# `fractions` — Rational numbers

소스 코드: Lib/fractions.py

`fractions` 모듈은 유리수 산술을 지원합니다.

Fraction 인스턴스는 한 쌍의 정수, 다른 유리수 또는 문자열로 만들 수 있습니다.

class fractions.Fraction(numerator=0, denominator=1)
class fractions.Fraction(number)
class fractions.Fraction(string)

  The first version requires that numerator and denominator are instances of `numbers.Rational` and returns a new `Fraction` instance with value `numerator/denominator`. If denominator is `0`, it raises a `ZeroDivisionError`.

  The second version requires that number is an instance of `numbers.Rational` or has the `as_integer_ratio()` method (this includes `float` and `decimal.Decimal`). It returns a `Fraction` instance with exactly the same value. Assumed, that the `as_integer_ratio()` method returns a pair of coprime integers and last one is positive. Note that due to the usual issues with binary point (see Floating-Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations), the argument to `Fraction(1.1)` is not exactly equal to 11/10, and so `Fraction(1.1)` does not return `Fraction(11, 10)` as one might expect. (But see the documentation for the `limit_denominator()` method below.)

  The last version of the constructor expects a string. The usual form for this instance is:

      [sign] numerator ['/' denominator]

  where the optional `sign` may be either ‘+’ or ‘-’ and `numerator` and `denominator` (if present) are strings of decimal digits (underscores may be used to delimit digits as with integral literals in code). In addition, any string that represents a finite value and is accepted by the `float` constructor is also accepted by the `Fraction` constructor. In either form the input string may also have leading and/or trailing whitespace. Here are some examples:

      >>> from fractions import Fraction
      >>> Fraction(16, -10)
      Fraction(-8, 5)
      >>> Fraction(123)
      Fraction(123, 1)
      >>> Fraction()
      Fraction(0, 1)
      >>> Fraction('3/7')
      Fraction(3, 7)
      >>> Fraction(' -3/7 ')
      Fraction(-3, 7)
      >>> Fraction('1.414213 \t\n')
      Fraction(1414213, 1000000)
      >>> Fraction('-.125')
      Fraction(-1, 8)
      >>> Fraction('7e-6')
      Fraction(7, 1000000)
      >>> Fraction(2.25)
      Fraction(9, 4)
      >>> Fraction(1.1)
      Fraction(2476979795053773, 2251799813685248)
      >>> from decimal import Decimal
      >>> Fraction(Decimal('1.1'))
      Fraction(11, 10)

  The `Fraction` class inherits from the abstract base class `numbers.Rational`, and implements all of the methods and operations from that class. `Fraction` instances are hashable, and should be treated as immutable. In addition, `Fraction` has the following properties and methods:

  버전 3.2에서 변경: `Fraction` 생성자는 이제 `float`와 `decimal.Decimal` 인스턴스를 받아들입니다.

  버전 3.9에서 변경: The `math.gcd()` function is now used to normalize the numerator and denominator. `math.gcd()` always returns an `int` type. Previously, the GCD type depended on numerator and denominator.

  버전 3.11에서 변경: Underscores are now permitted when creating a `Fraction` instance from a string, following PEP 515 rules.

  버전 3.11에서 변경: `Fraction` implements `__int__` now to satisfy `typing.SupportsInt` instance checks.

  버전 3.12에서 변경: Space is allowed around the slash for string inputs: `Fraction('2 / 3')`.

  버전 3.12에서 변경: `Fraction` instances now support float-style formatting, with presentation types `"e"`, `"E"`, `"f"`, `"F"`, `"g"`, `"G"` and `"%""`.

  버전 3.13에서 변경: Formatting of `Fraction` instances without a presentation type now supports fill, alignment, sign handling, minimum width and grouping.

  버전 3.14에서 변경: The `Fraction` constructor now accepts any objects with the `as_integer_ratio()` method.

  numerator

    기약 분수로 나타낼 때 Fraction의 분자.

  denominator

    기약 분수로 나타낼 때 Fraction의 분모.

  as_integer_ratio()

    Return a tuple of two integers, whose ratio is equal to the original Fraction. The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.

    Added in version 3.8.

  is_integer()

    Return `True` if the Fraction is an integer.

    Added in version 3.12.

  classmethod from_float(flt)

    Alternative constructor which only accepts instances of `float` or `numbers.Integral`. Beware that `Fraction.from_float(0.3)` is not the same value as `Fraction(3, 10)`.

    참고

    파이썬 3.2 이상에서는, `float`에서 직접 `Fraction` 인스턴스를 생성할 수도 있습니다.

  classmethod from_decimal(dec)

    Alternative constructor which only accepts instances of `decimal.Decimal` or `numbers.Integral`.

    참고

    파이썬 3.2 이상에서는, `decimal.Decimal` 인스턴스에서 직접 `Fraction` 인스턴스를 생성할 수도 있습니다.

  limit_denominator(max_denominator=1000000)

    분모가 최대 max_denominator인 `self`에 가장 가까운 `Fraction`을 찾아서 반환합니다. 이 메서드는 주어진 부동 소수점 수에 대한 유리한 근사를 찾는 데 유용합니다:

        >>> from fractions import Fraction
        >>> Fraction('3.1415926535897932').limit_denominator(1000)
        Fraction(355, 113)

    또는 float로 표현된 유리수를 복구할 때 유용합니다:

        >>> from math import pi, cos
        >>> Fraction(cos(pi/3))
        Fraction(4503599627370497, 9007199254740992)
        >>> Fraction(cos(pi/3)).limit_denominator()
        Fraction(1, 2)
        >>> Fraction(1.1).limit_denominator()
        Fraction(11, 10)

  __floor__()

    가장 큰 `int` `<= self`를 반환합니다. 이 메서드는 `math.floor()` 함수를 통해 액세스할 수도 있습니다:

        >>> from math import floor
        >>> floor(Fraction(355, 113))
        3

  __ceil__()

    가장 작은 `int` `>= self`를 반환합니다. 이 메서드는 `math.ceil()` 함수를 통해 액세스할 수도 있습니다.

  __round__()
  __round__(ndigits)

    첫 번째 버전은 `self`에 가장 가까운 `int`를 반환하는데, 절반은 짝수로 자리 올림 합니다. 두 번째 버전은 `self`를 가장 가까운 `Fraction(1, 10**ndigits)`의 배수로 자리 올림 하는데 (`ndigits`가 음수면 논리적으로), 역시 짝수로 자리 올림 합니다. 이 메서드는 `round()` 함수를 통해 액세스할 수도 있습니다.

  __format__(format_spec, /)

    Provides support for formatting of `Fraction` instances via the `str.format()` method, the `format()` built-in function, or Formatted string literals.

    If the `format_spec` format specification string does not end with one of the presentation types `'e'`, `'E'`, `'f'`, `'F'`, `'g'`, `'G'` or `'%'` then formatting follows the general rules for fill, alignment, sign handling, minimum width, and grouping as described in the format specification mini-language. The “alternate form” flag `'#'` is supported: if present, it forces the output string to always include an explicit denominator, even when the value being formatted is an exact integer. The zero-fill flag `'0'` is not supported.

    If the `format_spec` format specification string ends with one of the presentation types `'e'`, `'E'`, `'f'`, `'F'`, `'g'`, `'G'` or `'%'` then formatting follows the rules outlined for the `float` type in the 포맷 명세 미니 언어 section.

    Here are some examples:

        >>> from fractions import Fraction
        >>> format(Fraction(103993, 33102), '_')
        '103_993/33_102'
        >>> format(Fraction(1, 7), '.^+10')
        '...+1/7...'
        >>> format(Fraction(3, 1), '')
        '3'
        >>> format(Fraction(3, 1), '#')
        '3/1'
        >>> format(Fraction(1, 7), '.40g')
        '0.1428571428571428571428571428571428571429'
        >>> format(Fraction('1234567.855'), '_.2f')
        '1_234_567.86'
        >>> f"{Fraction(355, 113):*>20.6e}"
        '********3.141593e+00'
        >>> old_price, new_price = 499, 672
        >>> "{:.2%} price increase".format(Fraction(new_price, old_price) - 1)
        '34.67% price increase'

더 보기

모듈 `numbers`

  숫자 계층을 구성하는 추상 베이스 클래스.