# `collections.abc` — Abstract Base Classes for Containers

버전 3.3에 추가: 이전에는, 이 모듈이 `collections` 모듈의 일부였습니다.

소스 코드: Lib/_collections_abc.py

This module provides abstract base classes that can be used to test whether a class provides a particular interface; for example, whether it is hashable or whether it is a mapping.

An `issubclass()` or `isinstance()` test for an interface works in one of three ways.

1) A newly written class can inherit directly from one of the abstract base classes. The class must supply the required abstract methods. The remaining mixin methods come from inheritance and can be overridden if desired. Other methods may be added as needed:

    class C(Sequence):                      # Direct inheritance
        def __init__(self): ...             # Extra method not required by the ABC
        def __getitem__(self, index):  ...  # Required abstract method
        def __len__(self):  ...             # Required abstract method
        def count(self, value): ...         # Optionally override a mixin method

    >>> issubclass(C, Sequence)
    True
    >>> isinstance(C(), Sequence)
    True

2) Existing classes and built-in classes can be registered as “virtual subclasses” of the ABCs. Those classes should define the full API including all of the abstract methods and all of the mixin methods. This lets users rely on `issubclass()` or `isinstance()` tests to determine whether the full interface is supported. The exception to this rule is for methods that are automatically inferred from the rest of the API:

    class D:                                 # No inheritance
        def __init__(self): ...              # Extra method not required by the ABC
        def __getitem__(self, index):  ...   # Abstract method
        def __len__(self):  ...              # Abstract method
        def count(self, value): ...          # Mixin method
        def index(self, value): ...          # Mixin method

    Sequence.register(D)                     # Register instead of inherit

    >>> issubclass(D, Sequence)
    True
    >>> isinstance(D(), Sequence)
    True

In this example, class `D` does not need to define `__contains__`, `__iter__`, and `__reversed__` because the in-operator, the iteration logic, and the `reversed()` function automatically fall back to using `__getitem__` and `__len__`.

3) Some simple interfaces are directly recognizable by the presence of the required methods (unless those methods have been set to `None`):

    class E:
        def __iter__(self): ...
        def __next__(next): ...

    >>> issubclass(E, Iterable)
    True
    >>> isinstance(E(), Iterable)
    True

Complex interfaces do not support this last technique because an interface is more than just the presence of method names. Interfaces specify semantics and relationships between methods that cannot be inferred solely from the presence of specific method names. For example, knowing that a class supplies `__getitem__`, `__len__`, and `__iter__` is insufficient for distinguishing a `Sequence` from a `Mapping`.

버전 3.9에 추가: These abstract classes now support `[]`. See 제네릭 에일리어스 형 and PEP 585.

## Collections 추상 베이스 클래스

collections 모듈은 다음과 같은 ABC를 제공합니다:

ABC | 상속 | 추상 메서드 | 믹스인 메서드
--- | --- | --- | ---
`Container` 1 |  | `__contains__` |
`Hashable` 1 |  | `__hash__` |
`Iterable` 1 2 |  | `__iter__` |
`Iterator` 1 | `Iterable` | `__next__` | `__iter__`
`Reversible` 1 | `Iterable` | `__reversed__` |
`Generator` 1 | `Iterator` | `send`, `throw` | `close`, `__iter__`, `__next__`
`Sized` 1 |  | `__len__` |
`Callable` 1 |  | `__call__` |
`Collection` 1 | `Sized`, `Iterable`, `Container` | `__contains__`, `__iter__`, `__len__` |
`Sequence` | `Reversible`, `Collection` | `__getitem__`, `__len__` | `__contains__`, `__iter__`, `__reversed__`, `index` 및 `count`
`MutableSequence` | `Sequence` | `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__`, `__len__`, `insert` | Inherited `Sequence` methods and `append`, `reverse`, `extend`, `pop`, `remove`, and `__iadd__`
`ByteString` | `Sequence` | `__getitem__`, `__len__` | 상속된 `Sequence` 메서드
`Set` | `Collection` | `__contains__`, `__iter__`, `__len__` | `__le__`, `__lt__`, `__eq__`, `__ne__`, `__gt__`, `__ge__`, `__and__`, `__or__`, `__sub__`, `__xor__`, and `isdisjoint`
`MutableSet` | `Set` | `__contains__`, `__iter__`, `__len__`, `add`, `discard` | 상속된 `Set` 메서드와 `clear`, `pop`, `remove`, `__ior__`, `__iand__`, `__ixor__` 및 `__isub__`
`Mapping` | `Collection` | `__getitem__`, `__iter__`, `__len__` | `__contains__`, `keys`, `items`, `values`, `get`, `__eq__` 및 `__ne__`
`MutableMapping` | `Mapping` | `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__`, `__iter__`, `__len__` | 상속된 `Mapping` 메서드와 `pop`, `popitem`, `clear`, `update` 및 `setdefault`
`MappingView` | `Sized` |  | `__len__`
`ItemsView` | `MappingView`, `Set` |  | `__contains__`, `__iter__`
`KeysView` | `MappingView`, `Set` |  | `__contains__`, `__iter__`
`ValuesView` | `MappingView`, `Collection` |  | `__contains__`, `__iter__`
`Awaitable` 1 |  | `__await__` |
`Coroutine` 1 | `Awaitable` | `send`, `throw` | `close`
`AsyncIterable` 1 |  | `__aiter__` |
`AsyncIterator` 1 | `AsyncIterable` | `__anext__` | `__aiter__`
`AsyncGenerator` 1 | `AsyncIterator` | `asend`, `athrow` | `aclose`, `__aiter__`, `__anext__`

각주

1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14)

  These ABCs override `object.__subclasshook__()` to support testing an interface by verifying the required methods are present and have not been set to `None`. This only works for simple interfaces. More complex interfaces require registration or direct subclassing.

2

  Checking `isinstance(obj, Iterable)` detects classes that are registered as `Iterable` or that have an `__iter__()` method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the `__getitem__()` method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is iterable is to call `iter(obj)`.

## Collections 추상 베이스 클래스 – 상세한 설명

class `collections.abc.``Container`

  ABC for classes that provide the `__contains__()` method.

class `collections.abc.``Hashable`

  ABC for classes that provide the `__hash__()` method.

class `collections.abc.``Sized`

  ABC for classes that provide the `__len__()` method.

class `collections.abc.``Callable`

  ABC for classes that provide the `__call__()` method.

class `collections.abc.``Iterable`

  ABC for classes that provide the `__iter__()` method.

  Checking `isinstance(obj, Iterable)` detects classes that are registered as `Iterable` or that have an `__iter__()` method, but it does not detect classes that iterate with the `__getitem__()` method. The only reliable way to determine whether an object is iterable is to call `iter(obj)`.

class `collections.abc.``Collection`

  길이가 있는 이터러블 컨테이너 클래스의 ABC.

  버전 3.6에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``Iterator`

  `__iter__()` 와 `__next__()` 메서드를 제공하는 클래스의 ABC. 이터레이터의 정의도 참조하십시오.

class `collections.abc.``Reversible`

  ABC for iterable classes that also provide the `__reversed__()` method.

  버전 3.6에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``Generator`

  ABC for generator classes that implement the protocol defined in PEP 342 that extends iterators with the `send()`, `throw()` and `close()` methods. See also the definition of generator.

  버전 3.5에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``Sequence`
class `collections.abc.``MutableSequence`
class `collections.abc.``ByteString`

  읽기 전용과 가변 시퀀스의 ABC.

  Implementation note: Some of the mixin methods, such as `__iter__()`, `__reversed__()` and `index()`, make repeated calls to the underlying `__getitem__()` method. Consequently, if `__getitem__()` is implemented with constant access speed, the mixin methods will have linear performance; however, if the underlying method is linear (as it would be with a linked list), the mixins will have quadratic performance and will likely need to be overridden.

  버전 3.5에서 변경: index() 메서드는 stop과 start 인자에 대한 지원을 추가했습니다.

class `collections.abc.``Set`
class `collections.abc.``MutableSet`

  ABCs for read-only and mutable sets.

class `collections.abc.``Mapping`
class `collections.abc.``MutableMapping`

  읽기 전용과 가변 매핑의 ABC.

class `collections.abc.``MappingView`
class `collections.abc.``ItemsView`
class `collections.abc.``KeysView`
class `collections.abc.``ValuesView`

  매핑, 항목, 키 및 값 뷰의 ABC.

class `collections.abc.``Awaitable`

  ABC for awaitable objects, which can be used in `await` expressions. Custom implementations must provide the `__await__()` method.

  코루틴 객체와 `Coroutine` ABC의 인스턴스는 모두 이 ABC의 인스턴스입니다.

  참고

  In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with `types.coroutine()` or `asyncio.coroutine()`) are awaitables, even though they do not have an `__await__()` method. Using `isinstance(gencoro, Awaitable)` for them will return `False`. Use `inspect.isawaitable()` to detect them.

  버전 3.5에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``Coroutine`

  ABC for coroutine compatible classes. These implement the following methods, defined in 코루틴 객체(Coroutine Objects): `send()`, `throw()`, and `close()`. Custom implementations must also implement `__await__()`. All `Coroutine` instances are also instances of `Awaitable`. See also the definition of coroutine.

  참고

  In CPython, generator-based coroutines (generators decorated with `types.coroutine()` or `asyncio.coroutine()`) are awaitables, even though they do not have an `__await__()` method. Using `isinstance(gencoro, Coroutine)` for them will return `False`. Use `inspect.isawaitable()` to detect them.

  버전 3.5에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``AsyncIterable`

  ABC for classes that provide `__aiter__` method. See also the definition of asynchronous iterable.

  버전 3.5에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``AsyncIterator`

  `__aiter__` 와 `__anext__` 메서드를 제공하는 클래스의 ABC. 비동기 이터레이터의 정의도 참조하십시오.

  버전 3.5에 추가.

class `collections.abc.``AsyncGenerator`

  ABC for asynchronous generator classes that implement the protocol defined in PEP 525 and PEP 492.

  버전 3.6에 추가.

## 예제와 조리법

ABC들은 클래스나 인스턴스가 특정 기능을 제공하는지 묻는 것을 허용합니다, 예를 들어:

    size = None
    if isinstance(myvar, collections.abc.Sized):
        size = len(myvar)

Several of the ABCs are also useful as mixins that make it easier to develop classes supporting container APIs. For example, to write a class supporting the full `Set` API, it is only necessary to supply the three underlying abstract methods: `__contains__()`, `__iter__()`, and `__len__()`. The ABC supplies the remaining methods such as `__and__()` and `isdisjoint()`:

    class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set):
        ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed
            and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. '''
        def __init__(self, iterable):
            self.elements = lst = []
            for value in iterable:
                if value not in lst:
                    lst.append(value)

        def __iter__(self):
            return iter(self.elements)

        def __contains__(self, value):
            return value in self.elements

        def __len__(self):
            return len(self.elements)

    s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef')
    s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi')
    overlap = s1 & s2            # The __and__() method is supported automatically

`Set`과 `MutableSet`을 믹스인으로 사용할 때의 주의 사항:

1. Since some set operations create new sets, the default mixin methods need a way to create new instances from an iterable. The class constructor is assumed to have a signature in the form `ClassName(iterable)`. That assumption is factored-out to an internal classmethod called `_from_iterable()` which calls `cls(iterable)` to produce a new set. If the `Set` mixin is being used in a class with a different constructor signature, you will need to override `_from_iterable()` with a classmethod or regular method that can construct new instances from an iterable argument.

2. To override the comparisons (presumably for speed, as the semantics are fixed), redefine `__le__()` and `__ge__()`, then the other operations will automatically follow suit.

3. The `Set` mixin provides a `_hash()` method to compute a hash value for the set; however, `__hash__()` is not defined because not all sets are hashable or immutable. To add set hashability using mixins, inherit from both `Set()` and `Hashable()`, then define `__hash__ = Set._hash`.

더 보기

- `MutableSet`으로 구축한 예제 OrderedSet 조리법.

- ABC에 대한 자세한 내용은, `abc` 모듈과 PEP 3119를 참조하십시오.