`dis` — Disassembler for Python bytecode¶

소스 코드: Lib/dis.py

dis 모듈은 CPython 바이트 코드를 역 어셈블 하여 분석을 지원합니다. 이 모듈이 입력으로 취하는 CPython 바이트 코드는 파일 Include/opcode.h에 정의되어 있으며 컴파일러와 인터프리터에서 사용됩니다.

CPython 구현 상세: 바이트 코드는 CPython 인터프리터의 구현 세부 사항입니다. 파이썬 버전 간에 바이트 코드가 추가, 제거 또는 변경되지 않을 것이라는 보장은 없습니다. 이 모듈을 사용하는 것이 파이썬 VM이나 파이썬 릴리스에 걸쳐 작동할 것으로 생각하지 말아야 합니다.

버전 3.6에서 변경: 명령어마다 2바이트를 사용합니다. 이전에는 바이트 수가 명령어에 따라 달랐습니다.

버전 3.10에서 변경: The argument of jump, exception handling and loop instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the byte offset.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Some instructions are accompanied by one or more inline cache entries, which take the form of CACHE instructions. These instructions are hidden by default, but can be shown by passing show_caches=True to any dis utility. Furthermore, the interpreter now adapts the bytecode to specialize it for different runtime conditions. The adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing adaptive=True.

버전 3.12에서 변경: The argument of a jump is the offset of the target instruction relative to the instruction that appears immediately after the jump instruction’s CACHE entries.

As a consequence, the presence of the CACHE instructions is transparent for forward jumps but needs to be taken into account when reasoning about backward jumps.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The output shows logical labels rather than instruction offsets for jump targets and exception handlers. The -O command line option and the show_offsets argument were added.

Example: Given the function myfunc():

def myfunc(alist):
    return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of myfunc():

>>> dis.dis(myfunc)
  2           RESUME                   0

  3           LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (len + NULL)
              LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)
              CALL                     1
              RETURN_VALUE

(“2”는 줄 번호입니다).

Command-line interface¶

The dis module can be invoked as a script from the command line:

python -m dis [-h] [-C] [-O] [infile]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help¶: Display usage and exit.

-C, --show-caches¶: Show inline caches.

-O, --show-offsets¶: Show offsets of instructions.

If infile is specified, its disassembled code will be written to stdout. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code received from stdin.

바이트 코드 분석¶

Added in version 3.4.

바이트 코드 분석 API는 컴파일된 코드의 세부 사항에 쉽게 액세스 할 수 있도록 하는 Bytecode 객체로 파이썬 코드 조각을 감쌀 수 있도록 합니다.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False)¶

함수, 제너레이터, 비동기 제너레이터, 코루틴, 메서드, 소스 코드 문자열 또는 (compile()에서 반환된) 코드 객체에 해당하는 바이트 코드를 분석합니다.

이것은 아래에 나열된 많은 함수, 특히 get_instructions()를 둘러싼 편리한 래퍼입니다, Bytecode 인스턴스를 이터레이트 하면 바이트 코드 연산이 Instruction 인스턴스로 산출되기 때문입니다.

first_line이 None이 아니면, 역 어셈블 된 코드에서 첫 번째 소스 줄에 대해 보고해야 하는 줄 번호를 나타냅니다. 그렇지 않으면, 소스 줄 정보(있다면)를 역 어셈블 된 코드 객체에서 직접 취합니다.

current_offset이 None이 아니면, 역 어셈블 된 코드의 명령어 오프셋을 나타냅니다. 이를 설정하면, dis()가 지정된 옵코드(opcode)에 대해 “현재 명령어” 마커를 표시합니다.

If show_caches is True, dis() will display inline cache entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

If adaptive is True, dis() will display specialized bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

If show_offsets is True, dis() will include instruction offsets in the output.

classmethod from_traceback(tb, *, show_caches=False)¶: 주어진 트레이스백에서 Bytecode 인스턴스를 구성하고, current_offset을 예외를 일으킨 명령어로 설정합니다.

codeobj¶: 컴파일된 코드 객체.

first_line¶: 코드 객체의 첫 번째 소스 줄 (사용 가능하다면)

dis()¶: 바이트 코드 연산의 포맷된 보기를 반환합니다 (dis.dis()가 인쇄하는 것과 같지만, 여러 줄 문자열로 반환됩니다).

info()¶: code_info()처럼, 코드 객체에 대한 자세한 정보가 포함된 포맷된 여러 줄 문자열을 반환합니다.

버전 3.7에서 변경: 이제 코루틴과 비동기 제너레이터 객체를 처리할 수 있습니다.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

Example:

>>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
>>> for instr in bytecode:
...     print(instr.opname)
...
RESUME
LOAD_GLOBAL
LOAD_FAST
CALL
RETURN_VALUE

분석 함수¶

dis 모듈은 또한 입력을 원하는 출력으로 직접 변환하는 다음 분석 함수를 정의합니다. 단일 작업만 수행해서, 중간 분석 객체가 유용하지 않을 때 유용할 수 있습니다:

dis.code_info(x)¶

제공된 함수, 제너레이터, 비동기 제너레이터, 코루틴, 메서드, 소스 코드 문자열 또는 코드 객체에 대한 자세한 코드 객체 정보가 포함된 포맷된 여러 줄 문자열을 반환합니다.

코드 정보 문자열의 정확한 내용은 구현에 따라 달라지며 파이썬 VM이나 파이썬 릴리스에 걸쳐 임의로 변경될 수 있습니다.

Added in version 3.2.

버전 3.7에서 변경: 이제 코루틴과 비동기 제너레이터 객체를 처리할 수 있습니다.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)¶

제공된 함수, 메서드, 소스 코드 문자열 또는 코드 객체에 대한 자세한 코드 객체 정보를 file(또는 file이 지정되지 않으면 sys.stdout)로 인쇄합니다.

이것은 print(code_info(x), file=file)의 편리한 축약 형으로, 인터프리터 프롬프트에서의 대화식 탐색을 위한 것입니다.

Added in version 3.2.

버전 3.4에서 변경: file 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)¶

Disassemble the x object. x can denote either a module, a class, a method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. It also recursively disassembles nested code objects. These can include generator expressions, nested functions, the bodies of nested classes, and the code objects used for annotation scopes. Strings are first compiled to code objects with the compile() built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last traceback.

역 어셈블리는 제공된다면 제공된 file 인자에, 그렇지 않으면 sys.stdout에 텍스트로 기록됩니다.

재귀의 최대 깊이는 None이 아닌 한 depth에 의해 제한됩니다. depth=0은 재귀가 없음을 의미합니다.

If show_caches is True, this function will display inline cache entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

If adaptive is True, this function will display specialized bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

버전 3.4에서 변경: file 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

버전 3.7에서 변경: 재귀 역 어셈블을 구현하고 depth 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

버전 3.7에서 변경: 이제 코루틴과 비동기 제너레이터 객체를 처리할 수 있습니다.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

distb(tb=None, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False,

show_offset=False)

트레이스백의 최상단 함수를 역 어셈블 합니다. 전달되지 않으면 마지막 트레이스백을 사용합니다. 예외를 일으키는 명령어가 표시됩니다.

역 어셈블리는 제공된다면 제공된 file 인자에, 그렇지 않으면 sys.stdout에 텍스트로 기록됩니다.

버전 3.4에서 변경: file 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Added the show_offsets parameter.

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)¶

disco(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False,

show_offsets=False)

코드 객체를 역 어셈블 하고, lasti가 제공되면 마지막 명령어를 표시합니다. 출력은 다음 열로 나뉩니다:

줄 번호, 각 줄의 첫 번째 명령어에 표시됩니다
현재 명령어, -->로 표시됩니다,
레이블이 있는 명령어, >>로 표시됩니다,
명령어의 주소,
연산 코드 이름,
연산 매개 변수, 그리고
괄호 안에 있는 매개 변수의 해석.

매개 변수 해석은 지역과 전역 변수 이름, 상숫값, 분기 대상 및 비교 연산자를 인식합니다.

역 어셈블리는 제공된다면 제공된 file 인자에, 그렇지 않으면 sys.stdout에 텍스트로 기록됩니다.

버전 3.4에서 변경: file 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Added the show_offsets parameter.

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)¶

제공된 함수, 메서드, 소스 코드 문자열 또는 코드 객체의 명령어들에 대한 이터레이터를 반환합니다.

이터레이터는 제공된 코드의 각 연산에 대한 세부 정보를 제공하는 Instruction 네임드 튜플의 연속을 생성합니다.

first_line이 None이 아니면, 역 어셈블 된 코드에서 첫 번째 소스 줄에 대해 보고해야 하는 줄 번호를 나타냅니다. 그렇지 않으면, 소스 줄 정보(있다면)를 역 어셈블 된 코드 객체에서 직접 취합니다.

The adaptive parameter works as it does in dis().

Added in version 3.4.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The show_caches parameter is deprecated and has no effect. The iterator generates the Instruction instances with the cache_info field populated (regardless of the value of show_caches) and it no longer generates separate items for the cache entries.

dis.findlinestarts(code)¶: This generator function uses the co_lines() method of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the source code. They are generated as (offset, lineno) pairs.

버전 3.6에서 변경: 줄 번호가 줄어들 수 있습니다. 전에는, 언제나 증가했습니다.

버전 3.10에서 변경: The PEP 626 co_lines() method is used instead of the co_firstlineno and co_lnotab attributes of the code object.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Line numbers can be None for bytecode that does not map to source lines.

dis.findlabels(code)¶: 원시 컴파일된 바이트 코드 문자열 code에서 점프 대상인 모든 오프셋을 감지하고, 이러한 오프셋의 리스트를 반환합니다.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)¶

인자 oparg를 갖는 opcode의 스택 효과를 계산합니다.

코드에 점프 대상이 있고 jump가 True이면, stack_effect()는 점프의 스택 효과를 반환합니다. jump가 False이면, 점프하지 않는 스택 효과를 반환합니다. jump가 None(기본값)이면, 두 경우의 최대 스택 효과를 반환합니다.

Added in version 3.4.

버전 3.8에서 변경: jump 매개 변수를 추가했습니다.

버전 3.13에서 변경: If oparg is omitted (or None), the stack effect is now returned for oparg=0. Previously this was an error for opcodes that use their arg. It is also no longer an error to pass an integer oparg when the opcode does not use it; the oparg in this case is ignored.

파이썬 바이트 코드 명령어¶

get_instructions() 함수와 Bytecode 클래스는 바이트 코드 명령어의 세부 사항을 Instruction 인스턴스로 제공합니다:

class dis.Instruction¶

바이트 코드 연산에 대한 세부 사항

opcode¶: 연산의 숫자 코드, 아래 나열된 옵코드 값과 옵코드 모음에 있는 바이트 코드 값에 해당합니다.

opname¶: 연산의 사람이 읽을 수 있는 이름

baseopcode¶: numeric code for the base operation if operation is specialized; otherwise equal to opcode

baseopname¶: human readable name for the base operation if operation is specialized; otherwise equal to opname

arg¶: 연산에 대한 숫자 인자 (있다면), 그렇지 않으면 None

oparg¶: alias for arg

argval¶: resolved arg value (if any), otherwise None

argrepr¶: human readable description of operation argument (if any), otherwise an empty string.

offset¶: 바이트 코드 시퀀스 내에서 연산의 시작 인덱스

start_offset¶: start index of operation within bytecode sequence, including prefixed EXTENDED_ARG operations if present; otherwise equal to offset

cache_offset¶: start index of the cache entries following the operation

end_offset¶: end index of the cache entries following the operation

starts_line¶: True if this opcode starts a source line, otherwise False

line_number¶: source line number associated with this opcode (if any), otherwise None

is_jump_target¶: 다른 코드가 여기로 점프하면 True, 그렇지 않으면 False

jump_target¶: bytecode index of the jump target if this is a jump operation, otherwise None

positions¶: dis.Positions object holding the start and end locations that are covered by this instruction.

Added in version 3.4.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Field positions is added.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Changed field starts_line.

Added fields start_offset, cache_offset, end_offset, baseopname, baseopcode, jump_target, oparg, line_number and cache_info.

class dis.Positions¶

In case the information is not available, some fields might be None.

lineno¶

end_lineno¶

col_offset¶

end_col_offset¶

Added in version 3.11.

파이썬 컴파일러는 현재 다음 바이트 코드 명령어를 생성합니다.

일반 명령어

In the following, We will refer to the interpreter stack as STACK and describe operations on it as if it was a Python list. The top of the stack corresponds to STACK[-1] in this language.

NOP¶: Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer, and to generate line tracing events.

POP_TOP¶

Removes the top-of-stack item:

STACK.pop()

END_FOR¶: Removes the top-of-stack item. Equivalent to POP_TOP. Used to clean up at the end of loops, hence the name.

Added in version 3.12.

END_SEND¶: Implements del STACK[-2]. Used to clean up when a generator exits.

Added in version 3.12.

COPY(i)¶

Push the i-th item to the top of the stack without removing it from its original location:

assert i > 0
STACK.append(STACK[-i])

Added in version 3.11.

SWAP(i)¶

Swap the top of the stack with the i-th element:

STACK[-i], STACK[-1] = STACK[-1], STACK[-i]

Added in version 3.11.

CACHE¶

Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to mark extra space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly in the bytecode itself. It is automatically hidden by all dis utilities, but can be viewed with show_caches=True.

Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many opcodes expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and will instruct the interpreter to skip over them at runtime.

Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great care should be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive bytecode containing quickened data.

Added in version 3.11.

단항 연산

단항 연산은 스택의 최상단을 취하고, 연산을 적용한 다음, 결과를 스택에 다시 푸시합니다.

UNARY_NEGATIVE¶: Implements STACK[-1] = -STACK[-1].

UNARY_NOT¶: Implements STACK[-1] = not STACK[-1].

버전 3.13에서 변경: This instruction now requires an exact bool operand.

UNARY_INVERT¶: Implements STACK[-1] = ~STACK[-1].

GET_ITER¶: Implements STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1]).

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER¶: If STACK[-1] is a generator iterator or coroutine object it is left as is. Otherwise, implements STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1]).

Added in version 3.5.

TO_BOOL¶: Implements STACK[-1] = bool(STACK[-1]).

Added in version 3.13.

Binary and in-place operations

Binary operations remove the top two items from the stack (STACK[-1] and STACK[-2]). They perform the operation, then put the result back on the stack.

In-place operations are like binary operations, but the operation is done in-place when STACK[-2] supports it, and the resulting STACK[-1] may be (but does not have to be) the original STACK[-2].

BINARY_OP(op)¶

Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the value of op):

rhs = STACK.pop()
lhs = STACK.pop()
STACK.append(lhs op rhs)

Added in version 3.11.

BINARY_SUBSCR¶

Implements:

key = STACK.pop()
container = STACK.pop()
STACK.append(container[key])

STORE_SUBSCR¶

Implements:

key = STACK.pop()
container = STACK.pop()
value = STACK.pop()
container[key] = value

DELETE_SUBSCR¶

Implements:

key = STACK.pop()
container = STACK.pop()
del container[key]

BINARY_SLICE¶

Implements:

end = STACK.pop()
start = STACK.pop()
container = STACK.pop()
STACK.append(container[start:end])

Added in version 3.12.

STORE_SLICE¶

Implements:

end = STACK.pop()
start = STACK.pop()
container = STACK.pop()
values = STACK.pop()
container[start:end] = value

Added in version 3.12.

코루틴 옵코드

GET_AWAITABLE(where)¶

Implements STACK[-1] = get_awaitable(STACK[-1]), where get_awaitable(o) returns o if o is a coroutine object or a generator object with the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves o.__await__.

If the where operand is nonzero, it indicates where the instruction occurs:

1: After a call to __aenter__

2: After a call to __aexit__

Added in version 3.5.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Previously, this instruction did not have an oparg.

GET_AITER¶: Implements STACK[-1] = STACK[-1].__aiter__().

Added in version 3.5.

버전 3.7에서 변경: __aiter__로부터 어웨이터블 객체를 반환하는 것은 더는 지원되지 않습니다.

GET_ANEXT¶: Implement STACK.append(get_awaitable(STACK[-1].__anext__())) to the stack. See GET_AWAITABLE for details about get_awaitable.

Added in version 3.5.

END_ASYNC_FOR¶: Terminates an async for loop. Handles an exception raised when awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in STACK[-2] and the raised exception in STACK[-1]. Both are popped. If the exception is not StopAsyncIteration, it is re-raised.

Added in version 3.8.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

CLEANUP_THROW¶: Handles an exception raised during a throw() or close() call through the current frame. If STACK[-1] is an instance of StopIteration, pop three values from the stack and push its value member. Otherwise, re-raise STACK[-1].

Added in version 3.12.

BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH¶

Resolves __aenter__ and __aexit__ from STACK[-1]. Pushes __aexit__ and result of __aenter__() to the stack:

STACK.extend((__aexit__, __aenter__())

Added in version 3.5.

기타 옵코드

SET_ADD(i)¶

Implements:

item = STACK.pop()
set.add(STACK[-i], item)

Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)¶

Implements:

item = STACK.pop()
list.append(STACK[-i], item)

Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)¶

Implements:

value = STACK.pop()
key = STACK.pop()
dict.__setitem__(STACK[-i], key, value)

Used to implement dict comprehensions.

Added in version 3.1.

버전 3.8에서 변경: Map value is STACK[-1] and map key is STACK[-2]. Before, those were reversed.

모든 SET_ADD, LIST_APPEND 및 MAP_ADD 명령어에 대해, 추가된 값이나 키/값 쌍이 팝 되지만, 컨테이너 객체는 스택에 남아 있어서 루프의 추가 이터레이션에 사용할 수 있습니다.

RETURN_VALUE¶: Returns with STACK[-1] to the caller of the function.

RETURN_CONST(consti)¶: Returns with co_consts[consti] to the caller of the function.

Added in version 3.12.

YIELD_VALUE¶: Yields STACK.pop() from a generator.

버전 3.11에서 변경: oparg set to be the stack depth.

버전 3.12에서 변경: oparg set to be the exception block depth, for efficient closing of generators.

버전 3.13에서 변경: oparg is 1 if this instruction is part of a yield-from or await, and 0 otherwise.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS¶: locals()에 __annotations__가 정의되어 있는지 확인합니다, 그렇지 않으면 비어있는 dict로 설정됩니다. 이 옵코드는 클래스나 모듈 본문에 변수 어노테이션이 정적으로 포함될 때만 생성됩니다.

Added in version 3.6.

POP_EXCEPT¶: Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception state.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

RERAISE¶: Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is non-zero, pops an additional value from the stack which is used to set f_lasti of the current frame.

Added in version 3.9.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

PUSH_EXC_INFO¶: Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the top of the stack. Pushes the value originally popped back to the stack. Used in exception handlers.

Added in version 3.11.

CHECK_EXC_MATCH¶: Performs exception matching for except. Tests whether the STACK[-2] is an exception matching STACK[-1]. Pops STACK[-1] and pushes the boolean result of the test.

Added in version 3.11.

CHECK_EG_MATCH¶

Performs exception matching for except*. Applies split(STACK[-1]) on the exception group representing STACK[-2].

In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the non-matching subgroup (None in case of full match) followed by the matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the match type) and pushes None.

Added in version 3.11.

WITH_EXCEPT_START¶: Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type, val, tb) representing the exception at the top of the stack. Used to implement the call context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info()) when an exception has occurred in a with statement.

Added in version 3.9.

버전 3.11에서 변경: The __exit__ function is in position 4 of the stack rather than 7. Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR¶: AssertionError를 스택으로 푸시합니다. assert 문에서 사용됩니다.

Added in version 3.9.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS¶: Pushes builtins.__build_class__() onto the stack. It is later called to construct a class.

BEFORE_WITH¶: This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First, it loads __exit__() from the context manager and pushes it onto the stack for later use by WITH_EXCEPT_START. Then, __enter__() is called. Finally, the result of calling the __enter__() method is pushed onto the stack.

Added in version 3.11.

GET_LEN¶: Perform STACK.append(len(STACK[-1])). Used in match statements where comparison with structure of pattern is needed.

Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_MAPPING¶: If STACK[-1] is an instance of collections.abc.Mapping (or, more technically: if it has the Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING flag set in its tp_flags), push True onto the stack. Otherwise, push False.

Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_SEQUENCE¶: If STACK[-1] is an instance of collections.abc.Sequence and is not an instance of str/bytes/bytearray (or, more technically: if it has the Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE flag set in its tp_flags), push True onto the stack. Otherwise, push False.

Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_KEYS¶: STACK[-1] is a tuple of mapping keys, and STACK[-2] is the match subject. If STACK[-2] contains all of the keys in STACK[-1], push a tuple containing the corresponding values. Otherwise, push None.

Added in version 3.10.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating success (True) or failure (False).

STORE_NAME(namei)¶: Implements name = STACK.pop(). namei is the index of name in the attribute co_names of the code object. The compiler tries to use STORE_FAST or STORE_GLOBAL if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)¶: Implements del name, where namei is the index into co_names attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)¶

Unpacks STACK[-1] into count individual values, which are put onto the stack right-to-left. Require there to be exactly count values.:

assert(len(STACK[-1]) == count)
STACK.extend(STACK.pop()[:-count-1:-1])

UNPACK_EX(counts)¶

Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in STACK[-1] into individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

The number of values before and after the list value is limited to 255.

The number of values before the list value is encoded in the argument of the opcode. The number of values after the list if any is encoded using an EXTENDED_ARG. As a consequence, the argument can be seen as a two bytes values where the low byte of counts is the number of values before the list value, the high byte of counts the number of values after it.

The extracted values are put onto the stack right-to-left, i.e. a, *b, c = d will be stored after execution as STACK.extend((a, b, c)).

STORE_ATTR(namei)¶

Implements:

obj = STACK.pop()
value = STACK.pop()
obj.name = value

where namei is the index of name in co_names of the code object.

DELETE_ATTR(namei)¶

Implements:

obj = STACK.pop()
del obj.name

where namei is the index of name into co_names of the code object.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)¶: STORE_NAME처럼 작동하지만, 이름을 전역으로 저장합니다.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)¶: DELETE_NAME처럼 작동하지만, 전역 이름을 삭제합니다.

LOAD_CONST(consti)¶: co_consts[consti]를 스택으로 푸시합니다.

LOAD_NAME(namei)¶: Pushes the value associated with co_names[namei] onto the stack. The name is looked up within the locals, then the globals, then the builtins.

LOAD_LOCALS¶: Pushes a reference to the locals dictionary onto the stack. This is used to prepare namespace dictionaries for LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF and LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS.

Added in version 3.12.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS(i)¶: Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the value for co_names[namei]. If the name is not found there, looks it up in the globals and then the builtins, similar to LOAD_GLOBAL. This is used for loading global variables in annotation scopes within class bodies.

Added in version 3.12.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)¶

Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the resulting tuple onto the stack:

if count == 0:
    value = ()
else:
    value = tuple(STACK[-count:])
    STACK = STACK[:-count]

STACK.append(value)

BUILD_LIST(count)¶: BUILD_TUPLE처럼 작동하지만, 리스트를 만듭니다.

BUILD_SET(count)¶: BUILD_TUPLE처럼 작동하지만, 집합을 만듭니다.

BUILD_MAP(count)¶: Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops 2 * count items so that the dictionary holds count entries: {..., STACK[-4]: STACK[-3], STACK[-2]: STACK[-1]}.

버전 3.5에서 변경: 딕셔너리는 count 항목을 갖도록 미리 크기가 조정된 빈 딕셔너리를 만드는 대신 스택 항목에서 만들어집니다.

BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(count)¶: The version of BUILD_MAP specialized for constant keys. Pops the top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then starting from STACK[-2], pops count values to form values in the built dictionary.

Added in version 3.6.

BUILD_STRING(count)¶: 스택에서 count 문자열을 이어붙이고 결과 문자열을 스택으로 푸시합니다.

Added in version 3.6.

LIST_EXTEND(i)¶

Implements:

seq = STACK.pop()
list.extend(STACK[-i], seq)

Used to build lists.

Added in version 3.9.

SET_UPDATE(i)¶

Implements:

seq = STACK.pop()
set.update(STACK[-i], seq)

Used to build sets.

Added in version 3.9.

DICT_UPDATE(i)¶

Implements:

map = STACK.pop()
dict.update(STACK[-i], map)

Used to build dicts.

Added in version 3.9.

DICT_MERGE(i)¶: DICT_UPDATE와 유사하지만, 중복 키에 대해 예외를 발생시킵니다.

Added in version 3.9.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)¶

If the low bit of namei is not set, this replaces STACK[-1] with getattr(STACK[-1], co_names[namei>>1]).

If the low bit of namei is set, this will attempt to load a method named co_names[namei>>1] from the STACK[-1] object. STACK[-1] is popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if STACK[-1] has a method with the correct name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and STACK[-1]. STACK[-1] will be used as the first argument (self) by CALL or CALL_KW when calling the unbound method. Otherwise, NULL and the object returned by the attribute lookup are pushed.

버전 3.12에서 변경: If the low bit of namei is set, then a NULL or self is pushed to the stack before the attribute or unbound method respectively.

LOAD_SUPER_ATTR(namei)¶

This opcode implements super(), both in its zero-argument and two-argument forms (e.g. super().method(), super().attr and super(cls, self).method(), super(cls, self).attr).

It pops three values from the stack (from top of stack down):

self: the first argument to the current method
cls: the class within which the current method was defined
the global super

With respect to its argument, it works similarly to LOAD_ATTR, except that namei is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1.

The low bit of namei signals to attempt a method load, as with LOAD_ATTR, which results in pushing NULL and the loaded method. When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack.

The second-low bit of namei, if set, means that this was a two-argument call to super() (unset means zero-argument).

Added in version 3.12.

COMPARE_OP(opname)¶: Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in cmp_op[opname >> 5]. If the fifth-lowest bit of opname is set (opname & 16), the result should be coerced to bool.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The fifth-lowest bit of the oparg now indicates a forced conversion to bool.

IS_OP(invert)¶: is 비교를 수행하거나, invert가 1이면 is not을 수행합니다.

Added in version 3.9.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)¶: in 비교를 수행하거나, invert가 1이면 not in을 수행합니다.

Added in version 3.9.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)¶: Imports the module co_names[namei]. STACK[-1] and STACK[-2] are popped and provide the fromlist and level arguments of __import__(). The module object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent STORE_FAST instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)¶: Loads the attribute co_names[namei] from the module found in STACK[-1]. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a STORE_FAST instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)¶: 바이트 코드 카운터를 delta만큼 증가시킵니다.

JUMP_BACKWARD(delta)¶: Decrements bytecode counter by delta. Checks for interrupts.

Added in version 3.11.

JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT(delta)¶: Decrements bytecode counter by delta. Does not check for interrupts.

Added in version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(delta)¶: If STACK[-1] is true, increments the bytecode counter by delta. STACK[-1] is popped.

버전 3.11에서 변경: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

버전 3.12에서 변경: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

버전 3.13에서 변경: This instruction now requires an exact bool operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(delta)¶: If STACK[-1] is false, increments the bytecode counter by delta. STACK[-1] is popped.

버전 3.11에서 변경: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

버전 3.12에서 변경: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

버전 3.13에서 변경: This instruction now requires an exact bool operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)¶

If STACK[-1] is not None, increments the bytecode counter by delta. STACK[-1] is popped.

This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

Added in version 3.11.

버전 3.12에서 변경: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_NONE(delta)¶

If STACK[-1] is None, increments the bytecode counter by delta. STACK[-1] is popped.

This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

Added in version 3.11.

버전 3.12에서 변경: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

FOR_ITER(delta)¶: STACK[-1] is an iterator. Call its __next__() method. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted then the byte code counter is incremented by delta.

버전 3.12에서 변경: Up until 3.11 the iterator was popped when it was exhausted.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)¶: Loads the global named co_names[namei>>1] onto the stack.

버전 3.11에서 변경: If the low bit of namei is set, then a NULL is pushed to the stack before the global variable.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)¶: 지역 co_varnames[var_num]에 대한 참조를 스택으로 푸시합니다.

버전 3.12에서 변경: This opcode is now only used in situations where the local variable is guaranteed to be initialized. It cannot raise UnboundLocalError.

LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)¶: Pushes references to co_varnames[var_nums >> 4] and co_varnames[var_nums & 15] onto the stack.

Added in version 3.13.

LOAD_FAST_CHECK(var_num)¶: Pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_num] onto the stack, raising an UnboundLocalError if the local variable has not been initialized.

Added in version 3.12.

LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR(var_num)¶: Pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_num] onto the stack (or pushes NULL onto the stack if the local variable has not been initialized) and sets co_varnames[var_num] to NULL.

Added in version 3.12.

STORE_FAST(var_num)¶: Stores STACK.pop() into the local co_varnames[var_num].

STORE_FAST_STORE_FAST(var_nums)¶: Stores STACK[-1] into co_varnames[var_nums >> 4] and STACK[-2] into co_varnames[var_nums & 15].

Added in version 3.13.

STORE_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)¶: Stores STACK.pop() into the local co_varnames[var_nums >> 4] and pushes a reference to the local co_varnames[var_nums & 15] onto the stack.

Added in version 3.13.

DELETE_FAST(var_num)¶: 지역 co_varnames[var_num]을 삭제합니다.

MAKE_CELL(i)¶: Creates a new cell in slot i. If that slot is nonempty then that value is stored into the new cell.

Added in version 3.11.

LOAD_DEREF(i)¶: Loads the cell contained in slot i of the “fast locals” storage. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

버전 3.11에서 변경: i is no longer offset by the length of co_varnames.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF(i)¶: Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the name associated with slot i of the “fast locals” storage in this mapping. If the name is not found there, loads it from the cell contained in slot i, similar to LOAD_DEREF. This is used for loading closure variables in class bodies (which previously used LOAD_CLASSDEREF) and in annotation scopes within class bodies.

Added in version 3.12.

STORE_DEREF(i)¶: Stores STACK.pop() into the cell contained in slot i of the “fast locals” storage.

버전 3.11에서 변경: i is no longer offset by the length of co_varnames.

DELETE_DEREF(i)¶: Empties the cell contained in slot i of the “fast locals” storage. Used by the del statement.

Added in version 3.2.

버전 3.11에서 변경: i is no longer offset by the length of co_varnames.

COPY_FREE_VARS(n)¶: Copies the n free (closure) variables from the closure into the frame. Removes the need for special code on the caller’s side when calling closures.

Added in version 3.11.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)¶

argc의 값에 따라, raise 문의 3가지 형식 중 하나를 사용하여 예외를 발생시킵니다:

0: raise (이전 예외를 다시 발생시킵니다)
1: raise STACK[-1] (raise exception instance or type at STACK[-1])
2: raise STACK[-2] from STACK[-1] (raise exception instance or type at STACK[-2] with __cause__ set to STACK[-1])

CALL(argc)¶

Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by argc. On the stack are (in ascending order):

The callable
self or NULL
The remaining positional arguments

argc is the total of the positional arguments, excluding self.

CALL pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

Added in version 3.11.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The callable now always appears at the same position on the stack.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Calls with keyword arguments are now handled by CALL_KW.

CALL_KW(argc)¶

Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by argc, including one or more named arguments. On the stack are (in ascending order):

The callable
self or NULL
The remaining positional arguments
The named arguments
A tuple of keyword argument names

argc is the total of the positional and named arguments, excluding self. The length of the tuple of keyword argument names is the number of named arguments.

CALL_KW pops all arguments, the keyword names, and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

Added in version 3.13.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)¶: 위치와 키워드 인자의 변수 집합으로 콜러블 객체를 호출합니다. flags의 최하위 비트가 설정되면, 스택의 맨 위에 추가 키워드 인자가 포함된 매핑 객체가 포함됩니다. 콜러블이 호출되기 전에, 매핑 객체와 이터러블 객체는 각각 “언팩” 되고 그 내용이 각각 키워드와 위치 인자로 전달됩니다. CALL_FUNCTION_EX는 모든 인자와 콜러블 객체를 스택에서 팝하고, 해당 인자로 콜러블 객체를 호출한 다음, 콜러블 객체가 반환한 반환 값을 푸시합니다.

Added in version 3.6.

PUSH_NULL¶: Pushes a NULL to the stack. Used in the call sequence to match the NULL pushed by LOAD_METHOD for non-method calls.

Added in version 3.11.

MAKE_FUNCTION¶: Pushes a new function object on the stack built from the code object at STACK[-1].

버전 3.10에서 변경: Flag value 0x04 is a tuple of strings instead of dictionary

버전 3.11에서 변경: Qualified name at STACK[-1] was removed.

버전 3.13에서 변경: Extra function attributes on the stack, signaled by oparg flags, were removed. They now use SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE.

SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE(flag)¶

Sets an attribute on a function object. Expects the function at STACK[-1] and the attribute value to set at STACK[-2]; consumes both and leaves the function at STACK[-1]. The flag determines which attribute to set:

0x01 위치 전용과 위치-키워드 매개 변수를 위한 기본값의 위치 순서 튜플
0x02 키워드 전용 매개 변수의 기본값 딕셔너리
0x04 a tuple of strings containing parameters’ annotations
0x08 자유 변수를 위한 셀을 포함하는 튜플, 클로저를 만듭니다

Added in version 3.13.

BUILD_SLICE(argc)¶

Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2, implements:

end = STACK.pop()
start = STACK.pop()
STACK.append(slice(start, end))

if it is 3, implements:

step = STACK.pop()
end = STACK.pop()
start = STACK.pop()
STACK.append(slice(start, end, step))

See the slice() built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)¶: 너무 커서 기본 1바이트에 맞지 않는 인자를 가진 옵코드에 접두어로 붙입니다. ext는 인자에서 더 높은 비트로 작동하는 추가 바이트를 보유합니다. 각 옵코드마다, 최대 3개의 접두사 EXTENDED_ARG가 허용되며, 2바이트에서 4바이트 사이의 인자를 형성합니다.

CONVERT_VALUE(oparg)¶

Convert value to a string, depending on oparg:

value = STACK.pop()
result = func(value)
STACK.append(result)

oparg == 1: call str() on value
oparg == 2: call repr() on value
oparg == 3: call ascii() on value

Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings).

Added in version 3.13.

FORMAT_SIMPLE¶

Formats the value on top of stack:

value = STACK.pop()
result = value.__format__("")
STACK.append(result)

Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings).

Added in version 3.13.

FORMAT_WITH_SPEC¶

Formats the given value with the given format spec:

spec = STACK.pop()
value = STACK.pop()
result = value.__format__(spec)
STACK.append(result)

Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings).

Added in version 3.13.

MATCH_CLASS(count)¶

STACK[-1] is a tuple of keyword attribute names, STACK[-2] is the class being matched against, and STACK[-3] is the match subject. count is the number of positional sub-patterns.

Pop STACK[-1], STACK[-2], and STACK[-3]. If STACK[-3] is an instance of STACK[-2] and has the positional and keyword attributes required by count and STACK[-1], push a tuple of extracted attributes. Otherwise, push None.

Added in version 3.10.

버전 3.11에서 변경: Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating success (True) or failure (False).

RESUME(context)¶

A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization checks.

The context oparand consists of two parts. The lowest two bits indicate where the RESUME occurs:

0 The start of a function, which is neither a generator, coroutine nor an async generator
1 After a yield expression
2 After a yield from expression
3 After an await expression

The next bit is 1 if the RESUME is at except-depth 1, and 0 otherwise.

Added in version 3.11.

버전 3.13에서 변경: The oparg value changed to include information about except-depth

RETURN_GENERATOR¶: Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current frame. Used as first opcode of in code object for the above mentioned callables. Clear the current frame and return the newly created generator.

Added in version 3.11.

SEND(delta)¶

Equivalent to STACK[-1] = STACK[-2].send(STACK[-1]). Used in yield from and await statements.

If the call raises StopIteration, pop the top value from the stack, push the exception’s value attribute, and increment the bytecode counter by delta.

Added in version 3.11.

HAVE_ARGUMENT¶

This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes in the range [0,255] which don’t use their argument and those that do (< HAVE_ARGUMENT and >= HAVE_ARGUMENT, respectively).

If your application uses pseudo instructions or specialized instructions, use the hasarg collection instead.

버전 3.6에서 변경: 이제 모든 명령어에는 인자가 있지만, < HAVE_ARGUMENT인 옵코드는 이를 무시합니다. 이전에는, >= HAVE_ARGUMENT인 옵코드에만 인자가 있었습니다.

버전 3.12에서 변경: Pseudo instructions were added to the dis module, and for them it is not true that comparison with HAVE_ARGUMENT indicates whether they use their arg.

버전 3.13부터 폐지됨: Use hasarg instead.

CALL_INTRINSIC_1¶

Calls an intrinsic function with one argument. Passes STACK[-1] as the argument and sets STACK[-1] to the result. Used to implement functionality that is not performance critical.

The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

Operand	Description
`INTRINSIC_1_INVALID`	Not valid
`INTRINSIC_PRINT`	Prints the argument to standard out. Used in the REPL.
`INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR`	Performs `import *` for the named module.
`INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR`	Extracts the return value from a `StopIteration` exception.
`INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP`	Wraps an async generator value
`INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE`	Performs the unary `+` operation
`INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE`	Converts a list to a tuple
`INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR`	Creates a `typing.TypeVar`
`INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC`	Creates a `typing.ParamSpec`
`INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE`	Creates a `typing.TypeVarTuple`
`INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC`	Returns `typing.Generic` subscripted with the argument
`INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS`	Creates a `typing.TypeAliasType`; used in the `type` statement. The argument is a tuple of the type alias’s name, type parameters, and value.

Added in version 3.12.

CALL_INTRINSIC_2¶

Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments. Used to implement functionality that is not performance critical:

arg2 = STACK.pop()
arg1 = STACK.pop()
result = intrinsic2(arg1, arg2)
STACK.append(result)

The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

Operand	Description
`INTRINSIC_2_INVALID`	Not valid
`INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR`	Calculates the `ExceptionGroup` to raise from a `try-except*`.
`INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND`	Creates a `typing.TypeVar` with a bound.
`INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS`	Creates a `typing.TypeVar` with constraints.
`INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS`	Sets the `__type_params__` attribute of a function.

Added in version 3.12.

Pseudo-instructions

These opcodes do not appear in Python bytecode. They are used by the compiler but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode is generated.

SETUP_FINALLY(target)¶: Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an exception occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current state and control is transferred to the exception handler at target.

SETUP_CLEANUP(target)¶: Like SETUP_FINALLY, but in case of an exception also pushes the last instruction (lasti) to the stack so that RERAISE can restore it. If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the last instruction on the frame are restored to their current state, and control is transferred to the exception handler at target.

SETUP_WITH(target)¶

Like SETUP_CLEANUP, but in case of an exception one more item is popped from the stack before control is transferred to the exception handler at target.

This variant is used in with and async with constructs, which push the return value of the context manager’s __enter__() or __aenter__() to the stack.

POP_BLOCK¶: Marks the end of the code block associated with the last SETUP_FINALLY, SETUP_CLEANUP or SETUP_WITH.

JUMP¶

JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT¶: Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)¶

Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot i of the “fast locals” storage.

Note that LOAD_CLOSURE is replaced with LOAD_FAST in the assembler.

버전 3.13에서 변경: This opcode is now a pseudo-instruction.

LOAD_METHOD¶: Optimized unbound method lookup. Emitted as a LOAD_ATTR opcode with a flag set in the arg.

옵코드 모음¶

이 모음은 바이트 코드 명령어의 자동 검사를 위해 제공됩니다:

버전 3.12에서 변경: The collections now contain pseudo instructions and instrumented instructions as well. These are opcodes with values >= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE and >= MIN_INSTRUMENTED_OPCODE.

dis.opname¶: 연산 이름의 시퀀스, 바이트 코드를 사용하여 인덱싱할 수 있습니다.

dis.opmap¶: 연산 이름을 바이트 코드로 매핑하는 딕셔너리.

dis.cmp_op¶: 모든 비교 연산 이름의 시퀀스.

dis.hasarg¶: Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.

Added in version 3.12.

dis.hasconst¶: 상수에 액세스하는 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

dis.hasfree¶: Sequence of bytecodes that access a free (closure) variable. ‘free’ in this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does not include references to global or builtin scopes.

dis.hasname¶: 어트리뷰트를 이름으로 액세스하는 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

dis.hasjump¶: Sequence of bytecodes that have a jump target. All jumps are relative.

Added in version 3.13.

dis.haslocal¶: 지역 변수에 액세스하는 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

dis.hascompare¶: 불리언 연산의 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

dis.hasexc¶: Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.

Added in version 3.12.

dis.hasjrel¶: 상대 점프 대상이 있는 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

버전 3.13부터 폐지됨: All jumps are now relative. Use hasjump.

dis.hasjabs¶: 절대 점프 대상이 있는 바이트 코드의 시퀀스.

버전 3.13부터 폐지됨: All jumps are now relative. This list is empty.

`dis` — Disassembler for Python bytecode¶

Command-line interface¶

바이트 코드 분석¶

분석 함수¶

파이썬 바이트 코드 명령어¶

옵코드 모음¶

목차

이전 항목

다음 항목

이 페이지

dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode¶

Command-line interface¶

바이트 코드 분석¶

분석 함수¶

파이썬 바이트 코드 명령어¶

옵코드 모음¶

`dis` — Disassembler for Python bytecode¶