# 형 객체

type PyTypeObject
  Part of the 안정 ABI (as an opaque struct).

  내장형을 기술하는 데 사용되는 객체의 C 구조체.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  이것은 형 객체의 형 객체입니다; 파이썬 계층의 `type`과 같은 객체입니다.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

  객체 o가 표준형 객체에서 파생된 형의 인스턴스를 포함하여 형 객체면 0이 아닌 값을 반환합니다. 다른 모든 경우 0을 반환합니다. 이 함수는 항상 성공합니다.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

  객체 o가 형 객체이지만, 표준형 객체의 서브 형이 아니면 0이 아닌 값을 반환합니다. 다른 모든 경우 0을 반환합니다. 이 함수는 항상 성공합니다.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  내부 조회 캐시를 지웁니다. 현재의 버전 태그를 반환합니다.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  type의 `tp_flags` 멤버를 반환합니다. 이 함수는 주로 `Py_LIMITED_API`와 함께 사용하기 위한 것입니다; 개별 플래그 비트는 파이썬 배포 간에 안정적인 것으로 보장되지만, `tp_flags` 자체에 대한 액세스는 제한된 API 일부가 아닙니다.

  Added in version 3.2.

  버전 3.4에서 변경: 반환형은 이제 `long`이 아니라 `unsigned long`입니다.

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return the type object’s internal namespace, which is otherwise only exposed via a read-only proxy (`cls.__dict__`). This is a replacement for accessing `tp_dict` directly. The returned dictionary must be treated as read-only.

  This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect access (e.g. via the proxy or `PyObject_GetAttr()`) isn’t adequate.

  Extension modules should continue to use `tp_dict`, directly or indirectly, when setting up their own types.

  Added in version 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  형과 그것의 모든 서브 형에 대한 내부 검색 캐시를 무효로 합니다. 형의 어트리뷰트나 베이스 클래스를 수동으로 수정한 후에는 이 함수를 호출해야 합니다.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

  Register callback as a type watcher. Return a non-negative integer ID which must be passed to future calls to `PyType_Watch()`. In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return `-1` and set an exception.

  In free-threaded builds, `PyType_AddWatcher()` is not thread-safe, so it must be called at start up (before spawning the first thread).

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

  Clear watcher identified by watcher_id (previously returned from `PyType_AddWatcher()`). Return `0` on success, `-1` on error (e.g. if watcher_id was never registered.)

  An extension should never call `PyType_ClearWatcher` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as watched. The callback granted watcher_id by `PyType_AddWatcher()` will be called whenever `PyType_Modified()` reports a change to type. (The callback may be called only once for a series of consecutive modifications to type, if `_PyType_Lookup()` is not called on type between the modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to change.)

  The callback is also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

  An extension should never call `PyType_Watch` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Added in version 3.12.

  버전 3.15에서 변경: The callback is now also invoked when a watched heap type is deallocated.

int PyType_Unwatch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as not watched. This undoes a previous call to `PyType_Watch()`. type must not be `NULL`.

  An extension should never call this function with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  On success, this function returns `0`. On failure, this function returns `-1` with an exception set.

  Added in version 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

  Type of a type-watcher callback function.

  The callback must not modify type or cause `PyType_Modified()` to be called on type or any type in its MRO; violating this rule could cause infinite recursion.

  The callback may be called during type deallocation. In this case, the type object is temporarily resurrected (its reference count is at least 1) and all its attributes are still valid. However, the callback should not store new strong references to the type, as this would resurrect the object and prevent its deallocation.

  Added in version 3.12.

  버전 3.15에서 변경: The callback may now be called during deallocation of a watched heap type.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

  형 객체 o가 기능 feature를 설정하면 0이 아닌 값을 반환합니다. 형 기능은 단일 비트 플래그로 표시됩니다.

int PyType_FastSubclass(PyTypeObject *type, int flag)

  Return non-zero if the type object type sets the subclass flag flag. Subclass flags are denoted by `Py_TPFLAGS_*_SUBCLASS`. This function is used by many `_Check` functions for common types.

  더 보기

  `PyObject_TypeCheck()`, which is used as a slower alternative in `_Check` functions for types that don’t come with subclass flags.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

  형 객체가 순환 검출기에 대한 지원을 포함하고 있으면 참을 반환합니다. 이것은 형 플래그 `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`를 검사합니다.

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  a가 b의 서브 형이면 참을 반환합니다.

  이 함수는 실제 서브 형만 검사합니다. 즉, `__subclasscheck__()`가 b에 대해 호출되지 않습니다. `issubclass()`가 수행하는 것과 같은 검사를 하려면 `PyObject_IsSubclass()`를 호출하십시오.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI.

  Generic handler for the `tp_alloc` slot of a type object. Uses Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate memory for a new instance, zeros the memory, then initializes the memory as if by calling `PyObject_Init()` or `PyObject_InitVar()`.

  Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type’s `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  For types that support garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), this function behaves like `PyObject_GC_New` or `PyObject_GC_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization), and should be paired with `PyObject_GC_Del()` in `tp_free`. Otherwise, it behaves like `PyObject_New` or `PyObject_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization) and should be paired with `PyObject_Free()` in `tp_free`.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI.

  Generic handler for the `tp_new` slot of a type object. Creates a new instance using the type’s `tp_alloc` slot and returns the resulting object.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI.

  형 개체를 마무리합니다. 초기화를 완료하려면 모든 형 객체에 대해 이 메서드를 호출해야 합니다. 이 함수는 형의 베이스 클래스에서 상속된 슬롯을 추가합니다. 성공 시 `0`을 반환하고, 오류 시 `-1`을 반환하고 예외를 설정합니다.

  참고

  If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the `tp_traverse` handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.11 이후로.

  Return the type’s name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__name__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.11 이후로.

  Return the type’s qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__qualname__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.13 이후로.

  Return the type’s fully qualified name. Equivalent to `f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"`, or `type.__qualname__` if `type.__module__` is not a string or is equal to `"builtins"`.

  Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.13 이후로.

  Return the type’s module name. Equivalent to getting the `type.__module__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.13.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.4 이후로.

  지정된 슬롯에 저장된 함수 포인터를 반환합니다. 결과가 `NULL`이면, 슬롯이 `NULL`이거나 함수가 유효하지 않은 매개 변수로 호출되었음을 나타냅니다. 호출자는 일반적으로 결과 포인터를 적절한 함수 형으로 캐스팅합니다.

  slot 인자의 가능한 값은 `PyType_Slot.slot`을 참조하십시오.

  Added in version 3.4.

  버전 3.10에서 변경: `PyType_GetSlot()` can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
  반환값: 빌린 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.10 이후로.

  `PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()`를 사용하여 형을 만들 때 지정된 형과 관련된 모듈 객체를 반환합니다.

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  주어진 형과 연관된 모듈이 없으면, `TypeError`를 설정하고 `NULL`을 반환합니다.

  This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, `PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))` may not return the intended result. `Py_TYPE(self)` may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See `PyCMethod` to get the class that defines the method. See `PyType_GetModuleByToken()` for cases when `PyCMethod` cannot be used.

  Added in version 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.10 이후로.

  주어진 형과 관련된 모듈 객체의 상태를 반환합니다. `PyType_GetModule()` 결과에 `PyModule_GetState()`를 호출하는 바로 가기입니다.

  주어진 형과 연관된 모듈이 없으면, `TypeError`를 설정하고 `NULL`을 반환합니다.

  type에 연관된 모듈이 있지만, 상태가 `NULL`이면, 예외를 설정하지 않고 `NULL`을 반환합니다.

  Added in version 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByToken(PyTypeObject *type, const void *mod_token)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  Find the first superclass whose module has the given module token, and return that module.

  모듈을 찾을 수 없으면, `TypeError`를 발생시키고 `NULL`을 반환합니다.

  This function is intended to be used together with `PyModule_GetState()` to get module state from slot methods (such as `tp_init` or `nb_add`) and other places where a method’s defining class cannot be passed using the `PyCMethod` calling convention.

  Added in version 3.15.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)
  반환값: 빌린 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.13 이후로.

  Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given `PyModuleDef` def, or whose module token is equal to def, and return that module.

  Note that modules created from a `PyModuleDef` always have their token set to the `PyModuleDef`’s address. In other words, this function is equivalent to `PyType_GetModuleByToken()`, except that it:

  - returns a borrowed reference, and

  - has a non-`void*` argument type (which is a cosmetic difference in C).

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  Added in version 3.11.

int PyType_GetBaseByToken(PyTypeObject *type, void *tp_token, PyTypeObject **result)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.14 이후로.

  Find the first superclass in type’s method resolution order whose `Py_tp_token` token is equal to tp_token.

  - If found, set *result to a new strong reference to it and return `1`.

  - If not found, set *result to `NULL` and return `0`.

  - On error, set *result to `NULL` and return `-1` with an exception set.

  The result argument may be `NULL`, in which case *result is not set. Use this if you need only the return value.

  The tp_token argument may not be `NULL`.

  Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)
  이것은 불안정 API. It may change without warning in minor releases.

  Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

  Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_SUPPORTS_WEAKREFS(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return true if instances of type support creating weak references, false otherwise. This function always succeeds. type must not be `NULL`.

  더 보기

  - 약한 참조 객체

  - `weakref`

## 힙에 할당된 형 만들기

The following function is used to create heap types:

PyObject *PyType_FromSlots(const PySlot *slots)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  Create and return a heap type from a `PySlot` array. See Definition slots for general information on slots, and Type slot IDs for slots specific to type creation.

  이 함수는 새로운 형에 `PyType_Ready()`를 호출합니다.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer calling `type` (or the metaclass) over `PyType_From*` functions. Specifically:

  - `__new__()` is not called on the new class (and it must be set to `type.__new__`).

  - `__init__()` is not called on the new class.

  - `__init_subclass__()` is not called on any bases.

  - `__set_name__()` is not called on new descriptors.

  Slots are typically defined as a global static constant arrays. However, sometimes slot values are not statically known at compile time. For example, slots like `Py_tp_bases`, `Py_tp_metaclass` and `Py_tp_module` require live Python objects. In this case, it is recommended to put such slots on the stack, and use `Py_slot_subslots` to refer to an array of static slots. For example:

      static const PySlot my_slots[] = {
         PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_tp_name, "MyClass"),
         PySlot_FUNC(Py_tp_repr, my_repr_func),
         ...
         PySlot_END
      };

      PyObject *make_my_class(PyObject *module) {
         PySlot all_slots[] = {
            PySlot_STATIC_DATA(Py_slot_subslots, my_slots),
            PySlot_DATA(Py_tp_module, module),
            PySlot_END
         };
         return PyType_FromSlots(all_slots);
      }

Heap types created without the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag may be modified, for example by setting attributes on them, as with classes defined in Python code. Sometimes, such modifications are necessary to fully initialize a type, but you may wish to prevent users from changing the type after the initialization is done:

int PyType_Freeze(PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.14 이후로.

  Make a type immutable: set the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag.

  All base classes of type must be immutable.

  On success, return `0`. On error, set an exception and return `-1`.

  The type must not be used before it’s made immutable. For example, type instances must not be created before the type is made immutable.

  Added in version 3.14.

### Type slot IDs

Most type slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures `PyTypeObject`, `PyNumberMethods`, `PySequenceMethods`, `PyMappingMethods` and `PyAsyncMethods` with an added `Py_` prefix. For example, use:

- `Py_tp_dealloc` to set `PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`

- `Py_nb_add` to set `PyNumberMethods.nb_add`

- `Py_sq_length` to set `PySequenceMethods.sq_length`

The following slots need additional considerations when specified as slots:

- `Py_tp_name`

- `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize`

- `Py_tp_itemsize`

- `Py_tp_flags`

Additional slots do not directly correspond to a `PyTypeObject` struct field:

- `Py_tp_token`

- `Py_tp_metaclass`

- `Py_tp_module`

다음 “offset” 필드는 `PyType_Slot`을 사용하여 설정할 수 없습니다:

- `tp_weaklistoffset` (가능하면 대신 `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF`를 사용하세요)

- `tp_dictoffset` (가능하면 대신 `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT`를 사용하세요)

- `tp_vectorcall_offset` (PyMemberDef에서 `"__vectorcalloffset__"`를 사용하세요)

If it is not possible to switch to a `MANAGED` flag (for example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12), specify the offset in `Py_tp_members`. See PyMemberDef documentation for details.

The following internal fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap type:

- `tp_dict`, `tp_mro`, `tp_cache`, `tp_subclasses`, and `tp_weaklist`.

The `Py_tp_base` slot is equivalent to `Py_tp_bases`; both may be set either to a type or a tuple of types. If both are specified, the value of `Py_tp_bases` is used.

Slot values may not be `NULL`, except for the following:

- `Py_tp_doc`

- `Py_tp_token` (for clarity, prefer `Py_TP_USE_SPEC` rather than `NULL`)

버전 3.9에서 변경: `PyBufferProcs`의 슬롯은 제한 없는 API에서 설정할 수 있습니다.

버전 3.11에서 변경: `bf_getbuffer` and `bf_releasebuffer` are now available under the limited API.

버전 3.14에서 변경: The field `tp_vectorcall` can now be set using `Py_tp_vectorcall`. See the field’s documentation for details.

버전 3.15에서 변경: The `Py_tp_bases` slot may be set to a single type object, making it equivalent to the `Py_tp_base` slot. Previously, a tuple of types was required.

The following slots correspond to fields in the underlying type structure, but need extra remarks for use as slots:

Py_tp_name
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for the name of the type, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_name`.

  This slot (or `PyType_Spec.name()`) is required to create a type.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.name()` instead.

  CPython 구현 상세: CPython processes slots in order. It is recommended to put `Py_tp_name` at the beginning of the slots array, so that if processing of a later slots fails, error messages can include the name.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_basicsize
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for the size of the instance in bytes. It is used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`.

  The value must be positive.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize` instead if needed, but be aware that a type’s size is often considered an implementation detail.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_extra_basicsize
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for type data size in bytes, that is, how much space instances of the class need in addition to space needed for superclasses.

  The value is used, together with the size of superclasses, to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`. Python will insert padding as needed to meet `tp_basicsize`’s alignment requirements.

  Use `PyObject_GetTypeData()` to get a pointer to subclass-specific memory reserved this way.

  The value must be positive. To specify that instances need no additional size (that is, size should be inherited), omit the `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` slot rather than set it to zero.

  Specifying both `Py_tp_basicsize` and `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` is an error.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_itemsize
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for the size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize`. See `tp_itemsize` documentation for caveats.

  The value must be positive.

  If this slot is missing, `tp_itemsize` is inherited. Extending arbitrary variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes, inheriting `itemsize` is only possible in the following situations:

  - 베이스는 가변 크기가 아닙니다 (`tp_itemsize` 입니다).

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is positive, suggesting that the memory layout of the base class is known.

  - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is zero, suggesting that the subclass does not access the instance’s memory directly.

  - With the `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` flag.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_Spec.itemsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_flags
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for type flags, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_flags`.

  The `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE` flag is not set, `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()` sets it automatically.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize()` instead.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetFlags()` instead.

  Added in version 3.15.

The following slots do not correspond to public fields in the underlying structures:

Py_tp_metaclass
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for the metaclass used to construct the resulting type object. When omitted the metaclass is derived from bases (`Py_tp_bases` or the bases argument of `PyType_FromMetaclass()`).

  Metaclasses that override `tp_new` are not supported, except if `tp_new` is `NULL`.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a metaclass with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `Py_TYPE()` on the type object instead.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_module
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for recording the module in which the new class is defined.

  The value must be a module object. The module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with `PyType_GetModule()`. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.

  This may not be used in `PyType_Spec.slots`. Use `PyType_FromMetaclass()` to specify a module with `PyType_Spec`.

  This slot may not be used with `PyType_GetSlot()`. Use `PyType_GetModule()` instead.

  Added in version 3.15.

Py_tp_token
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.14 이후로.

  `Slot ID` for recording a static memory layout ID for a class.

  If the class is defined using a `PyType_Spec`, and that spec is statically allocated, the token can be set to the spec using the special value `Py_TP_USE_SPEC`:

      static PyType_Slot foo_slots[] = {
         {Py_tp_token, Py_TP_USE_SPEC},

  It can also be set to an arbitrary pointer, but you must ensure that:

  - The pointer outlives the class, so it’s not reused for something else while the class exists.

  - It “belongs” to the extension module where the class lives, so it will not clash with other extensions.

  Use `PyType_GetBaseByToken()` to check if a class’s superclass has a given token – that is, check whether the memory layout is compatible.

  To get the token for a given class (without considering superclasses), use `PyType_GetSlot()` with `Py_tp_token`.

  Added in version 3.14.

  Py_TP_USE_SPEC
    Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.14 이후로.

    Used as a value with `Py_tp_token` to set the token to the class’s `PyType_Spec`. May only be used for classes defined using `PyType_Spec`.

    Expands to `NULL`.

    Added in version 3.14.

Py_tp_slots
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.15 이후로.

  `Slot ID` that works like `Py_slot_subslots`, except it specifies an array of `PyType_Slot` structures.

  Added in version 3.15.

## Soft-deprecated API

The following functions are soft deprecated. They will continue to work, but new features will be added as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, not as arguments to new `PyType_From*` functions.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.12 이후로.

  spec으로 힙 형을 만들고 반환합니다 (`Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`을 찹고하세요).

  A non-`NULL` metaclass argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_metaclass` slot.

  A non-`NULL` bases argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_bases` slot, and takes precedence over `Py_tp_bases` and `Py_tp_bases` slots.

  A non-`NULL` module argument corresponds to the `Py_tp_module` slot.

  이 함수는 새로운 형에 `PyType_Ready()`를 호출합니다.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. See the note in `PyType_FromSlots()` documentation for details.

  Added in version 3.12.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.10 이후로.

  `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)`와 동등합니다.

  Added in version 3.9.

  버전 3.10에서 변경: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and `NULL` as the `tp_doc` slot.

  버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  버전 3.14에서 변경: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI 버전 3.3 이후로.

  `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)`와 동등합니다.

  Added in version 3.3.

  버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  버전 3.14에서 변경: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
  반환값: 새 참조. Part of the 안정 ABI.

  `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)`와 동등합니다.

  버전 3.12에서 변경: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  버전 3.14에서 변경: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

  Soft deprecated since version 3.16.0a0 (unreleased): Prefer `PyType_FromSlots()` in new code.

type PyType_Spec
  Part of the 안정 ABI (including all members).

  Structure defining a type’s behavior, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

  This structure contains several members that can instead be specified as slots for `PyType_FromSlots()`, and an array of slot entries with a simpler structure.

  const char *name

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_name`.

  int basicsize

    If positive, corresponds to `Py_tp_basicsize`.

    If negative, corresponds to `Py_tp_extra_basicsize` set to the absolute value.

    버전 3.12에서 변경: Previously, this field could not be negative.

  int itemsize

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_itemsize`.

  unsigned int flags

    Corresponds to `Py_tp_flags`.

  PyType_Slot *slots

    Array of `PyType_Slot` (not `PySlot`) structures.

    Terminated by the special slot value `{0, NULL}`. Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

    type PyType_Slot
      Part of the 안정 ABI (including all members).

      Structure defining optional functionality of a type, used for soft-deprecated functions like `PyType_FromMetaclass()`.

      Note that a `PyType_Slot` array may be included in a `PySlot` array using `Py_tp_slots`, and vice versa using `Py_slot_subslots`.

      Each `PyType_Slot` structure `tpslot` is interpreted as the following `PySlot` structure:

          (PySlot){
             .sl_id=tpslot.slot,
             .sl_flags=PySlot_INTPTR | sub_static,
             .sl_ptr=tpslot.func
          }

      where `sub_static` is `PySlot_STATIC` if the slot requires the flag (such as for `Py_tp_methods`), or if this flag is present on the “parent” `Py_tp_slots` slot (if any).

      int slot

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_id`.

      void *pfunc

        Corresponds to `PySlot.sl_ptr`.