dataclasses --- データクラス

ソースコード: Lib/dataclasses.py

このモジュールは、__init__() や __repr__() のような 特殊メソッド を生成し、ユーザー定義のクラスに自動的に追加するデコレーターや関数を提供します。このモジュールは元々、 PEP 557 で説明されていました。

これらの生成されたメソッドで利用されるメンバー変数は PEP 526 型アノテーションを用いて定義されます。例えば、このコードでは:

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class InventoryItem:
    """Class for keeping track of an item in inventory."""
    name: str
    unit_price: float
    quantity_on_hand: int = 0

    def total_cost(self) -> float:
        return self.unit_price * self.quantity_on_hand

とりわけ、以下のような __init__() が追加されます:

def __init__(self, name: str, unit_price: float, quantity_on_hand: int = 0):
    self.name = name
    self.unit_price = unit_price
    self.quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand

このメソッドは自動的にクラスに追加される点に留意して下さい。上記の InventoryItem クラスの定義中にこのメソッドが直接明記されるわけではありません。

Added in version 3.7.

モジュールの内容

@dataclasses.dataclass(*, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)

この関数は、後述する 特殊メソッド を生成し、クラスに追加する decorator です。

@dataclass デコレータは、field を探すためにクラスを検査します。field は 型アノテーション を持つクラス変数として定義されます。後述する２つの例外を除き、 @dataclass は変数アノテーションで指定した型を検査しません。

生成されるすべてのメソッドの中でのフィールドの順序は、それらのフィールドがクラス定義に現れた順序です。

@dataclass デコレータは、後述する様々な "ダンダー" メソッド (訳注：dunderはdouble underscoreの略で、メソッド名の前後にアンダースコアが2つ付いているメソッド) をクラスに追加します。クラスに既にこれらのメソッドが存在する場合の動作は、後述する引数によって異なります。デコレータは呼び出した際に指定したクラスと同じクラスを返します。新しいクラスは生成されません。

If @dataclass is used just as a simple decorator with no parameters, it acts as if it has the default values documented in this signature. That is, these three uses of @dataclass are equivalent:

@dataclass
class C:
    ...

@dataclass()
class C:
    ...

@dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False,
           match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)
class C:
    ...

The parameters to @dataclass are:

  • init: If true (the default), a __init__() method will be generated.

    If the class already defines __init__(), this parameter is ignored.

  • repr: If true (the default), a __repr__() method will be generated. The generated repr string will have the class name and the name and repr of each field, in the order they are defined in the class. Fields that are marked as being excluded from the repr are not included. For example: InventoryItem(name='widget', unit_price=3.0, quantity_on_hand=10).

    If the class already defines __repr__(), this parameter is ignored.

  • eq: If true (the default), an __eq__() method will be generated. This method compares the class as if it were a tuple of its fields, in order. Both instances in the comparison must be of the identical type.

    If the class already defines __eq__(), this parameter is ignored.

  • order: If true (the default is False), __lt__(), __le__(), __gt__(), and __ge__() methods will be generated. These compare the class as if it were a tuple of its fields, in order. Both instances in the comparison must be of the identical type. If order is true and eq is false, a ValueError is raised.

    If the class already defines any of __lt__(), __le__(), __gt__(), or __ge__(), then TypeError is raised.

  • unsafe_hash: If False (the default), a __hash__() method is generated according to how eq and frozen are set.

    __hash__() is used by built-in hash(), and when objects are added to hashed collections such as dictionaries and sets. Having a __hash__() implies that instances of the class are immutable. Mutability is a complicated property that depends on the programmer's intent, the existence and behavior of __eq__(), and the values of the eq and frozen flags in the @dataclass decorator.

    By default, @dataclass will not implicitly add a __hash__() method unless it is safe to do so. Neither will it add or change an existing explicitly defined __hash__() method. Setting the class attribute __hash__ = None has a specific meaning to Python, as described in the __hash__() documentation.

    If __hash__() is not explicitly defined, or if it is set to None, then @dataclass may add an implicit __hash__() method. Although not recommended, you can force @dataclass to create a __hash__() method with unsafe_hash=True. This might be the case if your class is logically immutable but can still be mutated. This is a specialized use case and should be considered carefully.

    Here are the rules governing implicit creation of a __hash__() method. Note that you cannot both have an explicit __hash__() method in your dataclass and set unsafe_hash=True; this will result in a TypeError.

    If eq and frozen are both true, by default @dataclass will generate a __hash__() method for you. If eq is true and frozen is false, __hash__() will be set to None, marking it unhashable (which it is, since it is mutable). If eq is false, __hash__() will be left untouched meaning the __hash__() method of the superclass will be used (if the superclass is object, this means it will fall back to id-based hashing).

  • frozen: If true (the default is False), assigning to fields will generate an exception. This emulates read-only frozen instances. If __setattr__() or __delattr__() is defined in the class, then TypeError is raised. See the discussion below.

  • match_args: If true (the default is True), the __match_args__ tuple will be created from the list of parameters to the generated __init__() method (even if __init__() is not generated, see above). If false, or if __match_args__ is already defined in the class, then __match_args__ will not be generated.

Added in version 3.10.

  • kw_only: If true (the default value is False), then all fields will be marked as keyword-only. If a field is marked as keyword-only, then the only effect is that the __init__() parameter generated from a keyword-only field must be specified with a keyword when __init__() is called. There is no effect on any other aspect of dataclasses. See the parameter glossary entry for details. Also see the KW_ONLY section.

Added in version 3.10.

  • slots: If true (the default is False), __slots__ attribute will be generated and new class will be returned instead of the original one. If __slots__ is already defined in the class, then TypeError is raised.

警告

Passing parameters to a base class __init_subclass__() when using slots=True will result in a TypeError. Either use __init_subclass__ with no parameters or use default values as a workaround. See gh-91126 for full details.

Added in version 3.10.

バージョン 3.11 で変更: If a field name is already included in the __slots__ of a base class, it will not be included in the generated __slots__ to prevent overriding them. Therefore, do not use __slots__ to retrieve the field names of a dataclass. Use fields() instead. To be able to determine inherited slots, base class __slots__ may be any iterable, but not an iterator.

  • weakref_slot: If true (the default is False), add a slot named "__weakref__", which is required to make an instance weakref-able. It is an error to specify weakref_slot=True without also specifying slots=True.

Added in version 3.11.

フィールド には、通常の Python の文法でデフォルト値を指定できます。

@dataclass
class C:
    a: int       # 'a' has no default value
    b: int = 0   # assign a default value for 'b'

In this example, both a and b will be included in the added __init__() method, which will be defined as:

def __init__(self, a: int, b: int = 0):

デフォルト値を指定しないフィールドを、デフォルト値を指定したフィールドの後ろに定義すると、 TypeError が送出されます。これは、単一のクラスであっても、クラス継承の結果でも起きえます。

dataclasses.field(*, default=MISSING, default_factory=MISSING, init=True, repr=True, hash=None, compare=True, metadata=None, kw_only=MISSING, doc=None)

For common and simple use cases, no other functionality is required. There are, however, some dataclass features that require additional per-field information. To satisfy this need for additional information, you can replace the default field value with a call to the provided field() function. For example:

@dataclass
class C:
    mylist: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)

c = C()
c.mylist += [1, 2, 3]

As shown above, the MISSING value is a sentinel object used to detect if some parameters are provided by the user. This sentinel is used because None is a valid value for some parameters with a distinct meaning. No code should directly use the MISSING value.

The parameters to field() are:

  • default: If provided, this will be the default value for this field. This is needed because the field() call itself replaces the normal position of the default value.

  • default_factory: If provided, it must be a zero-argument callable that will be called when a default value is needed for this field. Among other purposes, this can be used to specify fields with mutable default values, as discussed below. It is an error to specify both default and default_factory.

  • init: If true (the default), this field is included as a parameter to the generated __init__() method.

  • repr: If true (the default), this field is included in the string returned by the generated __repr__() method.

  • hash: This can be a bool or None. If true, this field is included in the generated __hash__() method. If None (the default), use the value of compare: this would normally be the expected behavior. A field should be considered in the hash if it's used for comparisons. Setting this value to anything other than None is discouraged.

    フィールドのハッシュ値を計算するコストが高い場合に、 hash=False だが compare=True と設定する理由が 1 つあるとすれば、フィールドが等価検査に必要かつ、その型のハッシュ値を計算するのに他のフィールドも使われることです。 フィールドがハッシュから除外されていたとしても、比較には使えます。

  • compare: If true (the default), this field is included in the generated equality and comparison methods (__eq__(), __gt__(), et al.).

  • metadata: This can be a mapping or None. None is treated as an empty dict. This value is wrapped in MappingProxyType() to make it read-only, and exposed on the Field object. It is not used at all by Data Classes, and is provided as a third-party extension mechanism. Multiple third-parties can each have their own key, to use as a namespace in the metadata.

  • kw_only: If true, this field will be marked as keyword-only. This is used when the generated __init__() method's parameters are computed.

Added in version 3.10.

  • doc: optional docstring for this field.

Added in version 3.13.

If the default value of a field is specified by a call to field(), then the class attribute for this field will be replaced by the specified default value. If default is not provided, then the class attribute will be deleted. The intent is that after the @dataclass decorator runs, the class attributes will all contain the default values for the fields, just as if the default value itself were specified. For example, after:

@dataclass
class C:
    x: int
    y: int = field(repr=False)
    z: int = field(repr=False, default=10)
    t: int = 20

The class attribute C.z will be 10, the class attribute C.t will be 20, and the class attributes C.x and C.y will not be set.

class dataclasses.Field

Field objects describe each defined field. These objects are created internally, and are returned by the fields() module-level method (see below). Users should never instantiate a Field object directly. Its documented attributes are:

  • name: The name of the field.

  • type: The type of the field.

  • default, default_factory, init, repr, hash, compare, metadata, and kw_only have the identical meaning and values as they do in the field() function.

他の属性があることもありますが、それらはプライベートであり、調べたり、依存したりしてはなりません。

dataclasses.fields(class_or_instance)

このデータクラスのフィールドを定義する Field オブジェクトをタプルで返します。 データクラスあるいはデータクラスのインスタンスを受け付けます。 データクラスやデータクラスのインスタンスが渡されなかった場合は、 TypeError を送出します。 ClassVar や InitVar といった疑似フィールドは返しません。

dataclasses.asdict(obj, *, dict_factory=dict)

Converts the dataclass obj to a dict (by using the factory function dict_factory). Each dataclass is converted to a dict of its fields, as name: value pairs. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with copy.deepcopy().

Example of using asdict() on nested dataclasses:

@dataclass
class Point:
     x: int
     y: int

@dataclass
class C:
     mylist: list[Point]

p = Point(10, 20)
assert asdict(p) == {'x': 10, 'y': 20}

c = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])
assert asdict(c) == {'mylist': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}

To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used:

{field.name: getattr(obj, field.name) for field in fields(obj)}

asdict() raises TypeError if obj is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.astuple(obj, *, tuple_factory=tuple)

Converts the dataclass obj to a tuple (by using the factory function tuple_factory). Each dataclass is converted to a tuple of its field values. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with copy.deepcopy().

1つ前の例の続きです:

assert astuple(p) == (10, 20)
assert astuple(c) == ([(0, 0), (10, 4)],)

To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used:

tuple(getattr(obj, field.name) for field in dataclasses.fields(obj))

astuple() raises TypeError if obj is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.make_dataclass(cls_name, fields, *, bases=(), namespace=None, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False, module=None, decorator=dataclass)

Creates a new dataclass with name cls_name, fields as defined in fields, base classes as given in bases, and initialized with a namespace as given in namespace. fields is an iterable whose elements are each either name, (name, type), or (name, type, Field). If just name is supplied, typing.Any is used for type. The values of init, repr, eq, order, unsafe_hash, frozen, match_args, kw_only, slots, and weakref_slot have the same meaning as they do in @dataclass.

If module is defined, the __module__ attribute of the dataclass is set to that value. By default, it is set to the module name of the caller.

The decorator parameter is a callable that will be used to create the dataclass. It should take the class object as a first argument and the same keyword arguments as @dataclass. By default, the @dataclass function is used.

This function is not strictly required, because any Python mechanism for creating a new class with __annotations__ can then apply the @dataclass function to convert that class to a dataclass. This function is provided as a convenience. For example:

C = make_dataclass('C',
                   [('x', int),
                     'y',
                    ('z', int, field(default=5))],
                   namespace={'add_one': lambda self: self.x + 1})

は、次のコードと等しいです:

@dataclass
class C:
    x: int
    y: 'typing.Any'
    z: int = 5

    def add_one(self):
        return self.x + 1

Added in version 3.14: Added the decorator parameter.

dataclasses.replace(obj, /, **changes)

Creates a new object of the same type as obj, replacing fields with values from changes. If obj is not a Data Class, raises TypeError. If keys in changes are not field names of the given dataclass, raises TypeError.

The newly returned object is created by calling the __init__() method of the dataclass. This ensures that __post_init__(), if present, is also called.

Init-only variables without default values, if any exist, must be specified on the call to replace() so that they can be passed to __init__() and __post_init__().

It is an error for changes to contain any fields that are defined as having init=False. A ValueError will be raised in this case.

Be forewarned about how init=False fields work during a call to replace(). They are not copied from the source object, but rather are initialized in __post_init__(), if they're initialized at all. It is expected that init=False fields will be rarely and judiciously used. If they are used, it might be wise to have alternate class constructors, or perhaps a custom replace() (or similarly named) method which handles instance copying.

Dataclass instances are also supported by generic function copy.replace().

dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj)

Return True if its parameter is a dataclass (including subclasses of a dataclass) or an instance of one, otherwise return False.

引数がデータクラスのインスタンスである (そして、データクラスそのものではない) かどうかを知る必要がある場合は、 not isinstance(obj, type) で追加のチェックをしてください:

def is_dataclass_instance(obj):
    return is_dataclass(obj) and not isinstance(obj, type)
dataclasses.MISSING

デフォルト値やdefault_factoryが設定されてない場合の番兵の値を設定します。

dataclasses.KW_ONLY

A sentinel value used as a type annotation. Any fields after a pseudo-field with the type of KW_ONLY are marked as keyword-only fields. Note that a pseudo-field of type KW_ONLY is otherwise completely ignored. This includes the name of such a field. By convention, a name of _ is used for a KW_ONLY field. Keyword-only fields signify __init__() parameters that must be specified as keywords when the class is instantiated.

このサンプルでは y と z がキーワード専用フィールドとなります:

@dataclass
class Point:
    x: float
    _: KW_ONLY
    y: float
    z: float

p = Point(0, y=1.5, z=2.0)

In a single dataclass, it is an error to specify more than one field whose type is KW_ONLY.

Added in version 3.10.

exception dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError

frozen=True 付きで定義されたデータクラスで、暗黙的に定義された __setattr__() または __delattr__() が呼び出されたときに送出されます。これは AttributeError のサブクラスです。

初期化後の処理

dataclasses.__post_init__()

When defined on the class, it will be called by the generated __init__(), normally as self.__post_init__(). However, if any InitVar fields are defined, they will also be passed to __post_init__() in the order they were defined in the class. If no __init__() method is generated, then __post_init__() will not automatically be called.

他の機能と組み合わせることで、他の 1 つ以上のフィールドに依存しているフィールドが初期化できます。 例えば次のようにできます:

@dataclass
class C:
    a: float
    b: float
    c: float = field(init=False)

    def __post_init__(self):
        self.c = self.a + self.b

The __init__() method generated by @dataclass does not call base class __init__() methods. If the base class has an __init__() method that has to be called, it is common to call this method in a __post_init__() method:

class Rectangle:
    def __init__(self, height, width):
        self.height = height
        self.width = width

@dataclass
class Square(Rectangle):
    side: float

    def __post_init__(self):
        super().__init__(self.side, self.side)

Note, however, that in general the dataclass-generated __init__() methods don't need to be called, since the derived dataclass will take care of initializing all fields of any base class that is a dataclass itself.

下にある初期化限定変数についての節で、 __post_init__() にパラメータを渡す方法を参照してください。 replace() が init=False であるフィールドをどう取り扱うかについての警告も参照してください。

クラス変数

One of the few places where @dataclass actually inspects the type of a field is to determine if a field is a class variable as defined in PEP 526. It does this by checking if the type of the field is typing.ClassVar. If a field is a ClassVar, it is excluded from consideration as a field and is ignored by the dataclass mechanisms. Such ClassVar pseudo-fields are not returned by the module-level fields() function.

初期化限定変数

Another place where @dataclass inspects a type annotation is to determine if a field is an init-only variable. It does this by seeing if the type of a field is of type dataclasses.InitVar. If a field is an InitVar, it is considered a pseudo-field called an init-only field. As it is not a true field, it is not returned by the module-level fields() function. Init-only fields are added as parameters to the generated __init__() method, and are passed to the optional __post_init__() method. They are not otherwise used by dataclasses.

例えば、あるフィールドがデータベースから初期化されると仮定して、クラスを作成するときには値が与えられない次の場合を考えます:

@dataclass
class C:
    i: int
    j: int | None = None
    database: InitVar[DatabaseType | None] = None

    def __post_init__(self, database):
        if self.j is None and database is not None:
            self.j = database.lookup('j')

c = C(10, database=my_database)

In this case, fields() will return Field objects for i and j, but not for database.

凍結されたインスタンス

It is not possible to create truly immutable Python objects. However, by passing frozen=True to the @dataclass decorator you can emulate immutability. In that case, dataclasses will add __setattr__() and __delattr__() methods to the class. These methods will raise a FrozenInstanceError when invoked.

There is a tiny performance penalty when using frozen=True: __init__() cannot use simple assignment to initialize fields, and must use object.__setattr__().

継承

When the dataclass is being created by the @dataclass decorator, it looks through all of the class's base classes in reverse MRO (that is, starting at object) and, for each dataclass that it finds, adds the fields from that base class to an ordered mapping of fields. After all of the base class fields are added, it adds its own fields to the ordered mapping. All of the generated methods will use this combined, calculated ordered mapping of fields. Because the fields are in insertion order, derived classes override base classes. An example:

@dataclass
class Base:
    x: Any = 15.0
    y: int = 0

@dataclass
class C(Base):
    z: int = 10
    x: int = 15

The final list of fields is, in order, x, y, z. The final type of x is int, as specified in class C.

The generated __init__() method for C will look like:

def __init__(self, x: int = 15, y: int = 0, z: int = 10):

Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in __init__()

__init__() で必要なパラメータが算出されると、キーワード専用引数は他の一般的な（非キーワード専用）パラメータの後に移動します。これは、すべてのキーワード専用引数は、非キーワード専用パラメータの末尾にこなければならないという、キーワード専用パラメータのPythonの実装の都合で必要なことです。

In this example, Base.y, Base.w, and D.t are keyword-only fields, and Base.x and D.z are regular fields:

@dataclass
class Base:
    x: Any = 15.0
    _: KW_ONLY
    y: int = 0
    w: int = 1

@dataclass
class D(Base):
    z: int = 10
    t: int = field(kw_only=True, default=0)

The generated __init__() method for D will look like:

def __init__(self, x: Any = 15.0, z: int = 10, *, y: int = 0, w: int = 1, t: int = 0):

パラメータは、フィールドのリストの表示方法によって並べ替えられます。通常のフィールドから派生したパラメータの後に、キーワードのみのフィールドから派生したパラメータが続きます。

The relative ordering of keyword-only parameters is maintained in the re-ordered __init__() parameter list.

デフォルトファクトリ関数

If a field() specifies a default_factory, it is called with zero arguments when a default value for the field is needed. For example, to create a new instance of a list, use:

mylist: list = field(default_factory=list)

If a field is excluded from __init__() (using init=False) and the field also specifies default_factory, then the default factory function will always be called from the generated __init__() function. This happens because there is no other way to give the field an initial value.

可変なデフォルト値

Python はメンバ変数のデフォルト値をクラス属性に保持します。 データクラスを使っていない、この例を考えてみましょう:

class C:
    x = []
    def add(self, element):
        self.x.append(element)

o1 = C()
o2 = C()
o1.add(1)
o2.add(2)
assert o1.x == [1, 2]
assert o1.x is o2.x

Note that the two instances of class C share the same class variable x, as expected.

データクラスを使っているこのコードが もし仮に 有効なものだとしたら:

@dataclass
class D:
    x: list = []      # This code raises ValueError
    def add(self, element):
        self.x.append(element)

データクラスは次のようなコードを生成するでしょう:

class D:
    x = []
    def __init__(self, x=x):
        self.x = x
    def add(self, element):
        self.x.append(element)

assert D().x is D().x

This has the same issue as the original example using class C. That is, two instances of class D that do not specify a value for x when creating a class instance will share the same copy of x. Because dataclasses just use normal Python class creation they also share this behavior. There is no general way for Data Classes to detect this condition. Instead, the @dataclass decorator will raise a ValueError if it detects an unhashable default parameter. The assumption is that if a value is unhashable, it is mutable. This is a partial solution, but it does protect against many common errors.

デフォルトファクトリ関数を使うのが、フィールドのデフォルト値として可変な型の新しいインスタンスを作成する手段です:

@dataclass
class D:
    x: list = field(default_factory=list)

assert D().x is not D().x

バージョン 3.11 で変更: Instead of looking for and disallowing objects of type list, dict, or set, unhashable objects are now not allowed as default values. Unhashability is used to approximate mutability.

Descriptor-typed fields

Fields that are assigned descriptor objects as their default value have the following special behaviors:

  • The value for the field passed to the dataclass's __init__() method is passed to the descriptor's __set__() method rather than overwriting the descriptor object.

  • Similarly, when getting or setting the field, the descriptor's __get__() or __set__() method is called rather than returning or overwriting the descriptor object.

  • To determine whether a field contains a default value, @dataclass will call the descriptor's __get__() method using its class access form: descriptor.__get__(obj=None, type=cls). If the descriptor returns a value in this case, it will be used as the field's default. On the other hand, if the descriptor raises AttributeError in this situation, no default value will be provided for the field.

class IntConversionDescriptor:
    def __init__(self, *, default):
        self._default = default

    def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
        self._name = "_" + name

    def __get__(self, obj, type):
        if obj is None:
            return self._default

        return getattr(obj, self._name, self._default)

    def __set__(self, obj, value):
        setattr(obj, self._name, int(value))

@dataclass
class InventoryItem:
    quantity_on_hand: IntConversionDescriptor = IntConversionDescriptor(default=100)

i = InventoryItem()
print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 100
i.quantity_on_hand = 2.5    # calls __set__ with 2.5
print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 2

Note that if a field is annotated with a descriptor type, but is not assigned a descriptor object as its default value, the field will act like a normal field.