search.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Globbing with a pattern that ends with ""**""
returns both files and directories. In previous versions, only
directories were returned.

In "Path.glob()" and "rglob()", a trailing slash may be added to the
pattern to match only directories.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Globbing with a pattern that ends with a pathname
components separator ("sep" or "altsep") returns only directories.


Comparison to the "glob" module
===============================

The patterns accepted and results generated by "Path.glob()" and
"Path.rglob()" differ slightly from those by the "glob" module:

1. Files beginning with a dot are not special in pathlib. This is like
   passing "include_hidden=True" to "glob.glob()".

2. ""**"" pattern components are always recursive in pathlib. This is
   like passing "recursive=True" to "glob.glob()".

3. ""**"" pattern components do not follow symlinks by default in
   pathlib. This behaviour has no equivalent in "glob.glob()", but you
   can pass "recurse_symlinks=True" to "Path.glob()" for compatible
   behaviour.

4. Like all "PurePath" and "Path" objects, the values returned from
   "Path.glob()" and "Path.rglob()" don't include trailing slashes.

5. The values returned from pathlib's "path.glob()" and "path.rglob()"
   include the *path* as a prefix, unlike the results of
   "glob.glob(root_dir=path)".

6. The values returned from pathlib's "path.glob()" and "path.rglob()"
   may include *path* itself, for example when globbing ""**"",
   whereas the results of "glob.glob(root_dir=path)" never include an
   empty string that would correspond to *path*.


Comparison to the "os" and "os.path" modules
============================================

pathlib implements path operations using "PurePath" and "Path"
objects, and so it's said to be *object-oriented*. On the other hand,
the "os" and "os.path" modules supply functions that work with low-
level "str" and "bytes" objects, which is a more *procedural*
approach. Some users consider the object-oriented style to be more
readable.

Many functions in "os" and "os.path" support "bytes" paths and paths
relative to directory descriptors. These features aren't available in
pathlib.

Python's "str" and "bytes" types, and portions of the "os" and
"os.path" modules, are written in C and are very speedy. pathlib is
written in pure Python and is often slower, but rarely slow enough to
matter.

pathlib's path normalization is slightly more opinionated and
consistent than "os.path". For example, whereas "os.path.abspath()"
eliminates "".."" segments from a path, which may change its meaning
if symlinks are involved, "Path.absolute()" preserves these segments
for greater safety.

pathlib's path normalization may render it unsuitable for some
applications:

1. pathlib normalizes "Path("my_folder/")" to "Path("my_folder")",
   which changes a path's meaning when supplied to various operating
   system APIs and command-line utilities. Specifically, the absence
   of a trailing separator may allow the path to be resolved as either
   a file or directory, rather than a directory only.

2. pathlib normalizes "Path("./my_program")" to "Path("my_program")",
   which changes a path's meaning when used as an executable search
   path, such as in a shell or when spawning a child process.
   Specifically, the absence of a separator in the path may force it
   to be looked up in "PATH" rather than the current directory.

As a consequence of these differences, pathlib is not a drop-in
replacement for "os.path".


Corresponding tools
-------------------

아래는 다양한 "os" 함수를 해당 "PurePath"/"Path" 대응 물에 매핑하는 표
입니다.

+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os" and "os.path"                    | "pathlib"                                      |
|=======================================|================================================|
| "os.path.dirname()"                   | "PurePath.parent"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.basename()"                  | "PurePath.name"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.splitext()"                  | "PurePath.stem", "PurePath.suffix"             |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.join()"                      | "PurePath.joinpath()"                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isabs()"                     | "PurePath.is_absolute()"                       |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.relpath()"                   | "PurePath.relative_to()" [1]                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.expanduser()"                | "Path.expanduser()" [2]                        |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.realpath()"                  | "Path.resolve()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.abspath()"                   | "Path.absolute()" [3]                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.exists()"                    | "Path.exists()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isfile()"                    | "Path.is_file()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isdir()"                     | "Path.is_dir()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.islink()"                    | "Path.is_symlink()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isjunction()"                | "Path.is_junction()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.ismount()"                   | "Path.is_mount()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.samefile()"                  | "Path.samefile()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.getcwd()"                         | "Path.cwd()"                                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.stat()"                           | "Path.stat()"                                  |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lstat()"                          | "Path.lstat()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.listdir()"                        | "Path.iterdir()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.walk()"                           | "Path.walk()" [4]                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.mkdir()", "os.makedirs()"         | "Path.mkdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.link()"                           | "Path.hardlink_to()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.symlink()"                        | "Path.symlink_to()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.readlink()"                       | "Path.readlink()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rename()"                         | "Path.rename()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.replace()"                        | "Path.replace()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.remove()", "os.unlink()"          | "Path.unlink()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rmdir()"                          | "Path.rmdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.chmod()"                          | "Path.chmod()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lchmod()"                         | "Path.lchmod()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

-[ Footnotes ]-

[1] "os.path.relpath()" calls "abspath()" to make paths absolute and
    remove "".."" parts, whereas "PurePath.relative_to()" is a lexical
    operation that raises "ValueError" when its inputs' anchors differ
    (e.g. if one path is absolute and the other relative.)

[2] "os.path.expanduser()" returns the path unchanged if the home
    directory can't be resolved, whereas "Path.expanduser()" raises
    "RuntimeError".

[3] "os.path.abspath()" removes "".."" components without resolving
    symlinks, which may change the meaning of the path, whereas
    "Path.absolute()" leaves any "".."" components in the path.

[4] "os.walk()" always follows symlinks when categorizing paths into
    *dirnames* and *filenames*, whereas "Path.walk()" categorizes all
    symlinks into *filenames* when *follow_symlinks* is false (the
    default.)


Protocols
=========

The "pathlib.types" module provides types for static type checking.

Added in version 3.14.

class pathlib.types.PathInfo

   A "typing.Protocol" describing the "Path.info" attribute.
   Implementations may return cached results from their methods.

   exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

      Return "True" if the path is an existing file or directory, or
      any other kind of file; return "False" if the path doesn't
      exist.

      If *follow_symlinks* is "False", return "True" for symlinks
      without checking if their targets exist.

   is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)

      Return "True" if the path is a directory, or a symbolic link
      pointing to a directory; return "False" if the path is (or
      points to) any other kind of file, or if it doesn't exist.

      If *follow_symlinks* is "False", return "True" only if the path
      is a directory (without following symlinks); return "False" if
      the path is any other kind of file, or if it doesn't exist.

   is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)

      Return "True" if the path is a file, or a symbolic link pointing
      to a file; return "False" if the path is (or points to) a
      directory or other non-file, or if it doesn't exist.

      If *follow_symlinks* is "False", return "True" only if the path
      is a file (without following symlinks); return "False" if the
      path is a directory or other non-file, or if it doesn't exist.

   is_symlink()

      Return "True" if the path is a symbolic link (even if broken);
      return "False" if the path is a directory or any kind of file,
      or if it doesn't exist.
