オブジェクトプロトコル (object protocol)
****************************************

PyObject *Py_GetConstant(unsigned int constant_id)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Get a *strong reference* to a constant.

   Set an exception and return "NULL" if *constant_id* is invalid.

   *constant_id* must be one of these constant identifiers:

   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Constant Identifier                      | 値    | Returned object           |
   |==========================================|=======|===========================|
   | Py_CONSTANT_NONE                         | "0"   | "None"                    |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_FALSE                        | "1"   | "False"                   |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_TRUE                         | "2"   | "True"                    |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS                     | "3"   | "Ellipsis"                |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED              | "4"   | "NotImplemented"          |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_ZERO                         | "5"   | "0"                       |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_ONE                          | "6"   | "1"                       |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR                    | "7"   | "''"                      |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES                  | "8"   | "b''"                     |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+
   | Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE                  | "9"   | "()"                      |
   +------------------------------------------+-------+---------------------------+

   Numeric values are only given for projects which cannot use the
   constant identifiers.

   Added in version 3.13.

   **CPython 実装の詳細:** In CPython, all of these constants are
   *immortal*.

PyObject *Py_GetConstantBorrowed(unsigned int constant_id)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Similar to "Py_GetConstant()", but return a *borrowed reference*.

   This function is primarily intended for backwards compatibility:
   using "Py_GetConstant()" is recommended for new code.

   The reference is borrowed from the interpreter, and is valid until
   the interpreter finalization.

   Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *Py_NotImplemented

   与えられたオブジェクトとメソッドの引数の型の組み合わせの処理が未実
   装である印として使われる、 "未実装 (NotImplemented)" シングルトン。

Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED

   Properly handle returning "Py_NotImplemented" from within a C
   function (that is, create a new *strong reference* to
   "NotImplemented" and return it).

Py_PRINT_RAW

   Flag to be used with multiple functions that print the object (like
   "PyObject_Print()" and "PyFile_WriteObject()"). If passed, these
   functions use the "str()" of the object instead of the "repr()".

int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)

   Print an object *o*, on file *fp*.  Returns "-1" on error.  The
   flags argument is used to enable certain printing options.  The
   only option currently supported is "Py_PRINT_RAW"; if given, the
   "str()" of the object is written instead of the "repr()".

void PyObject_Dump(PyObject *op)

   Dump an object *op* to "stderr". This should only be used for
   debugging.

   The output is intended to try dumping objects even after memory
   corruption:

   * Information is written starting with fields that are the least
     likely to crash when accessed.

   * This function can be called without an *attached thread state*,
     but it's not recommended to do so: it can cause deadlocks.

   * An object that does not belong to the current interpreter may be
     dumped, but this may also cause crashes or unintended behavior.

   * Implement a heuristic to detect if the object memory has been
     freed. Don't display the object contents in this case, only its
     memory address.

   * The output format may change at any time.

   Example of output:

      object address  : 0x7f80124702c0
      object refcount : 2
      object type     : 0x9902e0
      object type name: str
      object repr     : 'abcdef'

   Added in version 3.15.

int PyObject_HasAttrWithError(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Returns "1" if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and "0"
   otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression "hasattr(o,
   attr_name)". On failure, return "-1".

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   This is the same as "PyObject_HasAttrWithError()", but *attr_name*
   is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather
   than a PyObject*.

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Returns "1" if *o* has the attribute *attr_name*, and "0"
   otherwise. This function always succeeds.

   注釈:

     Exceptions that occur when this calls "__getattr__()" and
     "__getattribute__()" methods aren't propagated, but instead given
     to "sys.unraisablehook()". For proper error handling, use
     "PyObject_HasAttrWithError()", "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()" or
     "PyObject_GetAttr()" instead.

int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This is the same as "PyObject_HasAttr()", but *attr_name* is
   specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
   a PyObject*.

   注釈:

     Exceptions that occur when this calls "__getattr__()" and
     "__getattribute__()" methods or while creating the temporary
     "str" object are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use
     "PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError()",
     "PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()" or "PyObject_GetAttrString()"
     instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* から、名前 *attr_name* の属性を取得します。成功す
   ると属性値を返し失敗すると "NULL" を返します。この関数は Python の
   式 "o.attr_name" と同じです。

   If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you
   can use "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()" instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This is the same as "PyObject_GetAttr()", but *attr_name* is
   specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
   a PyObject*.

   If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you
   can use "PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()" instead.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject **result);
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   Variant of "PyObject_GetAttr()" which doesn't raise
   "AttributeError" if the attribute is not found.

   If the attribute is found, return "1" and set **result* to a new
   *strong reference* to the attribute. If the attribute is not found,
   return "0" and set **result* to "NULL"; the "AttributeError" is
   silenced. If an error other than "AttributeError" is raised, return
   "-1" and set **result* to "NULL".

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(PyObject *obj, const char *attr_name, PyObject **result);
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   This is the same as "PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()", but *attr_name*
   is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather
   than a PyObject*.

   Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   型オブジェクトの "tp_getattro" スロットに置かれる、属性を取得する総
   称的な関数です。この関数は、 (もし存在すれば) オブジェクトの属性
   "__dict__" に加え、オブジェクトの MRO にあるクラスの辞書にあるデス
   クリプタを探します。 デスクリプタ (descriptor) の実装 で概要が述べ
   られている通り、データのデスクリプタはインスタンスの属性より優先さ
   れ、非データデスクリプタは後回しにされます。見付からなかった場合は
   "AttributeError" を送出します。

int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* の *attr_name* という名の属性に、値 *v* を設定しま
   す。 失敗すると例外を送出し "-1" を返します; 成功すると "0" を返し
   ます。 この関数は Python の式 "o.attr_name = v" と同じです。

   *v* が "NULL" のとき、アトリビュートは削除されます。この動作は
   "PyObject_DelAttr()" のため、非推奨となっていますが、削除される予定
   はありません。

   The function must not be called with a "NULL" *v* and an exception
   set. This case can arise from forgetting "NULL" checks and would
   delete the attribute.

   バージョン 3.15 で変更: Must not be called with NULL value if an
   exception is set.

int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This is the same as "PyObject_SetAttr()", but *attr_name* is
   specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
   a PyObject*.

   *v* が "NULL" の場合は属性が削除されますが、この機能は非推奨であり
   "PyObject_DelAttrString()" を使うのが望ましいです。

   The function must not be called with a "NULL" *v* and an exception
   set. This case can arise from forgetting "NULL" checks and would
   delete the attribute.

   The number of different attribute names passed to this function
   should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated
   string as *attr_name*. For attribute names that aren't known at
   compile time, prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and
   "PyObject_SetAttr()" directly. For more details, see
   "PyUnicode_InternFromString()", which may be used internally to
   create a key object.

   バージョン 3.15 で変更: Must not be called with NULL value if an
   exception is set.

int PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   属性の設定と削除を行う汎用的な関数で、型オブジェクトの
   "tp_setattro" スロットに置かれます。 オブジェクトの MRO にあるクラ
   スの辞書からデータディスクリプタを探し、見付かった場合はインスタン
   スの辞書にある属性の設定や削除よりも優先されます。 そうでない場合は
   、(もし存在すれば) オブジェクトの "__dict__" に属性を設定もしくは削
   除します。 成功すると "0" が返され、そうでない場合は
   "AttributeError" が送出され "-1" が返されます。

int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   オブジェクト *o* の *attr_name* という名の属性を削除します。失敗す
   ると "-1" を返します。この関数は Python の文 "del o.attr_name" と同
   じです。

int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.13 より).*

   This is the same as "PyObject_DelAttr()", but *attr_name* is
   specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than
   a PyObject*.

   The number of different attribute names passed to this function
   should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated
   string as *attr_name*. For attribute names that aren't known at
   compile time, prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and
   "PyObject_DelAttr()" directly. For more details, see
   "PyUnicode_InternFromString()", which may be used internally to
   create a key object for lookup.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.10
   より).*

   "__dict__" デスクリプタの getter の総称的な実装です。必要な場合は、
   辞書を作成します。

   This function may also be called to get the "__dict__" of the
   object *o*. Pass "NULL" for *context* when calling it. Since this
   function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, it may be
   more efficient to call "PyObject_GetAttr()" when accessing an
   attribute on the object.

   On failure, returns "NULL" with an exception set.

   Added in version 3.3.

int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.7 より).*

   "__dict__" デスクリプタの setter の総称的な実装です。この実装では辞
   書を削除することは許されていません。

   Added in version 3.3.

PyObject **_PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *obj)

   Return a pointer to "__dict__" of the object *obj*. If there is no
   "__dict__", return "NULL" without setting an exception.

   This function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, so it
   may be more efficient to call "PyObject_GetAttr()" when accessing
   an attribute on the object.

PyObject *PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified
   by *opid*, which must be one of "Py_LT", "Py_LE", "Py_EQ", "Py_NE",
   "Py_GT", or "Py_GE", corresponding to "<", "<=", "==", "!=", ">",
   or ">=" respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python
   expression "o1 op o2", where "op" is the operator corresponding to
   *opid*. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or "NULL"
   on failure.

int PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Compare the values of *o1* and *o2* using the operation specified
   by *opid*, like "PyObject_RichCompare()", but returns "-1" on
   error, "0" if the result is false, "1" otherwise.

注釈:

  If *o1* and *o2* are the same object, "PyObject_RichCompareBool()"
  will always return "1" for "Py_EQ" and "0" for "Py_NE".

PyObject *PyObject_Format(PyObject *obj, PyObject *format_spec)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Format *obj* using *format_spec*. This is equivalent to the Python
   expression "format(obj, format_spec)".

   *format_spec* may be "NULL". In this case the call is equivalent to
   "format(obj)". Returns the formatted string on success, "NULL" on
   failure.

PyObject *PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* の文字列表現を計算します。成功すると文字列表現を返
   し、失敗すると "NULL" を返します。 Python 式 "repr(o)" と同じです。
   この関数は組み込み関数 "repr()" の処理で呼び出されます。

   If argument is "NULL", return the string "'<NULL>'".

   バージョン 3.4 で変更: アクティブな例外を黙って捨てないことを保証す
   るのに便利なように、この関数はデバッグアサーションを含むようになり
   ました。

PyObject *PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   "PyObject_Repr()" と同様、オブジェクト *o* の文字列表現を計算します
   が、 "PyObject_Repr()" によって返された文字列に含まれる非 ASCII 文
   字を、エスケープ文字 "\x" 、 "\u" 、 "\U" でエスケープします。この
   関数は Pythoh 2 の "PyObject_Repr()" が返す文字列と同じ文字列を生成
   します。 "ascii()" によって呼び出されます。

   If argument is "NULL", return the string "'<NULL>'".

PyObject *PyObject_Str(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* の文字列表現を計算します。成功すると文字列表現を返
   し、失敗すると "NULL" を返します。 Python 式 "str(o)" と同じです。
   この関数は組み込み関数 "str()" や、 "print()" 関数の処理で呼び出さ
   れます。

   If argument is "NULL", return the string "'<NULL>'".

   バージョン 3.4 で変更: アクティブな例外を黙って捨てないことを保証す
   るのに便利なように、この関数はデバッグアサーションを含むようになり
   ました。

PyObject *PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* のバイト列表現を計算します。失敗すると "NULL" を返
   し、成功すると bytes オブジェクトを返します。 *o* が整数でないとき
   の、 Python 式 "bytes(o)" と同じです。 "bytes(o)" と違って、 *o* が
   整数のときには、ゼロで初期化された bytes オブジェクトを返すのではな
   く TypeError が送出されます。

   If argument is "NULL", return the "bytes" object "b'<NULL>'".

int PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   クラス *derived* がクラス *cls* と同一であるか、そこから派生したク
   ラスである場合は "1" を返し、そうでない場合は "0" を返します。 エラ
   ーが起きた場合は "-1" を返します。

   *cls* がタプルの場合、 *cls* の全ての要素に対してチェックします。
   少なくとも1つのチェックで "1" が返ったとき、結果は "1" となり、それ
   以外のとき "0" になります。

   If *cls* has a "__subclasscheck__()" method, it will be called to
   determine the subclass status as described in **PEP 3119**.
   Otherwise, *derived* is a subclass of *cls* if it is a direct or
   indirect subclass, i.e. contained in "cls.__mro__".

   Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of "type" or a derived
   class, are considered classes.  However, objects can override this
   by having a "__bases__" attribute (which must be a tuple of base
   classes).

int PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   *inst* がクラス *cls* もしくは *cls* の子クラスのインスタンスである
   場合に "1" を返し、そうでない場合に "0" を返します。 エラーが起きる
   と "-1" を返し例外を設定します。

   *cls* がタプルの場合、 *cls* の全ての要素に対してチェックします。
   少なくとも1つのチェックで "1" が返ったとき、結果は "1" となり、それ
   以外のとき "0" になります。

   If *cls* has a "__instancecheck__()" method, it will be called to
   determine the subclass status as described in **PEP 3119**.
   Otherwise, *inst* is an instance of *cls* if its class is a
   subclass of *cls*.

   An instance *inst* can override what is considered its class by
   having a "__class__" attribute.

   An object *cls* can override if it is considered a class, and what
   its base classes are, by having a "__bases__" attribute (which must
   be a tuple of base classes).

Py_hash_t PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* のハッシュ値を計算して返します。失敗すると "-1" を
   返します。 Python の式 "hash(o)" と同じです。

   バージョン 3.2 で変更: 返り値の型が Py_hash_t になりました。この型
   は、 "Py_ssize_t" と同じサイズをもつ符号付き整数です。

Py_hash_t PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *o)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Set a "TypeError" indicating that "type(o)" is not *hashable* and
   return "-1". This function receives special treatment when stored
   in a "tp_hash" slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the
   interpreter that it is not hashable.

int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   *o* が真を表すとみなせる場合には "1" を、そうでないときには "0" を
   返します。   Python の式 "not not o" と同じです。失敗すると "-1" を
   返します。

int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   *o* が真を表すとみなせる場合には "0" を、そうでないときには "1" を
   返します。   Python の式 "not o" と同じです。失敗すると "-1" を返し
   ます。

PyObject *PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   When *o* is non-"NULL", returns a type object corresponding to the
   object type of object *o*. On failure, raises "SystemError" and
   returns "NULL".  This is equivalent to the Python expression
   "type(o)". This function creates a new *strong reference* to the
   return value. There's really no reason to use this function instead
   of the "Py_TYPE()" function, which returns a pointer of type
   PyTypeObject*, except when a new *strong reference* is needed.

int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)

   Return non-zero if the object *o* is of type *type* or a subtype of
   *type*, and "0" otherwise.  Both parameters must be non-"NULL".

Py_ssize_t PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
Py_ssize_t PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   *o* の長さを返します。ただしオブジェクト *o* がシーケンス型プロトコ
   ルとマップ型プロトコルの両方を提供している場合、シーケンスとしての
   長さを返します。エラーが生じると "-1" を返します。 Python の式
   "len(o)" と同じです。

Py_ssize_t PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)

   オブジェクト *o* の概算の長さを返します。 最初に実際の長さを、次に
   "__length_hint__()" を使って概算の長さを、そして最後にデフォルトの
   値を返そうとします。 この関数は Python の式
   "operator.length_hint(o, defaultvalue)" と同じです。

   Added in version 3.4.

PyObject *PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *key* に対応する *o* の要素を返します。失敗すると
   "NULL" を返します。Python の式 "o[key]" と同じです。

int PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *key* を値 *v* に対応付けます。 失敗すると、例外を送出
   し "-1" を返します。成功すると "0" を返します。 これは Python の文
   "o[key] = v" と同等です。 この関数は *v* への参照を *盗み取りません
   * 。

int PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   オブジェクト *o* から *key* に関する対応付けを削除します。失敗する
   と "-1" を返します。Python の文 "del o[key]" と同じです。

int PyObject_DelItemString(PyObject *o, const char *key)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This is the same as "PyObject_DelItem()", but *key* is specified as
   a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

PyObject *PyObject_Dir(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   この関数は Python の式 "dir(o)" と同じで、オブジェクトの変数名に割
   り当てている文字列からなるリスト (空の場合もあります) を返します。
   エラーの場合には "NULL" を返します。引数を "NULL" にすると、Python
   における "dir()" と同様に、現在のローカルな名前を返します; この場合
   、アクティブな実行フレームがなければ "NULL" を返しますが、
   "PyErr_Occurred()" は偽を返します。

PyObject *PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   Python の式 "iter(o)" と同じです。引数にとったオブジェクトに対する
   新たなイテレータか、オブジェクトがすでにイテレータの場合にはオブジ
   ェクト自身を返します。オブジェクトが反復処理不可能であった場合には
   "TypeError" を送出して "NULL" を返します。

PyObject *PyObject_SelfIter(PyObject *obj)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI.*

   This is equivalent to the Python "__iter__(self): return self"
   method. It is intended for *iterator* types, to be used in the
   "PyTypeObject.tp_iter" slot.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAIter(PyObject *o)
    *戻り値: 新しい参照。** 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.10
   より).*

   This is the equivalent to the Python expression "aiter(o)". Takes
   an "AsyncIterable" object and returns an "AsyncIterator" for it.
   This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an
   "AsyncIterator", this returns itself. Raises "TypeError" and
   returns "NULL" if the object cannot be iterated.

   Added in version 3.10.

void *PyObject_GetTypeData(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *cls)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.12 より).*

   Get a pointer to subclass-specific data reserved for *cls*.

   The object *o* must be an instance of *cls*, and *cls* must have
   been created using negative "PyType_Spec.basicsize". Python does
   not check this.

   On error, set an exception and return "NULL".

   Added in version 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyType_GetTypeDataSize(PyTypeObject *cls)
    * 次に属します: Stable ABI (バージョン 3.12 より).*

   Return the size of the instance memory space reserved for *cls*,
   i.e. the size of the memory "PyObject_GetTypeData()" returns.

   This may be larger than requested using "-PyType_Spec.basicsize";
   it is safe to use this larger size (e.g. with "memset()").

   The type *cls* **must** have been created using negative
   "PyType_Spec.basicsize". Python does not check this.

   On error, set an exception and return a negative value.

   Added in version 3.12.

void *PyObject_GetItemData(PyObject *o)

   Get a pointer to per-item data for a class with
   "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END".

   On error, set an exception and return "NULL". "TypeError" is raised
   if *o* does not have "Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END" set.

   Added in version 3.12.

int PyObject_VisitManagedDict(PyObject *obj, visitproc visit, void *arg)

   Visit the managed dictionary of *obj*.

   This function must only be called in a traverse function of the
   type which has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" flag set.

   Added in version 3.13.

void PyObject_ClearManagedDict(PyObject *obj)

   Clear the managed dictionary of *obj*.

   This function must only be called in a clear function of the type
   which has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT" flag set.

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyUnstable_Object_EnableDeferredRefcount(PyObject *obj)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Enable deferred reference counting on *obj*, if supported by the
   runtime.  In the *free-threaded* build, this allows the interpreter
   to avoid reference count adjustments to *obj*, which may improve
   multi-threaded performance.  The tradeoff is that *obj* will only
   be deallocated by the tracing garbage collector, and not when the
   interpreter no longer has any references to it.

   This function returns "1" if deferred reference counting is enabled
   on *obj*, and "0" if deferred reference counting is not supported
   or if the hint was ignored by the interpreter, such as when
   deferred reference counting is already enabled on *obj*. This
   function is thread-safe, and cannot fail.

   This function does nothing on builds with the *GIL* enabled, which
   do not support deferred reference counting. This also does nothing
   if *obj* is not an object tracked by the garbage collector (see
   "gc.is_tracked()" and "PyObject_GC_IsTracked()").

   This function is intended to be used soon after *obj* is created,
   by the code that creates it, such as in the object's "tp_new" slot.

   Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Object_IsUniqueReferencedTemporary(PyObject *obj)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Check if *obj* is a unique temporary object. Returns "1" if *obj*
   is known to be a unique temporary object, and "0" otherwise.  This
   function cannot fail, but the check is conservative, and may return
   "0" in some cases even if *obj* is a unique temporary object.

   If an object is a unique temporary, it is guaranteed that the
   current code has the only reference to the object. For arguments to
   C functions, this should be used instead of checking if the
   reference count is "1". Starting with Python 3.14, the interpreter
   internally avoids some reference count modifications when loading
   objects onto the operands stack by *borrowing* references when
   possible, which means that a reference count of "1" by itself does
   not guarantee that a function argument uniquely referenced.

   In the example below, "my_func" is called with a unique temporary
   object as its argument:

      my_func([1, 2, 3])

   In the example below, "my_func" is **not** called with a unique
   temporary object as its argument, even if its refcount is "1":

      my_list = [1, 2, 3]
      my_func(my_list)

   See also the function "Py_REFCNT()".

   Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_IsImmortal(PyObject *obj)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   This function returns non-zero if *obj* is *immortal*, and zero
   otherwise. This function cannot fail.

   注釈:

     Objects that are immortal in one CPython version are not
     guaranteed to be immortal in another.

   Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_TryIncRef(PyObject *obj)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Increments the reference count of *obj* if it is not zero.  Returns
   "1" if the object's reference count was successfully incremented.
   Otherwise, this function returns "0".

   "PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef()" must have been called earlier on
   *obj* or this function may spuriously return "0" in the *free-
   threaded build*.

   This function is logically equivalent to the following C code,
   except that it behaves atomically in the *free-threaded build*:

      if (Py_REFCNT(op) > 0) {
         Py_INCREF(op);
         return 1;
      }
      return 0;

   This is intended as a building block for managing weak references
   without the overhead of a Python weak reference object.

   Typically, correct use of this function requires support from
   *obj*'s deallocator ("tp_dealloc"). For example, the following
   sketch could be adapted to implement a "weakmap" that works like a
   "WeakValueDictionary" for a specific type:

      PyMutex mutex;

      PyObject *
      add_entry(weakmap_key_type *key, PyObject *value)
      {
          PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef(value);
          weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
          PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
          weakmap_add_entry(weakmap, key, value);
          PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
          Py_RETURN_NONE;
      }

      PyObject *
      get_value(weakmap_key_type *key)
      {
          weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
          PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
          PyObject *result = weakmap_find(weakmap, key);
          if (PyUnstable_TryIncRef(result)) {
              // `result` is safe to use
              PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
              return result;
          }
          // if we get here, `result` is starting to be garbage-collected,
          // but has not been removed from the weakmap yet
          PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
          return NULL;
      }

      // tp_dealloc function for weakmap values
      void
      value_dealloc(PyObject *value)
      {
          weakmap_type weakmap = ...;
          PyMutex_Lock(&mutex);
          weakmap_remove_value(weakmap, value);

          ...
          PyMutex_Unlock(&mutex);
      }

   Added in version 3.14.

void PyUnstable_EnableTryIncRef(PyObject *obj)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Enables subsequent uses of "PyUnstable_TryIncRef()" on *obj*.  The
   caller must hold a *strong reference* to *obj* when calling this.

   Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Object_IsUniquelyReferenced(PyObject *op)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Determine if *op* only has one reference.

   On GIL-enabled builds, this function is equivalent to Py_REFCNT(op)
   == 1.

   On a *free-threaded build*, this checks if *op*'s *reference count*
   is equal to one and additionally checks if *op* is only used by
   this thread. Py_REFCNT(op) == 1 is **not** thread-safe on free-
   threaded builds; prefer this function.

   The caller must hold an *attached thread state*, despite the fact
   that this function doesn't call into the Python interpreter. This
   function cannot fail.

   Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_SetImmortal(PyObject *op)

   *これは Unstable APIです。マイナーリリースで予告なく変更されること
   があります。*

   Marks the object *op* *immortal*. The argument should be uniquely
   referenced by the calling thread. This is intended to be used for
   reducing reference counting contention in the *free-threaded build*
   for objects which are shared across threads.

   This is a one-way process: objects can only be made immortal; they
   cannot be made mortal once again. Immortal objects do not
   participate in reference counting and will never be garbage
   collected. If the object is GC-tracked, it is untracked.

   This function is intended to be used soon after *op* is created, by
   the code that creates it, such as in the object's "tp_new" slot.
   Returns 1 if the object was made immortal and returns 0 if it was
   not. This function cannot fail.

   Added in version 3.15.
