# `dataclasses` --- データクラス

ソースコード: Lib/dataclasses.py

This module provides a decorator and functions for automatically adding generated special methods such as `__init__()` and `__repr__()` to user-defined classes. It was originally described in PEP 557.

これらの生成されたメソッドで利用されるメンバー変数は PEP 526 型アノテーションを用いて定義されます。例えば、このコードでは:

    from dataclasses import dataclass

    @dataclass
    class InventoryItem:
        """Class for keeping track of an item in inventory."""
        name: str
        unit_price: float
        quantity_on_hand: int = 0

        def total_cost(self) -> float:
            return self.unit_price * self.quantity_on_hand

とりわけ、以下のような `__init__()` が追加されます:

    def __init__(self, name: str, unit_price: float, quantity_on_hand: int = 0):
        self.name = name
        self.unit_price = unit_price
        self.quantity_on_hand = quantity_on_hand

Note that this method is automatically added to the class: it is not directly specified in the `InventoryItem` definition shown above.

バージョン 3.7 で追加.

## モジュールの内容

@dataclasses.dataclass(*, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)

  この関数は、後述する 特殊メソッド を生成し、クラスに追加する decorator です。

  `@dataclass` デコレータは、`field` を探すためにクラスを検査します。`field` は 型アノテーション を持つクラス変数として定義されます。後述する２つの例外を除き、 `@dataclass` は変数アノテーションで指定した型を検査しません。

  生成されるすべてのメソッドの中でのフィールドの順序は、それらのフィールドがクラス定義に現れた順序です。

  `@dataclass` デコレータは、後述する様々な "ダンダー" メソッド (訳注：dunderはdouble underscoreの略で、メソッド名の前後にアンダースコアが2つ付いているメソッド) をクラスに追加します。クラスに既にこれらのメソッドが存在する場合の動作は、後述する引数によって異なります。デコレータは呼び出した際に指定したクラスと同じクラスを返します。新しいクラスは生成されません。

  If `@dataclass` is used just as a simple decorator with no parameters, it acts as if it has the default values documented in this signature. That is, these three uses of `@dataclass` are equivalent:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          ...

      @dataclass()
      class C:
          ...

      @dataclass(init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False,
                 match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)
      class C:
          ...

  The parameters to `@dataclass` are:

  - `init`: If true (the default), a `__init__()` method will be generated.

    If the class already defines `__init__()`, this parameter is ignored.

  - `repr`: If true (the default), a `__repr__()` method will be generated. The generated repr string will have the class name and the name and repr of each field, in the order they are defined in the class. Fields that are marked as being excluded from the repr are not included. For example: `InventoryItem(name='widget', unit_price=3.0, quantity_on_hand=10)`.

    If the class already defines `__repr__()`, this parameter is ignored.

  - `eq`: If true (the default), an `__eq__()` method will be generated. This method compares the class as if it were a tuple of its fields, in order. Both instances in the comparison must be of the identical type.

    If the class already defines `__eq__()`, this parameter is ignored.

  - `order`: If true (the default is `False`), `__lt__()`, `__le__()`, `__gt__()`, and `__ge__()` methods will be generated. These compare the class as if it were a tuple of its fields, in order. Both instances in the comparison must be of the identical type. If `order` is true and `eq` is false, a `ValueError` is raised.

    If the class already defines any of `__lt__()`, `__le__()`, `__gt__()`, or `__ge__()`, then `TypeError` is raised.

  - `unsafe_hash`: If `False` (the default), a `__hash__()` method is generated according to how `eq` and `frozen` are set.

    `__hash__()` is used by built-in `hash()`, and when objects are added to hashed collections such as dictionaries and sets. Having a `__hash__()` implies that instances of the class are immutable. Mutability is a complicated property that depends on the programmer's intent, the existence and behavior of `__eq__()`, and the values of the `eq` and `frozen` flags in the `@dataclass` decorator.

    By default, `@dataclass` will not implicitly add a `__hash__()` method unless it is safe to do so. Neither will it add or change an existing explicitly defined `__hash__()` method. Setting the class attribute `__hash__ = None` has a specific meaning to Python, as described in the `__hash__()` documentation.

    If `__hash__()` is not explicitly defined, or if it is set to `None`, then `@dataclass` may add an implicit `__hash__()` method. Although not recommended, you can force `@dataclass` to create a `__hash__()` method with `unsafe_hash=True`. This might be the case if your class is logically immutable but can still be mutated. This is a specialized use case and should be considered carefully.

    Here are the rules governing implicit creation of a `__hash__()` method. Note that you cannot both have an explicit `__hash__()` method in your dataclass and set `unsafe_hash=True`; this will result in a `TypeError`.

    If `eq` and `frozen` are both true, by default `@dataclass` will generate a `__hash__()` method for you. If `eq` is true and `frozen` is false, `__hash__()` will be set to `None`, marking it unhashable (which it is, since it is mutable). If `eq` is false, `__hash__()` will be left untouched meaning the `__hash__()` method of the superclass will be used (if the superclass is `object`, this means it will fall back to id-based hashing).

  - `frozen`: If true (the default is `False`), assigning to fields will generate an exception. This emulates read-only frozen instances. If `__setattr__()` or `__delattr__()` is defined in the class, then `TypeError` is raised. See the discussion below.

  - `match_args`: If true (the default is `True`), the `__match_args__` tuple will be created from the list of parameters to the generated `__init__()` method (even if `__init__()` is not generated, see above). If false, or if `__match_args__` is already defined in the class, then `__match_args__` will not be generated.

  > バージョン 3.10 で追加.

  - `kw_only`: If true (the default value is `False`), then all fields will be marked as keyword-only. If a field is marked as keyword-only, then the only effect is that the `__init__()` parameter generated from a keyword-only field must be specified with a keyword when `__init__()` is called. There is no effect on any other aspect of dataclasses. See the parameter glossary entry for details. Also see the `KW_ONLY` section.

  > バージョン 3.10 で追加.

  - `slots`: If true (the default is `False`), `__slots__` attribute will be generated and new class will be returned instead of the original one. If `__slots__` is already defined in the class, then `TypeError` is raised.

  > バージョン 3.10 で追加.

  > バージョン 3.11 で変更: If a field name is already included in the `__slots__` of a base class, it will not be included in the generated `__slots__` to prevent overriding them. Therefore, do not use `__slots__` to retrieve the field names of a dataclass. Use `fields()` instead. To be able to determine inherited slots, base class `__slots__` may be any iterable, but not an iterator.

  - `weakref_slot`: If true (the default is `False`), add a slot named "__weakref__", which is required to make an instance weakref-able. It is an error to specify `weakref_slot=True` without also specifying `slots=True`.

  > バージョン 3.11 で追加.

  `フィールド` には、通常の Python の文法でデフォルト値を指定できます。

      @dataclass
      class C:
          a: int       # 'a' has no default value
          b: int = 0   # assign a default value for 'b'

  In this example, both `a` and `b` will be included in the added `__init__()` method, which will be defined as:

      def __init__(self, a: int, b: int = 0):

  デフォルト値を指定しないフィールドを、デフォルト値を指定したフィールドの後ろに定義すると、 `TypeError` が送出されます。これは、単一のクラスであっても、クラス継承の結果でも起きえます。

dataclasses.field(*, default=MISSING, default_factory=MISSING, init=True, repr=True, hash=None, compare=True, metadata=None, kw_only=MISSING)

  For common and simple use cases, no other functionality is required. There are, however, some dataclass features that require additional per-field information. To satisfy this need for additional information, you can replace the default field value with a call to the provided `field()` function. For example:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          mylist: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)

      c = C()
      c.mylist += [1, 2, 3]

  As shown above, the `MISSING` value is a sentinel object used to detect if some parameters are provided by the user. This sentinel is used because `None` is a valid value for some parameters with a distinct meaning. No code should directly use the `MISSING` value.

  The parameters to `field()` are:

  - `default`: If provided, this will be the default value for this field. This is needed because the `field()` call itself replaces the normal position of the default value.

  - `default_factory`: If provided, it must be a zero-argument callable that will be called when a default value is needed for this field. Among other purposes, this can be used to specify fields with mutable default values, as discussed below. It is an error to specify both `default` and `default_factory`.

  - `init`: If true (the default), this field is included as a parameter to the generated `__init__()` method.

  - `repr`: If true (the default), this field is included in the string returned by the generated `__repr__()` method.

  - `hash`: This can be a bool or `None`. If true, this field is included in the generated `__hash__()` method. If `None` (the default), use the value of `compare`: this would normally be the expected behavior. A field should be considered in the hash if it's used for comparisons. Setting this value to anything other than `None` is discouraged.

    フィールドのハッシュ値を計算するコストが高い場合に、 `hash=False` だが `compare=True` と設定する理由が 1 つあるとすれば、フィールドが等価検査に必要かつ、その型のハッシュ値を計算するのに他のフィールドも使われることです。 フィールドがハッシュから除外されていたとしても、比較には使えます。

  - `compare`: If true (the default), this field is included in the generated equality and comparison methods (`__eq__()`, `__gt__()`, et al.).

  - `metadata`: This can be a mapping or None. None is treated as an empty dict. This value is wrapped in `MappingProxyType()` to make it read-only, and exposed on the `Field` object. It is not used at all by Data Classes, and is provided as a third-party extension mechanism. Multiple third-parties can each have their own key, to use as a namespace in the metadata.

  - `kw_only`: If true, this field will be marked as keyword-only. This is used when the generated `__init__()` method's parameters are computed.

  > バージョン 3.10 で追加.

  If the default value of a field is specified by a call to `field()`, then the class attribute for this field will be replaced by the specified `default` value. If no `default` is provided, then the class attribute will be deleted. The intent is that after the `@dataclass` decorator runs, the class attributes will all contain the default values for the fields, just as if the default value itself were specified. For example, after:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          x: int
          y: int = field(repr=False)
          z: int = field(repr=False, default=10)
          t: int = 20

  The class attribute `C.z` will be `10`, the class attribute `C.t` will be `20`, and the class attributes `C.x` and `C.y` will not be set.

class dataclasses.Field

  `Field` objects describe each defined field. These objects are created internally, and are returned by the `fields()` module-level method (see below). Users should never instantiate a `Field` object directly. Its documented attributes are:

  - `name`: The name of the field.

  - `type`: The type of the field.

  - `default`, `default_factory`, `init`, `repr`, `hash`, `compare`, `metadata`, and `kw_only` have the identical meaning and values as they do in the `field()` function.

  他の属性があることもありますが、それらはプライベートであり、調べたり、依存したりしてはなりません。

dataclasses.fields(class_or_instance)

  このデータクラスのフィールドを定義する `Field` オブジェクトをタプルで返します。 データクラスあるいはデータクラスのインスタンスを受け付けます。 データクラスやデータクラスのインスタンスが渡されなかった場合は、 `TypeError` を送出します。 `ClassVar` や `InitVar` といった疑似フィールドは返しません。

dataclasses.asdict(obj, *, dict_factory=dict)

  Converts the dataclass `obj` to a dict (by using the factory function `dict_factory`). Each dataclass is converted to a dict of its fields, as `name: value` pairs. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with `copy.deepcopy()`.

  Example of using `asdict()` on nested dataclasses:

      @dataclass
      class Point:
           x: int
           y: int

      @dataclass
      class C:
           mylist: list[Point]

      p = Point(10, 20)
      assert asdict(p) == {'x': 10, 'y': 20}

      c = C([Point(0, 0), Point(10, 4)])
      assert asdict(c) == {'mylist': [{'x': 0, 'y': 0}, {'x': 10, 'y': 4}]}

  To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used:

      dict((field.name, getattr(obj, field.name)) for field in fields(obj))

  `asdict()` raises `TypeError` if `obj` is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.astuple(obj, *, tuple_factory=tuple)

  Converts the dataclass `obj` to a tuple (by using the factory function `tuple_factory`). Each dataclass is converted to a tuple of its field values. dataclasses, dicts, lists, and tuples are recursed into. Other objects are copied with `copy.deepcopy()`.

  1つ前の例の続きです:

      assert astuple(p) == (10, 20)
      assert astuple(c) == ([(0, 0), (10, 4)],)

  To create a shallow copy, the following workaround may be used:

      tuple(getattr(obj, field.name) for field in dataclasses.fields(obj))

  `astuple()` raises `TypeError` if `obj` is not a dataclass instance.

dataclasses.make_dataclass(cls_name, fields, *, bases=(), namespace=None, init=True, repr=True, eq=True, order=False, unsafe_hash=False, frozen=False, match_args=True, kw_only=False, slots=False, weakref_slot=False)

  Creates a new dataclass with name `cls_name`, fields as defined in `fields`, base classes as given in `bases`, and initialized with a namespace as given in `namespace`. `fields` is an iterable whose elements are each either `name`, `(name, type)`, or `(name, type, Field)`. If just `name` is supplied, `typing.Any` is used for `type`. The values of `init`, `repr`, `eq`, `order`, `unsafe_hash`, `frozen`, `match_args`, `kw_only`, `slots`, and `weakref_slot` have the same meaning as they do in `@dataclass`.

  This function is not strictly required, because any Python mechanism for creating a new class with `__annotations__` can then apply the `@dataclass` function to convert that class to a dataclass. This function is provided as a convenience. For example:

      C = make_dataclass('C',
                         [('x', int),
                           'y',
                          ('z', int, field(default=5))],
                         namespace={'add_one': lambda self: self.x + 1})

  は、次のコードと等しいです:

      @dataclass
      class C:
          x: int
          y: 'typing.Any'
          z: int = 5

          def add_one(self):
              return self.x + 1

dataclasses.replace(obj, /, **changes)

  Creates a new object of the same type as `obj`, replacing fields with values from `changes`. If `obj` is not a Data Class, raises `TypeError`. If values in `changes` do not specify fields, raises `TypeError`.

  The newly returned object is created by calling the `__init__()` method of the dataclass. This ensures that __post_init__, if present, is also called.

  Init-only variables without default values, if any exist, must be specified on the call to `replace()` so that they can be passed to `__init__()` and `__post_init__()`.

  It is an error for `changes` to contain any fields that are defined as having `init=False`. A `ValueError` will be raised in this case.

  Be forewarned about how `init=False` fields work during a call to `replace()`. They are not copied from the source object, but rather are initialized in `__post_init__()`, if they're initialized at all. It is expected that `init=False` fields will be rarely and judiciously used. If they are used, it might be wise to have alternate class constructors, or perhaps a custom `replace()` (or similarly named) method which handles instance copying.

dataclasses.is_dataclass(obj)

  Return `True` if its parameter is a dataclass or an instance of one, otherwise return `False`.

  引数がデータクラスのインスタンスである (そして、データクラスそのものではない) かどうかを知る必要がある場合は、 `not isinstance(obj, type)` で追加のチェックをしてください:

      def is_dataclass_instance(obj):
          return is_dataclass(obj) and not isinstance(obj, type)

dataclasses.MISSING

  デフォルト値やdefault_factoryが設定されてない場合の番兵の値を設定します。

dataclasses.KW_ONLY

  A sentinel value used as a type annotation. Any fields after a pseudo-field with the type of `KW_ONLY` are marked as keyword-only fields. Note that a pseudo-field of type `KW_ONLY` is otherwise completely ignored. This includes the name of such a field. By convention, a name of `_` is used for a `KW_ONLY` field. Keyword-only fields signify `__init__()` parameters that must be specified as keywords when the class is instantiated.

  このサンプルでは `y` と `z` がキーワード専用フィールドとなります:

      @dataclass
      class Point:
          x: float
          _: KW_ONLY
          y: float
          z: float

      p = Point(0, y=1.5, z=2.0)

  In a single dataclass, it is an error to specify more than one field whose type is `KW_ONLY`.

  バージョン 3.10 で追加.

exception dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError

  `frozen=True` 付きで定義されたデータクラスで、暗黙的に定義された `__setattr__()` または `__delattr__()` が呼び出されたときに送出されます。これは `AttributeError` のサブクラスです。

## 初期化後の処理

The generated `__init__()` code will call a method named `__post_init__()`, if `__post_init__()` is defined on the class. It will normally be called as `self.__post_init__()`. However, if any `InitVar` fields are defined, they will also be passed to `__post_init__()` in the order they were defined in the class. If no `__init__()` method is generated, then `__post_init__()` will not automatically be called.

> When defined on the class, it will be called by the generated `__init__()`, normally as `self.__post_init__()`. However, if any `InitVar` fields are defined, they will also be passed to `__post_init__()` in the order they were defined in the class. If no `__init__()` method is generated, then `__post_init__()` will not automatically be called.

> > @dataclass class C:

> > > a: float b: float c: float = field(init=False)

> > > def __post_init__(self):

> > >   self.c = self.a + self.b

The `__init__()` method generated by `@dataclass` does not call base class `__init__()` methods. If the base class has an `__init__()` method that has to be called, it is common to call this method in a `__post_init__()` method:

    class Rectangle:
        def __init__(self, height, width):
          self.height = height
          self.width = width

    @dataclass
    class Square(Rectangle):
        side: float

        def __post_init__(self):
            super().__init__(self.side, self.side)

Note, however, that in general the dataclass-generated `__init__()` methods don't need to be called, since the derived dataclass will take care of initializing all fields of any base class that is a dataclass itself.

下にある初期化限定変数についての節で、 `__post_init__()` にパラメータを渡す方法を参照してください。 `replace()` が `init=False` であるフィールドをどう取り扱うかについての警告も参照してください。

## クラス変数

One of the few places where `@dataclass` actually inspects the type of a field is to determine if a field is a class variable as defined in PEP 526. It does this by checking if the type of the field is `typing.ClassVar`. If a field is a `ClassVar`, it is excluded from consideration as a field and is ignored by the dataclass mechanisms. Such `ClassVar` pseudo-fields are not returned by the module-level `fields()` function.

## 初期化限定変数

Another place where `@dataclass` inspects a type annotation is to determine if a field is an init-only variable. It does this by seeing if the type of a field is of type `dataclasses.InitVar`. If a field is an `InitVar`, it is considered a pseudo-field called an init-only field. As it is not a true field, it is not returned by the module-level `fields()` function. Init-only fields are added as parameters to the generated `__init__()` method, and are passed to the optional __post_init__ method. They are not otherwise used by dataclasses.

例えば、あるフィールドがデータベースから初期化されると仮定して、クラスを作成するときには値が与えられない次の場合を考えます:

    @dataclass
    class C:
        i: int
        j: int | None = None
        database: InitVar[DatabaseType | None] = None

        def __post_init__(self, database):
            if self.j is None and database is not None:
                self.j = database.lookup('j')

    c = C(10, database=my_database)

In this case, `fields()` will return `Field` objects for `i` and `j`, but not for `database`.

## 凍結されたインスタンス

It is not possible to create truly immutable Python objects. However, by passing `frozen=True` to the `@dataclass` decorator you can emulate immutability. In that case, dataclasses will add `__setattr__()` and `__delattr__()` methods to the class. These methods will raise a `FrozenInstanceError` when invoked.

There is a tiny performance penalty when using `frozen=True`: `__init__()` cannot use simple assignment to initialize fields, and must use `__setattr__()`.

## 継承

When the dataclass is being created by the `@dataclass` decorator, it looks through all of the class's base classes in reverse MRO (that is, starting at `object`) and, for each dataclass that it finds, adds the fields from that base class to an ordered mapping of fields. After all of the base class fields are added, it adds its own fields to the ordered mapping. All of the generated methods will use this combined, calculated ordered mapping of fields. Because the fields are in insertion order, derived classes override base classes. An example:

    @dataclass
    class Base:
        x: Any = 15.0
        y: int = 0

    @dataclass
    class C(Base):
        z: int = 10
        x: int = 15

The final list of fields is, in order, `x`, `y`, `z`. The final type of `x` is `int`, as specified in class `C`.

The generated `__init__()` method for `C` will look like:

    def __init__(self, x: int = 15, y: int = 0, z: int = 10):

## Re-ordering of keyword-only parameters in `__init__()`

`__init__()` で必要なパラメータが算出されると、キーワード専用引数は他の一般的な（非キーワード専用）パラメータの後に移動します。これは、すべてのキーワード専用引数は、非キーワード専用パラメータの末尾にこなければならないという、キーワード専用パラメータのPythonの実装の都合で必要なことです。

In this example, `Base.y`, `Base.w`, and `D.t` are keyword-only fields, and `Base.x` and `D.z` are regular fields:

    @dataclass
    class Base:
        x: Any = 15.0
        _: KW_ONLY
        y: int = 0
        w: int = 1

    @dataclass
    class D(Base):
        z: int = 10
        t: int = field(kw_only=True, default=0)

The generated `__init__()` method for `D` will look like:

    def __init__(self, x: Any = 15.0, z: int = 10, *, y: int = 0, w: int = 1, t: int = 0):

パラメータは、フィールドのリストの表示方法によって並べ替えられます。通常のフィールドから派生したパラメータの後に、キーワードのみのフィールドから派生したパラメータが続きます。

The relative ordering of keyword-only parameters is maintained in the re-ordered `__init__()` parameter list.

## デフォルトファクトリ関数

If a `field()` specifies a `default_factory`, it is called with zero arguments when a default value for the field is needed. For example, to create a new instance of a list, use:

    mylist: list = field(default_factory=list)

If a field is excluded from `__init__()` (using `init=False`) and the field also specifies `default_factory`, then the default factory function will always be called from the generated `__init__()` function. This happens because there is no other way to give the field an initial value.

## 可変なデフォルト値

Python はメンバ変数のデフォルト値をクラス属性に保持します。 データクラスを使っていない、この例を考えてみましょう:

    class C:
        x = []
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

    o1 = C()
    o2 = C()
    o1.add(1)
    o2.add(2)
    assert o1.x == [1, 2]
    assert o1.x is o2.x

Note that the two instances of class `C` share the same class variable `x`, as expected.

データクラスを使っているこのコードが もし仮に 有効なものだとしたら:

    @dataclass
    class D:
        x: list = []      # This code raises ValueError
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

データクラスは次のようなコードを生成するでしょう:

    class D:
        x = []
        def __init__(self, x=x):
            self.x = x
        def add(self, element):
            self.x.append(element)

    assert D().x is D().x

This has the same issue as the original example using class `C`. That is, two instances of class `D` that do not specify a value for `x` when creating a class instance will share the same copy of `x`. Because dataclasses just use normal Python class creation they also share this behavior. There is no general way for Data Classes to detect this condition. Instead, the `@dataclass` decorator will raise a `ValueError` if it detects an unhashable default parameter. The assumption is that if a value is unhashable, it is mutable. This is a partial solution, but it does protect against many common errors.

デフォルトファクトリ関数を使うのが、フィールドのデフォルト値として可変な型の新しいインスタンスを作成する手段です:

    @dataclass
    class D:
        x: list = field(default_factory=list)

    assert D().x is not D().x

バージョン 3.11 で変更: Instead of looking for and disallowing objects of type `list`, `dict`, or `set`, unhashable objects are now not allowed as default values. Unhashability is used to approximate mutability.

## Descriptor-typed fields

Fields that are assigned descriptor objects as their default value have the following special behaviors:

- The value for the field passed to the dataclass's `__init__()` method is passed to the descriptor's `__set__()` method rather than overwriting the descriptor object.

- Similarly, when getting or setting the field, the descriptor's `__get__()` or `__set__()` method is called rather than returning or overwriting the descriptor object.

- To determine whether a field contains a default value, `@dataclass` will call the descriptor's `__get__()` method using its class access form: `descriptor.__get__(obj=None, type=cls)`. If the descriptor returns a value in this case, it will be used as the field's default. On the other hand, if the descriptor raises `AttributeError` in this situation, no default value will be provided for the field.

    class IntConversionDescriptor:
        def __init__(self, *, default):
            self._default = default

        def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
            self._name = "_" + name

        def __get__(self, obj, type):
            if obj is None:
                return self._default

            return getattr(obj, self._name, self._default)

        def __set__(self, obj, value):
            setattr(obj, self._name, int(value))

    @dataclass
    class InventoryItem:
        quantity_on_hand: IntConversionDescriptor = IntConversionDescriptor(default=100)

    i = InventoryItem()
    print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 100
    i.quantity_on_hand = 2.5    # calls __set__ with 2.5
    print(i.quantity_on_hand)   # 2

Note that if a field is annotated with a descriptor type, but is not assigned a descriptor object as its default value, the field will act like a normal field.