5. macOS 에서 파이썬 사용하기

This document aims to give an overview of macOS-specific behavior you should know about to get started with Python on Mac computers. Python on a Mac running macOS is very similar to Python on other Unix-derived platforms, but there are some differences in installation and some features.

There are various ways to obtain and install Python for macOS. Pre-built versions of the most recent versions of Python are available from a number of distributors. Much of this document describes use of the Pythons provided by the CPython release team for download from the python.org website. See Alternative Distributions for some other options.

5.1. python.org에서 제공하는 macOS용 파이썬 사용하기

5.1.1. Installation steps

For current Python versions (other than those in security status), the release team produces a Python for macOS installer package for each new release. A list of available installers is available here. We recommend using the most recent supported Python version where possible. Current installers provide a universal2 binary build of Python which runs natively on all Macs (Apple Silicon and Intel) that are supported by a wide range of macOS versions, currently typically from at least macOS 10.15 Catalina on.

The downloaded file is a standard macOS installer package file (.pkg). File integrity information (checksum, size, sigstore signature, etc) for each file is included on the release download page. Installer packages and their contents are signed and notarized with Python Software Foundation Apple Developer ID certificates to meet macOS Gatekeeper requirements.

For a default installation, double-click on the downloaded installer package file. This should launch the standard macOS Installer app and display the first of several installer windows steps.

Clicking on the Continue button brings up the Read Me for this installer. Besides other important information, the Read Me documents which Python version is going to be installed and on what versions of macOS it is supported. You may need to scroll through to read the whole file. By default, this Read Me will also be installed in /Applications/Python 3.14/ and available to read anytime.

Clicking on Continue proceeds to display the license for Python and for other included software. You will then need to Agree to the license terms before proceeding to the next step. This license file will also be installed and available to be read later.

After the license terms are accepted, the next step is the Installation Type display. For most uses, the standard set of installation operations is appropriate.

By pressing the Customize button, you can choose to omit or select certain package components of the installer. Click on each package name to see a description of what it installs. To also install support for the optional free-threaded feature, see Installing Free-threaded Binaries.

In either case, clicking Install will begin the install process by asking permission to install new software. A macOS user name with Administrator privilege is needed as the installed Python will be available to all users of the Mac.

When the installation is complete, the Summary window will appear.

Double-click on the Install Certificates.command icon or file in the /Applications/Python 3.14/ window to complete the installation.

This will open a temporary Terminal shell window that will use the new Python to download and install SSL root certificates for its use.

If Successfully installed certifi and update complete appears in the terminal window, the installation is complete. Close this terminal window and the installer window.

A default install will include:

• A Python 3.14 folder in your Applications folder. In here you find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of official Python distributions; and Python Launcher, which handles double-clicking Python scripts from the macOS Finder.

• 파이썬 실행 파일과 라이브러리를 포함하는 프레임워크 /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework. 설치기는 이 위치를 셸 경로에 추가합니다. 파이썬을 제거하려면, 이 세 가지를 지우면 됩니다. 파이썬 실행 파일에 대한 심볼릭 링크는 /usr/local/bin/에 있습니다.

참고

Recent versions of macOS include a python3 command in /usr/bin/python3 that links to a usually older and incomplete version of Python provided by and for use by the Apple development tools, Xcode or the Command Line Tools for Xcode. You should never modify or attempt to delete this installation, as it is Apple-controlled and is used by Apple-provided or third-party software. If you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will have two different but functional Python installations on your computer that can co-exist. The default installer options should ensure that its python3 will be used instead of the system python3.

5.1.2. 파이썬 스크립트를 실행하는 방법

There are two ways to invoke the Python interpreter. If you are familiar with using a Unix shell in a terminal window, you can invoke python3.14 or python3 optionally followed by one or more command line options (described in 명령 줄과 환경). The Python tutorial also has a useful section on using Python interactively from a shell.

You can also invoke the interpreter through an integrated development environment. IDLE — 파이썬 편집기와 셸 is a basic editor and interpreter environment which is included with the standard distribution of Python. IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If you are completely new to Python, you can read the tutorial introduction in that document.

There are many other editors and IDEs available, see 편집기와 IDE for more information.

To run a Python script file from the terminal window, you can invoke the interpreter with the name of the script file:

python3.14 myscript.py

Finder에서 스크립트를 실행하려면, 두 가지 방법이 있습니다:

• 스크립트를 Python Launcher로 드래그하십시오.

• Finder 정보 창을 통해 여러분의 스크립트(또는 모든 .py 스크립트)를 여는 기본 응용 프로그램으로 Python Launcher를 선택하고 스크립트를 더블 클릭하십시오. Python Launcher에는 스크립트를 시작하는 방법을 제어하는 다양한 설정이 있습니다. Option-드래그하면 하나의 호출에 대해 이를 변경할 수 있으며, Preferences 메뉴를 사용하여 전역적으로 변경할 수 있습니다.

Be aware that running the script directly from the macOS Finder might produce different results than when running from a terminal window as the script will not be run in the usual shell environment including any setting of environment variables in shell profiles. And, as with any other script or program, be certain of what you are about to run.

5.2. Alternative Distributions

Besides the standard python.org for macOS installer, there are third-party distributions for macOS that may include additional functionality. Some popular distributions and their key features:

ActivePython

Installer with multi-platform compatibility, documentation

Anaconda

Popular scientific modules (such as numpy, scipy, and pandas) and the conda package manager.

Homebrew

Package manager for macOS including multiple versions of Python and many third-party Python-based packages (including numpy, scipy, and pandas).

MacPorts

Another package manager for macOS including multiple versions of Python and many third-party Python-based packages. May include pre-built versions of Python and many packages for older versions of macOS.

Note that distributions might not include the latest versions of Python or other libraries, and are not maintained or supported by the core Python team.

5.3. 추가 파이썬 패키지 설치하기

Refer to the Python Packaging User Guide for more information.

5.4. GUI 프로그래밍

Mac에서 파이썬으로 GUI 응용 프로그램을 작성하기 위한 몇 가지 옵션이 있습니다.

표준 파이썬 GUI 툴킷은 크로스 플랫폼 Tk 툴킷(https://www.tcl.tk)을 기반으로 하는 tkinter입니다. 설치 프로그램에는 macOS용 네이티브 버전의 Tk가 포함되어 있습니다.

PyObjC는 애플의 Objective-C/Cocoa 프레임워크에 대한 파이썬 바인딩입니다. PyObjC에 대한 정보는 pyobjc 에서 얻을 수 있습니다.

A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available including:

• PySide: Official Python bindings to the Qt GUI toolkit.

• PyQt: Alternative Python bindings to Qt.

• Kivy: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports desktop and mobile platforms.

• Toga: Part of the BeeWare Project; supports desktop, mobile, web and console apps.

• wxPython: A cross-platform toolkit that supports desktop operating systems.

5.5. Advanced Topics

5.5.1. Installing Free-threaded Binaries

Added in version 3.13.

The python.org Python for macOS installer package can optionally install an additional build of Python 3.14 that supports PEP 703, the free-threading feature (running with the global interpreter lock disabled). Check the release page on python.org for possible updated information.

The free-threaded mode is working and continues to be improved, but there is some additional overhead in single-threaded workloads compared to the regular build. Additionally, third-party packages, in particular ones with an extension module, may not be ready for use in a free-threaded build, and will re-enable the GIL. Therefore, the support for free-threading is not installed by default. It is packaged as a separate install option, available by clicking the Customize button on the Installation Type step of the installer as described above.

If the box next to the Free-threaded Python package name is checked, a separate PythonT.framework will also be installed alongside the normal Python.framework in /Library/Frameworks. This configuration allows a free-threaded Python 3.14 build to co-exist on your system with a traditional (GIL only) Python 3.14 build with minimal risk while installing or testing. This installation layout may change in future releases.

Known cautions and limitations:

• The UNIX command-line tools package, which is selected by default, will install links in /usr/local/bin for python3.14t, the free-threaded interpreter, and python3.14t-config, a configuration utility which may be useful for package builders. Since /usr/local/bin is typically included in your shell PATH, in most cases no changes to your PATH environment variables should be needed to use python3.14t.

• For this release, the Shell profile updater package and the Update Shell Profile.command in /Applications/Python 3.14/ do not support the free-threaded package.

• The free-threaded build and the traditional build have separate search paths and separate site-packages directories so, by default, if you need a package available in both builds, it may need to be installed in both. The free-threaded package will install a separate instance of pip for use with python3.14t.

  • To install a package using pip without a venv:

    python3.14t -m pip install <package_name>

• When working with multiple Python environments, it is usually safest and easiest to create and use virtual environments. This can avoid possible command name conflicts and confusion about which Python is in use:

  python3.14t -m venv <venv_name>

  then activate.

• To run a free-threaded version of IDLE:

  python3.14t -m idlelib

• The interpreters in both builds respond to the same PYTHON environment variables which may have unexpected results, for example, if you have PYTHONPATH set in a shell profile. If necessary, there are command line options like -E to ignore these environment variables.

• The free-threaded build links to the third-party shared libraries, such as OpenSSL and Tk, installed in the traditional framework. This means that both builds also share one set of trust certificates as installed by the Install Certificates.command script, thus it only needs to be run once.

• If you cannot depend on the link in /usr/local/bin pointing to the python.org free-threaded python3.14t (for example, if you want to install your own version there or some other distribution does), you can explicitly set your shell PATH environment variable to include the PythonT framework bin directory:

  export PATH="/Library/Frameworks/PythonT.framework/Versions/3.14/bin":"$PATH"

  The traditional framework installation by default does something similar, except for Python.framework. Be aware that having both framework bin directories in PATH can lead to confusion if there are duplicate names like python3.14 in both; which one is actually used depends on the order they appear in PATH. The which python3.x or which python3.xt commands can show which path is being used. Using virtual environments can help avoid such ambiguities. Another option might be to create a shell alias to the desired interpreter, like:

  alias py3.14="/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14"
  alias py3.14t="/Library/Frameworks/PythonT.framework/Versions/3.14/bin/python3.14t"

5.5.2. Installing using the command line

If you want to use automation to install the python.org installer package (rather than by using the familiar macOS Installer GUI app), the macOS command line installer utility lets you select non-default options, too. If you are not familiar with installer, it can be somewhat cryptic (see man installer for more information). As an example, the following shell snippet shows one way to do it, using the 3.14.0b2 release and selecting the free-threaded interpreter option:

RELEASE="python-3.140b2-macos11.pkg"

# download installer pkg
curl -O https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.14.0/${RELEASE}

# create installer choicechanges to customize the install:
#    enable the PythonTFramework-3.14 package
#    while accepting the other defaults (install all other packages)
cat > ./choicechanges.plist <<EOF
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN" "http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd">
<plist version="1.0">
<array>
        <dict>
                <key>attributeSetting</key>
                <integer>1</integer>
                <key>choiceAttribute</key>
                <string>selected</string>
                <key>choiceIdentifier</key>
                <string>org.python.Python.PythonTFramework-3.14</string>
        </dict>
</array>
</plist>
EOF

sudo installer -pkg ./${RELEASE} -applyChoiceChangesXML ./choicechanges.plist -target /

You can then test that both installer builds are now available with something like:

$ # test that the free-threaded interpreter was installed if the Unix Command Tools package was enabled
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.14t -VV
Python 3.14.0b2 free-threading build (v3.14.0b2:3a83b172af, Jun  5 2024, 12:57:31) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]
$ #    and the traditional interpreter
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.14 -VV
Python 3.14.0b2 (v3.14.0b2:3a83b172af, Jun  5 2024, 12:50:24) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]
$ # test that they are also available without the prefix if /usr/local/bin is on $PATH
$ python3.14t -VV
Python 3.14.0b2 free-threading build (v3.14.0b2:3a83b172af, Jun  5 2024, 12:57:31) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]
$ python3.14 -VV
Python 3.14.0b2 (v3.14.0b2:3a83b172af, Jun  5 2024, 12:50:24) [Clang 15.0.0 (clang-1500.3.9.4)]

참고

Current python.org installers only install to fixed locations like /Library/Frameworks/, /Applications, and /usr/local/bin. You cannot use the installer -domain option to install to other locations.

5.5.3. 파이썬 응용 프로그램 배포하기

A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a standalone distributable application:

• py2app: Supports creating macOS .app bundles from a Python project.

• Briefcase: Part of the BeeWare Project; a cross-platform packaging tool that supports creation of .app bundles on macOS, as well as managing signing and notarization.

• PyInstaller: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates a single file or folder as a distributable artifact.

5.5.4. App Store Compliance

Apps submitted for distribution through the macOS App Store must pass Apple’s app review process. This process includes a set of automated validation rules that inspect the submitted application bundle for problematic code.

The Python standard library contains some code that is known to violate these automated rules. While these violations appear to be false positives, Apple’s review rules cannot be challenged. Therefore, it is necessary to modify the Python standard library for an app to pass App Store review.

The Python source tree contains a patch file that will remove all code that is known to cause issues with the App Store review process. This patch is applied automatically when CPython is configured with the --with-app-store-compliance option.

This patch is not normally required to use CPython on a Mac; nor is it required if you are distributing an app outside the macOS App Store. It is only required if you are using the macOS App Store as a distribution channel.

5.6. 기타 자원

The python.org Help page has links to many useful resources. The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is another support resource specifically for Python users and developers on the Mac.