site --- サイト固有の設定フック

ソースコード: Lib/site.py

このモジュールは初期化中に自動的にインポートされます。 自動インポートはインタプリタの -S オプションで禁止できます。

Importing this module normally appends site-specific paths to the module search path and adds callables, including help() to the built-in namespace. However, Python startup option -S blocks this, and this module can be safely imported with no automatic modifications to the module search path or additions to the builtins. To explicitly trigger the usual site-specific additions, call the main() function.

バージョン 3.3 で変更: 以前は -S を使っているときでも、モジュールをインポートするとパス変更が起動されていました。

It starts by constructing up to four directories from a head and a tail part. For the head part, it uses sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix; empty heads are skipped. For the tail part, it uses the empty string and then lib/site-packages (on Windows) or lib/pythonX.Y[t]/site-packages (on Unix and macOS). (The optional suffix "t" indicates the free-threaded build, and is appended if "t" is present in the sys.abiflags constant.) For each of the distinct head-tail combinations, it sees if it refers to an existing directory, and if so, adds it to sys.path and also inspects the newly added path for configuration files.

バージョン 3.5 で変更: "site-python" ディレクトリのサポートは削除されました。

バージョン 3.13 で変更: On Unix, Free threading Python installations are identified by the "t" suffix in the version-specific directory name, such as lib/python3.13t/.

バージョン 3.14 で変更: site is no longer responsible for updating sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix on Virtual Environments. This is now done during the path initialization. As a result, under Virtual Environments, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix no longer depend on the site initialization, and are therefore unaffected by -S.

When running under a virtual environment, the pyvenv.cfg file in sys.prefix is checked for site-specific configurations. If the include-system-site-packages key exists and is set to true (case-insensitive), the system-level prefixes will be searched for site-packages, otherwise they won't. If the system-level prefixes are not searched then the user site prefixes are also implicitly not searched for site-packages.

The site module recognizes two startup configuration files of the form name.pth for path configurations, and name.start for pre-first-line code execution. Both files can exist in one of the four directories mentioned above. Within each directory, these files are sorted alphabetically by filename, then parsed in sorted order.

Path extensions (.pth files)

name.pth contains additional items (one per line) to be appended to sys.path. Items that name non-existing directories are never added to sys.path, and no check is made that the item refers to a directory rather than a file. No item is added to sys.path more than once. Blank lines and lines beginning with # are skipped.

For backward compatibility, lines starting with import (followed by space or tab) are executed with exec().

バージョン 3.13 で変更: .pth ファイルは、最初に UTF-8 で、失敗した場合は locale encoding でデコードされるようになります。

バージョン 3.15 で変更: .pth file lines starting with import are deprecated. During the deprecation period, such lines are still executed (except in the case below), but a diagnostic message is emitted only when the -v flag is given.

import lines in name.pth are silently ignored when a matching name.start file exists.

Errors on individual lines no longer abort processing of the rest of the file. Each error is reported and the remaining lines continue to be processed.

バージョン 3.15 で非推奨、バージョン 3.20 で削除予定: Decoding name.pth files in any encoding other than utf-8-sig is deprecated in Python 3.15, and support for decoding from the locale encoding will be removed in Python 3.20.

import lines in name.pth files are deprecated and will be silently ignored in Python 3.18 and 3.19. In Python 3.20 a warning will be produced for import lines in name.pth files.

Startup entry points (.start files)

Added in version 3.15.

A startup entry point file is a file whose name has the form name.start and exists in one of the site-packages directories described above. Each file specifies entry points to be called during interpreter startup, using the pkg.mod:callable syntax understood by pkgutil.resolve_name().

Each non-blank line that does not begin with # must contain an entry point reference in the form pkg.mod:callable. The colon and callable portion are mandatory. Each callable is invoked with no arguments, and any return value is discarded.

.start files are processed after all .pth path extensions have been applied to sys.path, ensuring that paths are available before any startup code runs.

Unlike sys.path extensions from .pth files, duplicate entry points are not de-duplicated --- if an entry point appears more than once, it will be called more than once.

If an exception occurs during resolution or invocation of an entry point, a traceback is printed to sys.stderr and processing continues with the remaining entry points.

.start files must be encoded in UTF-8.

PEP 829 defined the original specification for these features.

注釈

If a name.start file exists alongside a name.pth file with the same base name, any import lines in the .pth file are ignored in favor of the entry points in the .start file.

注釈

Executable lines (import lines in name.pth files and name.start file entry points) are always run at Python startup (unless -S is given to disable the site.py module entirely), regardless of whether a particular module is actually going to be used.

注釈

name.start files invoke pkgutil.resolve_name() with strict=True, which requires the full pkg.mod:callable form.

Startup file examples

For example, suppose sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are set to /usr/local. The Python X.Y library is then installed in /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y. Suppose this has a subdirectory /usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages with three sub-subdirectories, foo, bar and spam, and two path configuration files, foo.pth and bar.pth. Assume foo.pth contains the following:

# foo package configuration

foo
bar
bletch

また、 bar.pth には:

# bar package configuration

bar

が記載されているとします。そのとき、次のバージョンごとのディレクトリが sys.path へこの順番で追加されます:

/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/bar
/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/site-packages/foo

bletch は存在しないため省略されるということに注意してください。 bar ディレクトリは foo ディレクトリの前に来ます。なぜなら、 bar.pth がアルファベット順で foo.pth の前に来るからです。また、 spam はどちらのパス設定ファイルにも記載されていないため、省略されます。

Let's say that there is also a foo.start file containing the following:

# foo package startup code

foo.submod:initialize

Now, after sys.path has been extended as above, and before Python turns control over to user code, the foo.submod module is imported and the initialize() function from that module is called.

Migrating from import lines in .pth files to .start files

If your package currently ships a name.pth file, you can keep all sys.path extension lines unchanged. Only import lines need to be migrated.

To migrate, create a callable (taking zero arguments) within an importable module in your package. Reference it as a pkg.mod:callable entry point in a matching name.start file. Move everything on your import line after the first semi-colon into the callable() function.

If your package must straddle older Pythons that do not support PEP 829 and newer Pythons that do, change the import lines in your name.pth to use the following form:

import pkg.mod; pkg.mod.callable()

Older Pythons will execute these import lines, while newer Pythons will ignore them in favor of the name.start file. After the straddling period, remove all import lines from your .pth files.

sitecustomize

After these path manipulations, an attempt is made to import a module named sitecustomize, which can perform arbitrary site-specific customizations. It is typically created by a system administrator in the site-packages directory. If this import fails with an ImportError or its subclass exception, and the exception's name attribute equals 'sitecustomize', it is silently ignored. If Python is started without output streams available, as with pythonw.exe on Windows (which is used by default to start IDLE), attempted output from sitecustomize is ignored. Any other exception causes a silent and perhaps mysterious failure of the process.

usercustomize

After this, an attempt is made to import a module named usercustomize, which can perform arbitrary user-specific customizations, if ENABLE_USER_SITE is true. This file is intended to be created in the user site-packages directory (see below), which is part of sys.path unless disabled by -s. If this import fails with an ImportError or its subclass exception, and the exception's name attribute equals 'usercustomize', it is silently ignored.

Note that for some non-Unix systems, sys.prefix and sys.exec_prefix are empty, and the path manipulations are skipped; however the import of sitecustomize and usercustomize is still attempted.

readline の設定

On systems that support readline, this module will also import and configure the rlcompleter module, if Python is started in interactive mode and without the -S option. The default behavior is to enable tab completion and to use ~/.python_history as the history save file. To disable it, delete (or override) the sys.__interactivehook__ attribute in your sitecustomize or usercustomize module or your PYTHONSTARTUP file.

バージョン 3.4 で変更: rlcompleter とhistory のアクティベーションが自動で行われるようになりました。

モジュールの内容

site.PREFIXES

siteパッケージディレクトリのprefixのリスト。

site.ENABLE_USER_SITE

ユーザサイトディレクトリのステータスを示すフラグ。 True の場合、ユーザサイトディレクトリが有効で sys.path に追加されていることを意味しています。 False の場合、ユーザによるリクエスト(オプション -s か PYTHONNOUSERSITE)によって、 None の場合セキュリティ上の理由(ユーザまたはグループIDと実効IDの間のミスマッチ)あるいは管理者によって、ユーザサイトディレクトリが無効になっていることを示しています。

site.USER_SITE

Path to the user site-packages for the running Python. Can be None if getusersitepackages() hasn't been called yet. Default value is ~/.local/lib/pythonX.Y[t]/site-packages for UNIX and non-framework macOS builds, ~/Library/Python/X.Y/lib/python/site-packages for macOS framework builds, and %APPDATA%\Python\PythonXY\site-packages on Windows. The optional "t" indicates the free-threaded build. This directory is a site directory, which means that .pth files in it will be processed.

site.USER_BASE

ユーザの site-packages のベースとなるディレクトリへのパスです。 getuserbase() がまだ呼び出されていなければ None かもしれません。デフォルト値は UNIX と frameworkなしの macOS ビルドでは ~/.local 、macOS framework ビルドでは ~/Library/Python/X.Y 、Windows では %APPDATA%\Python です。この値は、スクリプト、データファイル、Python モジュールなどのインストール先のディレクトリを ユーザーインストールスキーム で計算するのに使われます。 PYTHONUSERBASE も参照してください。

site.main()

モジュール検索パスに標準のサイト固有ディレクトリを追加します。この関数は、Python インタプリタが -S で開始されていない限り、このモジュールインポート時に自動的に呼び出されます。

バージョン 3.3 で変更: この関数は以前は無条件に呼び出されていました。

site.addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None, *, defer_processing_start_files=False)

Add a directory to sys.path and parse the .pth and .start files found in that directory. Typically used in sitecustomize or usercustomize (see above).

The known_paths argument is an optional set of case-normalized paths used to prevent duplicate sys.path entries. When None (the default), the set is built from the current sys.path.

While .pth and .start files are always parsed, set defer_processing_start_files to True to prevent processing the startup data found in those files, so that you can process them explicitly (this is typically used by the main() function).

バージョン 3.15 で変更: Also processes .start files. See Startup entry points (.start files). All .pth and .start files are now read and accumulated before any path extensions, import line execution, or entry point invocations take place.

site.getsitepackages()

全てのグローバルな site-packages ディレクトリのリストを返します。

Added in version 3.2.

site.getuserbase()

ユーザのベースディレクトリへのパス USER_BASE を返します。未初期化であればこの関数は PYTHONUSERBASE を参考にして、設定もします。

Added in version 3.2.

site.getusersitepackages()

ユーザ固有の site パッケージのディレクトリへのパス USER_SITE を返します。未初期化であればこの関数は USER_BASE を参考にして、設定もします。 ユーザ固有の site パッケージが sys.path に追加されたかどうかを確認するには ENABLE_USER_SITE を使ってください。

Added in version 3.2.

コマンドライン・インターフェース

The site module also provides a way to get the user directories from the command line:

$ python -m site --user-site
/home/user/.local/lib/python3.11/site-packages

引数なしで呼び出された場合、sys.path の中身を表示し、続けて USER_BASE とそのディレクトリが存在するかどうか、 USER_SITE とそのディレクトリが存在するかどうか、最後に ENABLE_USER_SITE の値を、標準出力に出力します。

--user-base

ユーザのベースディレクトリを表示します。

--user-site

ユーザの site-packages ディレクトリを表示します。

両方のオプションが指定された場合、ユーザのベースとユーザの site が(常にこの順序で) os.pathsep 区切りで表示されます。

いずれかのオプションが与えられた場合に、このスクリプトは次のいずれかの終了コードで終了します: ユーザの site-packages が有効ならば 0 、ユーザにより無効にされていれば 1 、セキュリティ的な理由あるいは管理者によって無効にされている場合 2 、そして何かエラーがあった場合は 2 より大きな値。

参考