"inspect" --- 活動中のオブジェクトを調査する
********************************************

**ソースコード:** Lib/inspect.py

======================================================================

"inspect" は、活動中のオブジェクト (モジュール、クラス、メソッド、関数
、トレースバック、フレームオブジェクト、コードオブジェクトなど) から情
報を取得する関数を定義しており、クラスの内容を調べたり、メソッドのソー
スコードを取得したり、関数の引数リストを取り出して整形したり、詳細なト
レースバックを表示するのに必要な情報を取得したりするために利用できます
。

このモジュールの機能は4種類に分類することができます。型チェック、ソー
スコードの情報取得、クラスや関数からの情報取得、インタープリタのスタッ
ク情報の調査です。


型とメンバー
============

"getmembers()" は、クラスやモジュールなどのオブジェクトからメンバーを
取得します。名前が "is" で始まる関数は、主に "getmembers()" の第2引数
として利用するために提供されています。以下のような特殊属性を参照できる
かどうか調べる時にも使えるでしょう (モジュール属性については インポー
ト関連のモジュール属性 を参照してください):

+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 型                | 属性                | 説明                        |
|===================|=====================|=============================|
| クラス            | __doc__             | ドキュメント文字列          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __name__            | クラスの定義名              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __module__          | クラスを定義しているモジュ  |
|                   |                     | ールの名前                  |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __type_params__     | A tuple containing the type |
|                   |                     | parameters of a generic     |
|                   |                     | class                       |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| メソッド          | __doc__             | ドキュメント文字列          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __name__            | メソッドの定義名            |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __func__            | メソッドを実装している関数  |
|                   |                     | オブジェクト                |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __self__            | メソッドに結合しているイン  |
|                   |                     | スタンス、または "None"     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __module__          | name of module in which     |
|                   |                     | this method was defined     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 関数              | __doc__             | ドキュメント文字列          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __name__            | 関数の定義名                |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __code__            | 関数をコンパイルした *バイ  |
|                   |                     | トコード* を格納するコード  |
|                   |                     | オブジェクト                |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __defaults__        | 位置またはキーワード引数の  |
|                   |                     | 全ての既定値のタプル        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __kwdefaults__      | キーワード専用引数の全ての  |
|                   |                     | 既定値のマッピング          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __globals__         | 関数が定義されたグローバル  |
|                   |                     | 名前空間                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __builtins__        | builtins namespace          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __annotations__     | 仮引数名からアノテーション  |
|                   |                     | へのマッピング; ""return""  |
|                   |                     | キーは return ア ノテーショ |
|                   |                     | ンに予約されています        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __type_params__     | A tuple containing the type |
|                   |                     | parameters of a generic     |
|                   |                     | function                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __module__          | name of module in which     |
|                   |                     | this function was defined   |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| traceback         | tb_frame            | このレベルのフレームオブジ  |
|                   |                     | ェクト                      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | tb_lasti            | 最後に実行しようとしたバイ  |
|                   |                     | トコード中のインストラクシ  |
|                   |                     | ョンを示すインデッ クス     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | tb_lineno           | 現在の Python ソースコード  |
|                   |                     | の行番号                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | tb_next             | このオブジェクトの内側 (こ  |
|                   |                     | のレベルから呼び出された)   |
|                   |                     | のトレースバックオ ブジェク |
|                   |                     | ト                          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| フレーム          | f_back              | 外側 (このフレームを呼び出  |
|                   |                     | した) のフレームオブジェク  |
|                   |                     | ト                          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_builtins          | このフレームで参照している  |
|                   |                     | 組み込み名前空間            |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_code              | このフレームで実行している  |
|                   |                     | コードオブジェクト          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_globals           | このフレームで参照している  |
|                   |                     | グローバル名前空間          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_lasti             | 最後に実行しようとしたバイ  |
|                   |                     | トコード中のインストラクシ  |
|                   |                     | ョンを示すインデッ クス     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_lineno            | 現在の Python ソースコード  |
|                   |                     | の行番号                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_locals            | このフレームで参照している  |
|                   |                     | ローカル名前空間            |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | f_trace             | このフレームのトレース関数  |
|                   |                     | 、または "None"             |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| コード            | co_argcount         | number of arguments (not    |
|                   |                     | including keyword only      |
|                   |                     | arguments, * or ** args)    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_code             | コンパイルされたバイトコー  |
|                   |                     | ドそのままの文字列          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_cellvars         | tuple of names of cell      |
|                   |                     | variables (referenced by    |
|                   |                     | containing scopes)          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_consts           | バイトコード中で使用してい  |
|                   |                     | る定数のタプル              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_filename         | コードオブジェクトを生成し  |
|                   |                     | たファイルのファイル名      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_firstlineno      | Python ソースコードの先頭行 |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_flags            | bitmap of "CO_*" flags,     |
|                   |                     | read more here              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_lnotab           | 行番号からバイトコードイン  |
|                   |                     | デックスへの変換表を文字列  |
|                   |                     | にエンコードしたも の       |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_freevars         | tuple of names of free      |
|                   |                     | variables (referenced via a |
|                   |                     | function's closure)         |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_posonlyargcount  | number of positional only   |
|                   |                     | arguments                   |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_kwonlyargcount   | number of keyword only      |
|                   |                     | arguments (not including ** |
|                   |                     | arg)                        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_name             | コードオブジェクトが定義さ  |
|                   |                     | れたときの名前              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_qualname         | fully qualified name with   |
|                   |                     | which this code object was  |
|                   |                     | defined                     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_names            | tuple of names other than   |
|                   |                     | arguments and function      |
|                   |                     | locals                      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_nlocals          | ローカル変数の数            |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_stacksize        | 必要とされる仮想マシンのス  |
|                   |                     | タックスペース              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | co_varnames         | 引数名とローカル変数名のタ  |
|                   |                     | プル                        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| ジェネレータ      | __name__            | name                        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | gi_frame            | フレーム                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | gi_running          | ジェネレータが実行中かどう  |
|                   |                     | か                          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | gi_code             | コード                      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | gi_yieldfrom        | "yield from" でイテレートさ |
|                   |                     | れているオブジェクト、また  |
|                   |                     | は "None"                   |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| async generator   | __name__            | name                        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | ag_await            | 待機されているオブジェクト  |
|                   |                     | 、または "None"             |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | ag_frame            | フレーム                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | ag_running          | ジェネレータが実行中かどう  |
|                   |                     | か                          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | ag_code             | コード                      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| コルーチン        | __name__            | name                        |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | cr_await            | 待機されているオブジェクト  |
|                   |                     | 、または "None"             |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | cr_frame            | フレーム                    |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | cr_running          | コルーチンが実行中かどうか  |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | cr_code             | コード                      |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | cr_origin           | where coroutine was         |
|                   |                     | created, or "None". See "s  |
|                   |                     | ys.set_coroutine_origin_tr  |
|                   |                     | acking_depth()"             |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
| 組み込み          | __doc__             | ドキュメント文字列          |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __name__            | 関数、メソッドの元々の名前  |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __qualname__        | qualified name              |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+
|                   | __self__            | メソッドが結合しているイン  |
|                   |                     | スタンス、または "None"     |
+-------------------+---------------------+-----------------------------+

バージョン 3.5 で変更: ジェネレータに "__qualname__" と "gi_yieldfrom"
属性が追加されました。ジェネレータの "__name__" 属性がコード名ではなく
関数名から設定されるようになり、変更できるようになりました。

バージョン 3.7 で変更: Add "cr_origin" attribute to coroutines.

バージョン 3.10 で変更: Add "__builtins__" attribute to functions.

inspect.getmembers(object[, predicate])

   Return all the members of an object in a list of "(name, value)"
   pairs sorted by name. If the optional *predicate* argument—which
   will be called with the "value" object of each member—is supplied,
   only members for which the predicate returns a true value are
   included.

   注釈:

     "getmembers()" will only return class attributes defined in the
     metaclass when the argument is a class and those attributes have
     been listed in the metaclass' custom "__dir__()".

inspect.getmembers_static(object[, predicate])

   Return all the members of an object in a list of "(name, value)"
   pairs sorted by name without triggering dynamic lookup via the
   descriptor protocol, __getattr__ or __getattribute__. Optionally,
   only return members that satisfy a given predicate.

   注釈:

     "getmembers_static()" may not be able to retrieve all members
     that getmembers can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
     and may find members that getmembers can't (like descriptors that
     raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptor objects
     instead of instance members in some cases.

   Added in version 3.11.

inspect.getmodulename(path)

   Return the name of the module named by the file *path*, without
   including the names of enclosing packages. The file extension is
   checked against all of the entries in
   "importlib.machinery.all_suffixes()". If it matches, the final path
   component is returned with the extension removed. Otherwise, "None"
   is returned.

   Note that this function *only* returns a meaningful name for actual
   Python modules - paths that potentially refer to Python packages
   will still return "None".

   バージョン 3.3 で変更: The function is based directly on
   "importlib".

inspect.ismodule(object)

   オブジェクトがモジュールの場合 "True" を返します。

inspect.isclass(object)

   オブジェクトが組み込みか Python が生成したクラスの場合に "True" を
   返します。

inspect.ismethod(object)

   オブジェクトがメソッドの場合 "True" を返します。

inspect.isfunction(object)

   オブジェクトが、 *lambda* 式で生成されたものを含む Python 関数の場
   合に "True" を返します。

inspect.isgeneratorfunction(object)

   オブジェクトが Python のジェネレータ関数の場合 "True" を返します。

   バージョン 3.8 で変更: Functions wrapped in "functools.partial()"
   now return "True" if the wrapped function is a Python generator
   function.

inspect.isgenerator(object)

   オブジェクトがジェネレータの場合 "True" を返します。

inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object)

   Return "True" if the object is a *coroutine function* (a function
   defined with an "async def" syntax), a "functools.partial()"
   wrapping a *coroutine function*, or a sync function marked with
   "markcoroutinefunction()".

   Added in version 3.5.

   バージョン 3.8 で変更: Functions wrapped in "functools.partial()"
   now return "True" if the wrapped function is a *coroutine
   function*.

   バージョン 3.12 で変更: Sync functions marked with
   "markcoroutinefunction()" now return "True".

inspect.markcoroutinefunction(func)

   Decorator to mark a callable as a *coroutine function* if it would
   not otherwise be detected by "iscoroutinefunction()".

   This may be of use for sync functions that return a *coroutine*, if
   the function is passed to an API that requires
   "iscoroutinefunction()".

   When possible, using an "async def" function is preferred. Also
   acceptable is calling the function and testing the return with
   "iscoroutine()".

   Added in version 3.12.

inspect.iscoroutine(object)

   オブジェクトが "async def" で生成された *コルーチン* の場合 "True"
   を返します。

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.isawaitable(object)

   オブジェクトを "await" 式内で使用できる場合 "True" を返します。

   Can also be used to distinguish generator-based coroutines from
   regular generators:

      import types

      def gen():
          yield
      @types.coroutine
      def gen_coro():
          yield

      assert not isawaitable(gen())
      assert isawaitable(gen_coro())

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)

   Return "True" if the object is an *asynchronous generator*
   function, for example:

      >>> async def agen():
      ...     yield 1
      ...
      >>> inspect.isasyncgenfunction(agen)
      True

   Added in version 3.6.

   バージョン 3.8 で変更: Functions wrapped in "functools.partial()"
   now return "True" if the wrapped function is an *asynchronous
   generator* function.

inspect.isasyncgen(object)

   オブジェクトが *asynchronous generator* 関数によって生成された
   *asynchronous generator iterator* である場合に "True" を返します。

   Added in version 3.6.

inspect.istraceback(object)

   オブジェクトがトレースバックの場合は "True" を返します。

inspect.isframe(object)

   オブジェクトがフレームの場合は "True" を返します。

inspect.iscode(object)

   オブジェクトがコードの場合は "True" を返します。

inspect.isbuiltin(object)

   オブジェクトが組み込み関数か束縛済みの組み込みメソッドの場合に
   "True" を返します。

inspect.ismethodwrapper(object)

   Return "True" if the type of object is a "MethodWrapperType".

   These are instances of "MethodWrapperType", such as "__str__()",
   "__eq__()" and "__repr__()".

   Added in version 3.11.

inspect.isroutine(object)

   オブジェクトがユーザ定義か組み込みの関数またはメソッドの場合は
   "True" を返します。

inspect.isabstract(object)

   オブジェクトが抽象基底クラスであるときに "True" を返します。

inspect.ismethoddescriptor(object)

   オブジェクトがメソッドデスクリプタであり、 "ismethod()",
   "isclass()", "isfunction()", "isbuiltin()" でない場合に "True" を返
   します。

   This, for example, is true of "int.__add__".  An object passing
   this test has a "__get__()" method but not a "__set__()" method,
   but beyond that the set of attributes varies.  A "__name__"
   attribute is usually sensible, and "__doc__" often is.

   Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other
   tests return "False" from the "ismethoddescriptor()" test, simply
   because the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on
   having the "__func__" attribute (etc) when an object passes
   "ismethod()".

inspect.isdatadescriptor(object)

   オブジェクトがデータデスクリプタの場合に "True" を返します。

   Data descriptors have a "__set__" or a "__delete__" method.
   Examples are properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members.
   The latter two are defined in C and there are more specific tests
   available for those types, which is robust across Python
   implementations.  Typically, data descriptors will also have
   "__name__" and "__doc__" attributes (properties, getsets, and
   members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.

inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(object)

   オブジェクトが getset デスクリプタの場合に "True" を返します。

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** getset とは、拡張モジュールで "PyGetSetDef"
   構造体を用いて定義された属性のことです。そのような型を持たない
   Python 実装の場合は、このメソッドは常に "False" を返します。

inspect.ismemberdescriptor(object)

   オブジェクトがメンバーデスクリプタの場合に "True" を返します。

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** メンバーデスクリプタとは、拡張モジュールで
   "PyMemberDef" 構造体を用いて定義された属性のことです。そのような型
   を持たない Python 実装の場合は、このメソッドは常に "False" を返しま
   す。


ソースコードの情報取得
======================

inspect.getdoc(object)

   Get the documentation string for an object, cleaned up with
   "cleandoc()". If the documentation string for an object is not
   provided and the object is a class, a method, a property or a
   descriptor, retrieve the documentation string from the inheritance
   hierarchy. Return "None" if the documentation string is invalid or
   missing.

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: ドキュメンテーション文字列がオーバーライドさ
   れていない場合は継承されるようになりました。

inspect.getcomments(object)

   Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately
   preceding the object's source code (for a class, function, or
   method), or at the top of the Python source file (if the object is
   a module).  If the object's source code is unavailable, return
   "None".  This could happen if the object has been defined in C or
   the interactive shell.

inspect.getfile(object)

   オブジェクトを定義している (テキストまたはバイナリの) ファイルの名
   前を返します。オブジェクトが組み込みモジュール、クラス、関数の場合
   は "TypeError" 例外が発生します。

inspect.getmodule(object)

   Try to guess which module an object was defined in. Return "None"
   if the module cannot be determined.

inspect.getsourcefile(object)

   Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was
   defined or "None" if no way can be identified to get the source.
   This will fail with a "TypeError" if the object is a built-in
   module, class, or function.

inspect.getsourcelines(object)

   Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an
   object. The argument may be a module, class, method, function,
   traceback, frame, or code object.  The source code is returned as a
   list of the lines corresponding to the object and the line number
   indicates where in the original source file the first line of code
   was found.  An "OSError" is raised if the source code cannot be
   retrieved. A "TypeError" is raised if the object is a built-in
   module, class, or function.

   バージョン 3.3 で変更: "IOError" の代わりに "OSError" を送出します
   。前者は後者のエイリアスです。

inspect.getsource(object)

   Return the text of the source code for an object. The argument may
   be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame, or code
   object.  The source code is returned as a single string.  An
   "OSError" is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved. A
   "TypeError" is raised if the object is a built-in module, class, or
   function.

   バージョン 3.3 で変更: "IOError" の代わりに "OSError" を送出します
   。前者は後者のエイリアスです。

inspect.cleandoc(doc)

   コードブロックと位置を合わせるためのインデントを docstring から削除
   します。

   先頭行の行頭の空白文字は全て削除されます。 2行目以降では全行で同じ
   数の行頭の空白文字が、削除できるだけ削除されます。 その後、先頭と末
   尾の空白行が削除され、全てのタブが空白に展開されます。


Signature オブジェクトで呼び出し可能オブジェクトを内省する
==========================================================

Added in version 3.3.

The "Signature" object represents the call signature of a callable
object and its return annotation. To retrieve a "Signature" object,
use the "signature()" function.

inspect.signature(callable, *, follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False)

   Return a "Signature" object for the given *callable*:

      >>> from inspect import signature
      >>> def foo(a, *, b:int, **kwargs):
      ...     pass

      >>> sig = signature(foo)

      >>> str(sig)
      '(a, *, b: int, **kwargs)'

      >>> str(sig.parameters['b'])
      'b: int'

      >>> sig.parameters['b'].annotation
      <class 'int'>

   単純な関数やクラスから、 "functools.partial()" オブジェクトまで、幅
   広い Python の呼び出し可能なオブジェクトを受け付けます。

   For objects defined in modules using stringized annotations ("from
   __future__ import annotations"), "signature()" will attempt to
   automatically un-stringize the annotations using
   "get_annotations()".  The *globals*, *locals*, and *eval_str*
   parameters are passed into "get_annotations()" when resolving the
   annotations; see the documentation for "get_annotations()" for
   instructions on how to use these parameters.

   Raises "ValueError" if no signature can be provided, and
   "TypeError" if that type of object is not supported.  Also, if the
   annotations are stringized, and *eval_str* is not false, the
   "eval()" call(s) to un-stringize the annotations in
   "get_annotations()" could potentially raise any kind of exception.

   A slash(/) in the signature of a function denotes that the
   parameters prior to it are positional-only. For more info, see the
   FAQ entry on positional-only parameters.

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: The *follow_wrapped* parameter was added.
   Pass "False" to get a signature of *callable* specifically
   ("callable.__wrapped__" will not be used to unwrap decorated
   callables.)

   バージョン 3.10 で変更: The *globals*, *locals*, and *eval_str*
   parameters were added.

   注釈:

     Some callables may not be introspectable in certain
     implementations of Python.  For example, in CPython, some built-
     in functions defined in C provide no metadata about their
     arguments.

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** If the passed object has a "__signature__"
   attribute, we may use it to create the signature. The exact
   semantics are an implementation detail and are subject to
   unannounced changes. Consult the source code for current semantics.

class inspect.Signature(parameters=None, *, return_annotation=Signature.empty)

   A "Signature" object represents the call signature of a function
   and its return annotation.  For each parameter accepted by the
   function it stores a "Parameter" object in its "parameters"
   collection.

   The optional *parameters* argument is a sequence of "Parameter"
   objects, which is validated to check that there are no parameters
   with duplicate names, and that the parameters are in the right
   order, i.e. positional-only first, then positional-or-keyword, and
   that parameters with defaults follow parameters without defaults.

   The optional *return_annotation* argument can be an arbitrary
   Python object. It represents the "return" annotation of the
   callable.

   "Signature" objects are *immutable*.  Use "Signature.replace()" to
   make a modified copy.

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: "Signature" objects are now picklable and
   *hashable*.

   empty

      return アノテーションがないことを指すクラスレベルの特殊マーカで
      す。

   parameters

      An ordered mapping of parameters' names to the corresponding
      "Parameter" objects.  Parameters appear in strict definition
      order, including keyword-only parameters.

      バージョン 3.7 で変更: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it
      preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of
      version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been
      preserved in Python 3.

   return_annotation

      呼び出し可能オブジェクトの "return" アノテーションです。呼び出し
      可能オブジェクトに "return" アノテーションがない場合、この属性は
      "Signature.empty" に設定されます。

   bind(*args, **kwargs)

      Create a mapping from positional and keyword arguments to
      parameters. Returns "BoundArguments" if "*args" and "**kwargs"
      match the signature, or raises a "TypeError".

   bind_partial(*args, **kwargs)

      Works the same way as "Signature.bind()", but allows the
      omission of some required arguments (mimics
      "functools.partial()" behavior.) Returns "BoundArguments", or
      raises a "TypeError" if the passed arguments do not match the
      signature.

   replace(*[, parameters][, return_annotation])

      Create a new "Signature" instance based on the instance
      "replace()" was invoked on. It is possible to pass different
      *parameters* and/or *return_annotation* to override the
      corresponding properties of the base signature.  To remove
      "return_annotation" from the copied "Signature", pass in
      "Signature.empty".

         >>> def test(a, b):
         ...     pass
         ...
         >>> sig = signature(test)
         >>> new_sig = sig.replace(return_annotation="new return anno")
         >>> str(new_sig)
         "(a, b) -> 'new return anno'"

   classmethod from_callable(obj, *, follow_wrapped=True, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False)

      Return a "Signature" (or its subclass) object for a given
      callable *obj*.

      This method simplifies subclassing of "Signature":

         class MySignature(Signature):
             pass
         sig = MySignature.from_callable(sum)
         assert isinstance(sig, MySignature)

      Its behavior is otherwise identical to that of "signature()".

      Added in version 3.5.

      バージョン 3.10 で変更: The *globals*, *locals*, and *eval_str*
      parameters were added.

class inspect.Parameter(name, kind, *, default=Parameter.empty, annotation=Parameter.empty)

   "Parameter" objects are *immutable*. Instead of modifying a
   "Parameter" object, you can use "Parameter.replace()" to create a
   modified copy.

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: Parameter objects are now picklable and
   *hashable*.

   empty

      デフォルト値とアノテーションがないことを指すクラスレベルの特殊マ
      ーカです。

   name

      仮引数名 (文字列) です。名前は有効な Python 識別子でなければなり
      ません。

      **CPython 実装の詳細:** CPython generates implicit parameter
      names of the form ".0" on the code objects used to implement
      comprehensions and generator expressions.

      バージョン 3.6 で変更: These parameter names are now exposed by
      this module as names like "implicit0".

   default

      引数のデフォルト値です。引数にデフォルト値がない場合、この属性は
      "Parameter.empty" に設定されます。

   annotation

      引数のアノテーションです。引数にアノテーションがない場合、この属
      性は "Parameter.empty" に設定されます。

   kind

      Describes how argument values are bound to the parameter.  The
      possible values are accessible via "Parameter" (like
      "Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY"), and support comparison and ordering,
      in the following order:

      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
      | 名前                     | 意味                                           |
      |==========================|================================================|
      | *POSITIONAL_ONLY*        | Value must be supplied as a positional         |
      |                          | argument. Positional only parameters are those |
      |                          | which appear before a "/" entry (if present)   |
      |                          | in a Python function definition.               |
      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
      | *POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD*  | 値をキーワードまたは位置引数として渡すことがで |
      |                          | きます (これは Python で実装された関数の標準的 |
      |                          | な束縛動作です)。                              |
      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
      | *VAR_POSITIONAL*         | その他の仮引数に束縛されていない位置引数のタプ |
      |                          | ルです。Python の 関数定義における "*args" 仮  |
      |                          | 引数に対応します。                             |
      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
      | *KEYWORD_ONLY*           | 値をキーワード引数として渡さなければなりません |
      |                          | 。キーワード専用引 数は Python の関数定義にお  |
      |                          | いて "*" や "*args" の後に現れる引数で す。    |
      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
      | *VAR_KEYWORD*            | その他の仮引数に束縛されていないキーワード引数 |
      |                          | の辞書です。Python の関数定義における          |
      |                          | "**kwargs" 仮引数に対応します。                |
      +--------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

      Example: print all keyword-only arguments without default
      values:

         >>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
         ...     pass

         >>> sig = signature(foo)
         >>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
         ...     if (param.kind == param.KEYWORD_ONLY and
         ...                        param.default is param.empty):
         ...         print('Parameter:', param)
         Parameter: c

   kind.description

      Describes an enum value of "Parameter.kind".

      Added in version 3.8.

      Example: print all descriptions of arguments:

         >>> def foo(a, b, *, c, d=10):
         ...     pass

         >>> sig = signature(foo)
         >>> for param in sig.parameters.values():
         ...     print(param.kind.description)
         positional or keyword
         positional or keyword
         keyword-only
         keyword-only

   replace(*[, name][, kind][, default][, annotation])

      Create a new "Parameter" instance based on the instance replaced
      was invoked on.  To override a "Parameter" attribute, pass the
      corresponding argument.  To remove a default value or/and an
      annotation from a "Parameter", pass "Parameter.empty".

         >>> from inspect import Parameter
         >>> param = Parameter('foo', Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY, default=42)
         >>> str(param)
         'foo=42'

         >>> str(param.replace()) # Will create a shallow copy of 'param'
         'foo=42'

         >>> str(param.replace(default=Parameter.empty, annotation='spam'))
         "foo: 'spam'"

   バージョン 3.4 で変更: In Python 3.3 "Parameter" objects were
   allowed to have "name" set to "None" if their "kind" was set to
   "POSITIONAL_ONLY". This is no longer permitted.

class inspect.BoundArguments

   Result of a "Signature.bind()" or "Signature.bind_partial()" call.
   Holds the mapping of arguments to the function's parameters.

   arguments

      A mutable mapping of parameters' names to arguments' values.
      Contains only explicitly bound arguments.  Changes in
      "arguments" will reflect in "args" and "kwargs".

      Should be used in conjunction with "Signature.parameters" for
      any argument processing purposes.

      注釈:

        Arguments for which "Signature.bind()" or
        "Signature.bind_partial()" relied on a default value are
        skipped. However, if needed, use
        "BoundArguments.apply_defaults()" to add them.

      バージョン 3.9 で変更: "arguments" is now of type "dict".
      Formerly, it was of type "collections.OrderedDict".

   args

      位置引数の値のタプルです。"arguments" 属性から動的に計算されます
      。

   kwargs

      キーワード引数の値の辞書です。"arguments" 属性から動的に計算され
      ます。

   signature

      親の "Signature" オブジェクトへの参照です。

   apply_defaults()

      存在しない引数のデフォルト値を設定します。

      For variable-positional arguments ("*args") the default is an
      empty tuple.

      For variable-keyword arguments ("**kwargs") the default is an
      empty dict.

         >>> def foo(a, b='ham', *args): pass
         >>> ba = inspect.signature(foo).bind('spam')
         >>> ba.apply_defaults()
         >>> ba.arguments
         {'a': 'spam', 'b': 'ham', 'args': ()}

      Added in version 3.5.

   The "args" and "kwargs" properties can be used to invoke functions:

      def test(a, *, b):
          ...

      sig = signature(test)
      ba = sig.bind(10, b=20)
      test(*ba.args, **ba.kwargs)

参考:

  **PEP 362**: - 関数シグニチャオブジェクト
     The detailed specification, implementation details and examples.


クラスと関数
============

inspect.getclasstree(classes, unique=False)

   リストで指定したクラスの継承関係から、ネストしたリストを作成します
   。ネストしたリストには、直前の要素から派生したクラスが格納されます
   。各要素は長さ2のタプルで、クラスと基底クラスのタプルを格納していま
   す。*unique* が真の場合、各クラスは戻り値のリスト内に一つだけしか格
   納されません。真でなければ、多重継承を利用したクラスとその派生クラ
   スは複数回格納される場合があります。

inspect.getfullargspec(func)

   Get the names and default values of a Python function's parameters.
   A *named tuple* is returned:

   "FullArgSpec(args, varargs, varkw, defaults, kwonlyargs,
   kwonlydefaults, annotations)"

   *args* is a list of the positional parameter names. *varargs* is
   the name of the "*" parameter or "None" if arbitrary positional
   arguments are not accepted. *varkw* is the name of the "**"
   parameter or "None" if arbitrary keyword arguments are not
   accepted. *defaults* is an *n*-tuple of default argument values
   corresponding to the last *n* positional parameters, or "None" if
   there are no such defaults defined. *kwonlyargs* is a list of
   keyword-only parameter names in declaration order. *kwonlydefaults*
   is a dictionary mapping parameter names from *kwonlyargs* to the
   default values used if no argument is supplied. *annotations* is a
   dictionary mapping parameter names to annotations. The special key
   ""return"" is used to report the function return value annotation
   (if any).

   Note that "signature()" and Signature Object provide the
   recommended API for callable introspection, and support additional
   behaviours (like positional-only arguments) that are sometimes
   encountered in extension module APIs. This function is retained
   primarily for use in code that needs to maintain compatibility with
   the Python 2 "inspect" module API.

   バージョン 3.4 で変更: This function is now based on "signature()",
   but still ignores "__wrapped__" attributes and includes the already
   bound first parameter in the signature output for bound methods.

   バージョン 3.6 で変更: This method was previously documented as
   deprecated in favour of "signature()" in Python 3.5, but that
   decision has been reversed in order to restore a clearly supported
   standard interface for single-source Python 2/3 code migrating away
   from the legacy "getargspec()" API.

   バージョン 3.7 で変更: Python only explicitly guaranteed that it
   preserved the declaration order of keyword-only parameters as of
   version 3.7, although in practice this order had always been
   preserved in Python 3.

inspect.getargvalues(frame)

   指定したフレームに渡された引数の情報を取得します。戻り値は *名前付
   きタプル* "ArgInfo(args, varargs, keywords, locals)" です。*args*
   は引数名のリストです。 *varargs* と *keywords* は "*" 引数と "**"
   引数の名前で、引数がなければ "None" となります。 *locals* は指定し
   たフレームのローカル変数の辞書です。

   注釈:

     This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python
     3.5.

inspect.formatargvalues(args[, varargs, varkw, locals, formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue])

   "getargvalues()" で取得した4つの値を読みやすく整形します。 format*
   引数はオプションで、名前と値を文字列に変換する整形関数を指定するこ
   とができます。

   注釈:

     This function was inadvertently marked as deprecated in Python
     3.5.

inspect.getmro(cls)

   *cls* クラスの基底クラス (*cls* 自身も含む) を、メソッドの優先順位
   順に並べたタプルを返します。結果のリスト内で各クラスは一度だけ格納
   されます。メソッドの優先順位はクラスの型によって異なります。非常に
   特殊なユーザ定義のメタクラスを使用していない限り、*cls* が戻り値の
   先頭要素となります。

inspect.getcallargs(func, /, *args, **kwds)

   Bind the *args* and *kwds* to the argument names of the Python
   function or method *func*, as if it was called with them. For bound
   methods, bind also the first argument (typically named "self") to
   the associated instance. A dict is returned, mapping the argument
   names (including the names of the "*" and "**" arguments, if any)
   to their values from *args* and *kwds*. In case of invoking *func*
   incorrectly, i.e. whenever "func(*args, **kwds)" would raise an
   exception because of incompatible signature, an exception of the
   same type and the same or similar message is raised. For example:

      >>> from inspect import getcallargs
      >>> def f(a, b=1, *pos, **named):
      ...     pass
      ...
      >>> getcallargs(f, 1, 2, 3) == {'a': 1, 'named': {}, 'b': 2, 'pos': (3,)}
      True
      >>> getcallargs(f, a=2, x=4) == {'a': 2, 'named': {'x': 4}, 'b': 1, 'pos': ()}
      True
      >>> getcallargs(f)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
      TypeError: f() missing 1 required positional argument: 'a'

   Added in version 3.2.

   バージョン 3.5 で非推奨: Use "Signature.bind()" and
   "Signature.bind_partial()" instead.

inspect.getclosurevars(func)

   Get the mapping of external name references in a Python function or
   method *func* to their current values. A *named tuple*
   "ClosureVars(nonlocals, globals, builtins, unbound)" is returned.
   *nonlocals* maps referenced names to lexical closure variables,
   *globals* to the function's module globals and *builtins* to the
   builtins visible from the function body. *unbound* is the set of
   names referenced in the function that could not be resolved at all
   given the current module globals and builtins.

   *func* が Python の関数やメソッドでない場合 "TypeError" が送出され
   ます。

   Added in version 3.3.

inspect.unwrap(func, *, stop=None)

   Get the object wrapped by *func*. It follows the chain of
   "__wrapped__" attributes returning the last object in the chain.

   *stop* is an optional callback accepting an object in the wrapper
   chain as its sole argument that allows the unwrapping to be
   terminated early if the callback returns a true value. If the
   callback never returns a true value, the last object in the chain
   is returned as usual. For example, "signature()" uses this to stop
   unwrapping if any object in the chain has a "__signature__"
   attribute defined.

   "ValueError" is raised if a cycle is encountered.

   Added in version 3.4.

inspect.get_annotations(obj, *, globals=None, locals=None, eval_str=False)

   Compute the annotations dict for an object.

   "obj" may be a callable, class, or module. Passing in an object of
   any other type raises "TypeError".

   Returns a dict.  "get_annotations()" returns a new dict every time
   it's called; calling it twice on the same object will return two
   different but equivalent dicts.

   This function handles several details for you:

   * If "eval_str" is true, values of type "str" will be un-stringized
     using "eval()".  This is intended for use with stringized
     annotations ("from __future__ import annotations").

   * If "obj" doesn't have an annotations dict, returns an empty dict.
     (Functions and methods always have an annotations dict; classes,
     modules, and other types of callables may not.)

   * Ignores inherited annotations on classes.  If a class doesn't
     have its own annotations dict, returns an empty dict.

   * All accesses to object members and dict values are done using
     "getattr()" and "dict.get()" for safety.

   * Always, always, always returns a freshly created dict.

   "eval_str" controls whether or not values of type "str" are
   replaced with the result of calling "eval()" on those values:

   * If eval_str is true, "eval()" is called on values of type "str".
     (Note that "get_annotations" doesn't catch exceptions; if
     "eval()" raises an exception, it will unwind the stack past the
     "get_annotations" call.)

   * If eval_str is false (the default), values of type "str" are
     unchanged.

   "globals" and "locals" are passed in to "eval()"; see the
   documentation for "eval()" for more information.  If "globals" or
   "locals" is "None", this function may replace that value with a
   context-specific default, contingent on "type(obj)":

   * If "obj" is a module, "globals" defaults to "obj.__dict__".

   * If "obj" is a class, "globals" defaults to
     "sys.modules[obj.__module__].__dict__" and "locals" defaults to
     the "obj" class namespace.

   * If "obj" is a callable, "globals" defaults to "obj.__globals__",
     although if "obj" is a wrapped function (using
     "functools.update_wrapper()") it is first unwrapped.

   Calling "get_annotations" is best practice for accessing the
   annotations dict of any object.  See Annotations Best Practices for
   more information on annotations best practices.

   Added in version 3.10.


インタープリタスタック
======================

Some of the following functions return "FrameInfo" objects. For
backwards compatibility these objects allow tuple-like operations on
all attributes except "positions". This behavior is considered
deprecated and may be removed in the future.

class inspect.FrameInfo

   frame

      The frame object that the record corresponds to.

   filename

      The file name associated with the code being executed by the
      frame this record corresponds to.

   lineno

      The line number of the current line associated with the code
      being executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

   function

      The function name that is being executed by the frame this
      record corresponds to.

   code_context

      A list of lines of context from the source code that's being
      executed by the frame this record corresponds to.

   index

      The index of the current line being executed in the
      "code_context" list.

   positions

      A "dis.Positions" object containing the start line number, end
      line number, start column offset, and end column offset
      associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this
      record corresponds to.

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: Return a *named tuple* instead of a "tuple".

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: "FrameInfo" is now a class instance (that
   is backwards compatible with the previous *named tuple*).

class inspect.Traceback

   filename

      The file name associated with the code being executed by the
      frame this traceback corresponds to.

   lineno

      The line number of the current line associated with the code
      being executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

   function

      The function name that is being executed by the frame this
      traceback corresponds to.

   code_context

      A list of lines of context from the source code that's being
      executed by the frame this traceback corresponds to.

   index

      The index of the current line being executed in the
      "code_context" list.

   positions

      A "dis.Positions" object containing the start line number, end
      line number, start column offset, and end column offset
      associated with the instruction being executed by the frame this
      traceback corresponds to.

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: "Traceback" is now a class instance (that
   is backwards compatible with the previous *named tuple*).

注釈:

  フレームレコードの最初の要素などのフレームオブジェクトへの参照を保存
  すると、循環参照になってしまう場合があります。循環参照ができると、
  Python の循環参照検出機能を有効にしていたとしても関連するオブジェク
  トが参照しているすべてのオブジェクトが解放されにくくなり、明示的に参
  照を削除しないとメモリ消費量が増大する恐れがあります。参照の削除を
  Python の循環参照検出機能にまかせることもできますが、 "finally" 節で
  循環参照を解除すれば確実にフレーム (とそのローカル変数) は削除されま
  す。また、循環参照検出機能は Python のコンパイルオプションや
  "gc.disable()" で無効とされている場合がありますので注意が必要です。
  例:

     def handle_stackframe_without_leak():
         frame = inspect.currentframe()
         try:
             # do something with the frame
         finally:
             del frame

  If you want to keep the frame around (for example to print a
  traceback later), you can also break reference cycles by using the
  "frame.clear()" method.

以下の関数でオプション引数 *context* には、戻り値のソース行リストに何
行分のソースを含めるかを指定します。ソース行リストには、実行中の行を中
心として指定された行数分のリストを返します。

inspect.getframeinfo(frame, context=1)

   Get information about a frame or traceback object.  A "Traceback"
   object is returned.

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: A "Traceback" object is returned instead of
   a named tuple.

inspect.getouterframes(frame, context=1)

   指定したフレームと、その外側の全フレームの "FrameInfo" オブジェクト
   のリストを取得します。外側のフレームとは *frame* が生成されるまでの
   すべての関数呼び出しを示します。戻り値のリストの先頭は *frame* のフ
   レームレコードで、末尾の要素は *frame* のスタックにある最も外側のフ
   レームのフレームレコードとなります。

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: *名前付きタプル* "FrameInfo(frame, filename,
   lineno, function, code_context, index)" のリストが返されます。

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: A list of "FrameInfo" objects is returned.

inspect.getinnerframes(traceback, context=1)

   トレースバックのフレームと、その内側の全フレームの  "FrameInfo" オ
   ブジェクトのリストを取得します。内のフレームとは *frame* から続く一
   連の関数呼び出しを示します。戻り値のリストの先頭は *traceback* のフ
   レームレコードで、末尾の要素は例外が発生した位置を示します。

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: *名前付きタプル* "FrameInfo(frame, filename,
   lineno, function, code_context, index)" のリストが返されます。

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: A list of "FrameInfo" objects is returned.

inspect.currentframe()

   呼び出し元のフレームオブジェクトを返します。

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** この関数はインタプリタの Python スタックフ
   レームサポートに依存します。これは Python のすべての実装に存在して
   いる保証はありません。Python スタックフレームサポートのない環境では
   、この関数は "None" を返します。

inspect.stack(context=1)

   呼び出し元スタックの "FrameInfo" オブジェクトのリストを返します。最
   初の要素は呼び出し元のフレームレコードで、末尾の要素はスタックにあ
   る最も外側のフレームのフレームレコードとなります。

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: *名前付きタプル* "FrameInfo(frame, filename,
   lineno, function, code_context, index)" のリストが返されます。

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: A list of "FrameInfo" objects is returned.

inspect.trace(context=1)

   実行中のフレームと処理中の例外が発生したフレームの間の "FrameInfo"
   オブジェクトのリストを返します。最初の要素は呼び出し元のフレームレ
   コードで、末尾の要素は例外が発生した位置を示します。

   バージョン 3.5 で変更: *名前付きタプル* "FrameInfo(frame, filename,
   lineno, function, code_context, index)" のリストが返されます。

   バージョン 3.11 で変更: A list of "FrameInfo" objects is returned.


属性の静的なフェッチ
====================

Both "getattr()" and "hasattr()" can trigger code execution when
fetching or checking for the existence of attributes. Descriptors,
like properties, will be invoked and "__getattr__()" and
"__getattribute__()" may be called.

For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation
tools, this can be inconvenient. "getattr_static()" has the same
signature as "getattr()" but avoids executing code when it fetches
attributes.

inspect.getattr_static(obj, attr, default=None)

   Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the
   descriptor protocol, "__getattr__()" or "__getattribute__()".

   Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes that
   getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes) and may
   find attributes that getattr can't (like descriptors that raise
   AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects instead of
   instance members.

   If the instance "__dict__" is shadowed by another member (for
   example a property) then this function will be unable to find
   instance members.

   Added in version 3.2.

"getattr_static()" does not resolve descriptors, for example slot
descriptors or getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The
descriptor object is returned instead of the underlying attribute.

You can handle these with code like the following. Note that for
arbitrary getset descriptors invoking these may trigger code
execution:

   # example code for resolving the builtin descriptor types
   class _foo:
       __slots__ = ['foo']

   slot_descriptor = type(_foo.foo)
   getset_descriptor = type(type(open(__file__)).name)
   wrapper_descriptor = type(str.__dict__['__add__'])
   descriptor_types = (slot_descriptor, getset_descriptor, wrapper_descriptor)

   result = getattr_static(some_object, 'foo')
   if type(result) in descriptor_types:
       try:
           result = result.__get__()
       except AttributeError:
           # descriptors can raise AttributeError to
           # indicate there is no underlying value
           # in which case the descriptor itself will
           # have to do
           pass


Current State of Generators, Coroutines, and Asynchronous Generators
====================================================================

When implementing coroutine schedulers and for other advanced uses of
generators, it is useful to determine whether a generator is currently
executing, is waiting to start or resume or execution, or has already
terminated. "getgeneratorstate()" allows the current state of a
generator to be determined easily.

inspect.getgeneratorstate(generator)

   ジェネレータイテレータの現在の状態を取得します。

   取り得る状態は:

   * GEN_CREATED: 実行開始を待機しています。

   * GEN_RUNNING: インタープリタによって現在実行されています。

   * GEN_SUSPENDED: yield 式で現在サスペンドされています。

   * GEN_CLOSED: 実行が完了しました。

   Added in version 3.2.

inspect.getcoroutinestate(coroutine)

   Get current state of a coroutine object.  The function is intended
   to be used with coroutine objects created by "async def" functions,
   but will accept any coroutine-like object that has "cr_running" and
   "cr_frame" attributes.

   取り得る状態は:

   * CORO_CREATED: 実行開始を待機しています。

   * CORO_RUNNING: インタープリタにより現在実行中です。

   * CORO_SUSPENDED: await 式により現在停止中です。

   * CORO_CLOSED: 実行が完了しました。

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.getasyncgenstate(agen)

   Get current state of an asynchronous generator object.  The
   function is intended to be used with asynchronous iterator objects
   created by "async def" functions which use the "yield" statement,
   but will accept any asynchronous generator-like object that has
   "ag_running" and "ag_frame" attributes.

   取り得る状態は:

   * AGEN_CREATED: Waiting to start execution.

   * AGEN_RUNNING: Currently being executed by the interpreter.

   * AGEN_SUSPENDED: Currently suspended at a yield expression.

   * AGEN_CLOSED: Execution has completed.

   Added in version 3.12.

ジェネレータの現在の内部状態を問い合わせることも出来ます。これは主に内
部状態が期待通り更新されているかどうかを確認するためのテストの目的に有
用です。

inspect.getgeneratorlocals(generator)

   Get the mapping of live local variables in *generator* to their
   current values.  A dictionary is returned that maps from variable
   names to values. This is the equivalent of calling "locals()" in
   the body of the generator, and all the same caveats apply.

   If *generator* is a *generator* with no currently associated frame,
   then an empty dictionary is returned.  "TypeError" is raised if
   *generator* is not a Python generator object.

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** This function relies on the generator
   exposing a Python stack frame for introspection, which isn't
   guaranteed to be the case in all implementations of Python. In such
   cases, this function will always return an empty dictionary.

   Added in version 3.3.

inspect.getcoroutinelocals(coroutine)

   This function is analogous to "getgeneratorlocals()", but works for
   coroutine objects created by "async def" functions.

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.getasyncgenlocals(agen)

   This function is analogous to "getgeneratorlocals()", but works for
   asynchronous generator objects created by "async def" functions
   which use the "yield" statement.

   Added in version 3.12.


Code Objects Bit Flags
======================

Python code objects have a "co_flags" attribute, which is a bitmap of
the following flags:

inspect.CO_OPTIMIZED

   The code object is optimized, using fast locals.

inspect.CO_NEWLOCALS

   If set, a new dict will be created for the frame's "f_locals" when
   the code object is executed.

inspect.CO_VARARGS

   The code object has a variable positional parameter ("*args"-like).

inspect.CO_VARKEYWORDS

   The code object has a variable keyword parameter ("**kwargs"-like).

inspect.CO_NESTED

   The flag is set when the code object is a nested function.

inspect.CO_GENERATOR

   The flag is set when the code object is a generator function, i.e.
   a generator object is returned when the code object is executed.

inspect.CO_COROUTINE

   The flag is set when the code object is a coroutine function. When
   the code object is executed it returns a coroutine object. See
   **PEP 492** for more details.

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE

   The flag is used to transform generators into generator-based
   coroutines.  Generator objects with this flag can be used in
   "await" expression, and can "yield from" coroutine objects. See
   **PEP 492** for more details.

   Added in version 3.5.

inspect.CO_ASYNC_GENERATOR

   The flag is set when the code object is an asynchronous generator
   function.  When the code object is executed it returns an
   asynchronous generator object.  See **PEP 525** for more details.

   Added in version 3.6.

注釈:

  The flags are specific to CPython, and may not be defined in other
  Python implementations.  Furthermore, the flags are an
  implementation detail, and can be removed or deprecated in future
  Python releases. It's recommended to use public APIs from the
  "inspect" module for any introspection needs.


Buffer flags
============

class inspect.BufferFlags

   This is an "enum.IntFlag" that represents the flags that can be
   passed to the "__buffer__()" method of objects implementing the
   buffer protocol.

   The meaning of the flags is explained at バッファリクエストのタイプ
   .

   SIMPLE

   WRITABLE

   FORMAT

   ND

   STRIDES

   C_CONTIGUOUS

   F_CONTIGUOUS

   ANY_CONTIGUOUS

   INDIRECT

   CONTIG

   CONTIG_RO

   STRIDED

   STRIDED_RO

   RECORDS

   RECORDS_RO

   FULL

   FULL_RO

   READ

   WRITE

   Added in version 3.12.


コマンドラインインターフェイス
==============================

The "inspect" module also provides a basic introspection capability
from the command line.

By default, accepts the name of a module and prints the source of that
module. A class or function within the module can be printed instead
by appended a colon and the qualified name of the target object.

--details

   Print information about the specified object rather than the source
   code
