Module Objects
**************

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   This instance of "PyTypeObject" represents the Python module type.
   This is exposed to Python programs as "types.ModuleType".

int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)

   Return true if *p* is a module object, or a subtype of a module
   object. This function always succeeds.

int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   Return true if *p* is a module object, but not a subtype of
   "PyModule_Type".  This function always succeeds.

PyObject *PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile
   dalla versione 3.7.*

   Return a new module object with "module.__name__" set to *name*.
   The module's "__name__", "__doc__", "__package__" and "__loader__"
   attributes are filled in (all but "__name__" are set to "None").
   The caller is responsible for setting a "__file__" attribute.

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   Added in version 3.3.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.4: "__package__" and "__loader__" are now
   set to "None".

PyObject *PyModule_New(const char *name)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Similar to "PyModule_NewObject()", but the name is a UTF-8 encoded
   string instead of a Unicode object.

PyObject *PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
    *Valore di ritorno: Riferimento preso in prestito.** Parte del ABI
   Stabile.*

   Return the dictionary object that implements *module*'s namespace;
   this object is the same as the "__dict__" attribute of the module
   object. If *module* is not a module object (or a subtype of a
   module object), "SystemError" is raised and "NULL" is returned.

   It is recommended extensions use other "PyModule_*" and
   "PyObject_*" functions rather than directly manipulate a module's
   "__dict__".

PyObject *PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *module)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile
   dalla versione 3.7.*

   Return *module*'s "__name__" value.  If the module does not provide
   one, or if it is not a string, "SystemError" is raised and "NULL"
   is returned.

   Added in version 3.3.

const char *PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Similar to "PyModule_GetNameObject()" but return the name encoded
   to "'utf-8'".

void *PyModule_GetState(PyObject *module)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Return the "state" of the module, that is, a pointer to the block
   of memory allocated at module creation time, or "NULL".  See
   "PyModuleDef.m_size".

PyModuleDef *PyModule_GetDef(PyObject *module)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Return a pointer to the "PyModuleDef" struct from which the module
   was created, or "NULL" if the module wasn't created from a
   definition.

PyObject *PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *module)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Return the name of the file from which *module* was loaded using
   *module*'s "__file__" attribute.  If this is not defined, or if it
   is not a string, raise "SystemError" and return "NULL"; otherwise
   return a reference to a Unicode object.

   Added in version 3.2.

const char *PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Similar to "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" but return the filename
   encoded to 'utf-8'.

   Deprecato dalla versione 3.2: "PyModule_GetFilename()" raises
   "UnicodeEncodeError" on unencodable filenames, use
   "PyModule_GetFilenameObject()" instead.


Module definitions
******************

The functions in the previous section work on any module object,
including modules imported from Python code.

Modules defined using the C API typically use a *module definition*,
"PyModuleDef" -- a statically allocated, constant “description" of how
a module should be created.

The definition is usually used to define an extension's “main” module
object (see Defining extension modules for details). It is also used
to create extension modules dynamically.

Unlike "PyModule_New()", the definition allows management of *module
state* -- a piece of memory that is allocated and cleared together
with the module object. Unlike the module's Python attributes, Python
code cannot replace or delete data stored in module state.

type PyModuleDef
    * Parte del ABI Stabile (inclusi tutti i membri).*

   The module definition struct, which holds all information needed to
   create a module object. This structure must be statically allocated
   (or be otherwise guaranteed to be valid while any modules created
   from it exist). Usually, there is only one variable of this type
   for each extension module.

   PyModuleDef_Base m_base

      Always initialize this member to "PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT".

   const char *m_name

      Name for the new module.

   const char *m_doc

      Docstring for the module; usually a docstring variable created
      with "PyDoc_STRVAR" is used.

   Py_ssize_t m_size

      Module state may be kept in a per-module memory area that can be
      retrieved with "PyModule_GetState()", rather than in static
      globals. This makes modules safe for use in multiple sub-
      interpreters.

      This memory area is allocated based on *m_size* on module
      creation, and freed when the module object is deallocated, after
      the "m_free" function has been called, if present.

      Setting it to a non-negative value means that the module can be
      re-initialized and specifies the additional amount of memory it
      requires for its state.

      Setting "m_size" to "-1" means that the module does not support
      sub-interpreters, because it has global state. Negative "m_size"
      is only allowed when using legacy single-phase initialization or
      when creating modules dynamically.

      See **PEP 3121** for more details.

   PyMethodDef *m_methods

      A pointer to a table of module-level functions, described by
      "PyMethodDef" values.  Can be "NULL" if no functions are
      present.

   PyModuleDef_Slot *m_slots

      An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization,
      terminated by a "{0, NULL}" entry. When using legacy single-
      phase initialization, *m_slots* must be "NULL".

      Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Prior to version 3.5, this member
      was always set to "NULL", and was defined as:

         inquiry m_reload

   traverseproc m_traverse

      A traversal function to call during GC traversal of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      Cambiato nella versione 3.9: No longer called before the module
      state is allocated.

   inquiry m_clear

      A clear function to call during GC clearing of the module
      object, or "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      Like "PyTypeObject.tp_clear", this function is not *always*
      called before a module is deallocated. For example, when
      reference counting is enough to determine that an object is no
      longer used, the cyclic garbage collector is not involved and
      "m_free" is called directly.

      Cambiato nella versione 3.9: No longer called before the module
      state is allocated.

   freefunc m_free

      A function to call during deallocation of the module object, or
      "NULL" if not needed.

      This function is not called if the module state was requested
      but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the
      module is created and before the module is executed
      ("Py_mod_exec" function). More precisely, this function is not
      called if "m_size" is greater than 0 and the module state (as
      returned by "PyModule_GetState()") is "NULL".

      Cambiato nella versione 3.9: No longer called before the module
      state is allocated.


Module slots
============

type PyModuleDef_Slot

   int slot

      A slot ID, chosen from the available values explained below.

   void *value

      Value of the slot, whose meaning depends on the slot ID.

   Added in version 3.5.

The available slot types are:

Py_mod_create

   Specifies a function that is called to create the module object
   itself. The *value* pointer of this slot must point to a function
   of the signature:

   PyObject *create_module(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def)

   The function receives a "ModuleSpec" instance, as defined in **PEP
   451**, and the module definition. It should return a new module
   object, or set an error and return "NULL".

   This function should be kept minimal. In particular, it should not
   call arbitrary Python code, as trying to import the same module
   again may result in an infinite loop.

   Multiple "Py_mod_create" slots may not be specified in one module
   definition.

   If "Py_mod_create" is not specified, the import machinery will
   create a normal module object using "PyModule_New()". The name is
   taken from *spec*, not the definition, to allow extension modules
   to dynamically adjust to their place in the module hierarchy and be
   imported under different names through symlinks, all while sharing
   a single module definition.

   There is no requirement for the returned object to be an instance
   of "PyModule_Type". Any type can be used, as long as it supports
   setting and getting import-related attributes. However, only
   "PyModule_Type" instances may be returned if the "PyModuleDef" has
   non-"NULL" "m_traverse", "m_clear", "m_free"; non-zero "m_size"; or
   slots other than "Py_mod_create".

Py_mod_exec

   Specifies a function that is called to *execute* the module. This
   is equivalent to executing the code of a Python module: typically,
   this function adds classes and constants to the module. The
   signature of the function is:

   int exec_module(PyObject *module)

   If multiple "Py_mod_exec" slots are specified, they are processed
   in the order they appear in the *m_slots* array.

Py_mod_multiple_interpreters

   Specifies one of the following values:

   Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED

      The module does not support being imported in subinterpreters.

   Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED

      The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, but only
      when they share the main interpreter's GIL. (See Isolating
      Extension Modules.)

   Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED

      The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, even when
      they have their own GIL. (See Isolating Extension Modules.)

   This slot determines whether or not importing this module in a
   subinterpreter will fail.

   Multiple "Py_mod_multiple_interpreters" slots may not be specified
   in one module definition.

   If "Py_mod_multiple_interpreters" is not specified, the import
   machinery defaults to "Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED".

   Added in version 3.12.

Py_mod_gil

   Specifies one of the following values:

   Py_MOD_GIL_USED

      The module depends on the presence of the global interpreter
      lock (GIL), and may access global state without synchronization.

   Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED

      The module is safe to run without an active GIL.

   This slot is ignored by Python builds not configured with "--
   disable-gil".  Otherwise, it determines whether or not importing
   this module will cause the GIL to be automatically enabled. See
   Free-threaded CPython for more detail.

   Multiple "Py_mod_gil" slots may not be specified in one module
   definition.

   If "Py_mod_gil" is not specified, the import machinery defaults to
   "Py_MOD_GIL_USED".

   Added in version 3.13.


Creating extension modules dynamically
**************************************

The following functions may be used to create a module outside of an
extension's initialization function. They are also used in single-
phase initialization.

PyObject *PyModule_Create(PyModuleDef *def)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *def*. This is
   a macro that calls "PyModule_Create2()" with *module_api_version*
   set to "PYTHON_API_VERSION", or to "PYTHON_ABI_VERSION" if using
   the limited API.

PyObject *PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef *def, int module_api_version)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *def*, assuming
   the API version *module_api_version*.  If that version does not
   match the version of the running interpreter, a "RuntimeWarning" is
   emitted.

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   This function does not support slots. The "m_slots" member of *def*
   must be "NULL".

   Nota:

     Most uses of this function should be using "PyModule_Create()"
     instead; only use this if you are sure you need it.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.*

   This macro calls "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()" with
   *module_api_version* set to "PYTHON_API_VERSION", or to
   "PYTHON_ABI_VERSION" if using the limited API.

   Added in version 3.5.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
    *Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento.** Parte del ABI Stabile
   dalla versione 3.7.*

   Create a new module object, given the definition in *def* and the
   ModuleSpec *spec*, assuming the API version *module_api_version*.
   If that version does not match the version of the running
   interpreter, a "RuntimeWarning" is emitted.

   Return "NULL" with an exception set on error.

   Note that this does not process execution slots ("Py_mod_exec").
   Both "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec" and "PyModule_ExecDef" must be
   called to fully initialize a module.

   Nota:

     Most uses of this function should be using
     "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()" instead; only use this if you are
     sure you need it.

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.7.*

   Process any execution slots ("Py_mod_exec") given in *def*.

   Added in version 3.5.

PYTHON_API_VERSION

   The C API version. Defined for backwards compatibility.

   Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and
   is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

PYTHON_ABI_VERSION

   Defined as "3" for backwards compatibility.

   Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and
   is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.


Support functions
*****************

The following functions are provided to help initialize a module
state. They are intended for a module's execution slots
("Py_mod_exec"), the initialization function for legacy single-phase
initialization, or code that creates modules dynamically.

int PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.10.*

   Add an object to *module* as *name*.  This is a convenience
   function which can be used from the module's initialization
   function.

   On success, return "0". On error, raise an exception and return
   "-1".

   Example usage:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          if (obj == NULL) {
              return -1;
          }
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_DECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

   To be convenient, the function accepts "NULL" *value* with an
   exception set. In this case, return "-1" and just leave the raised
   exception unchanged.

   The example can also be written without checking explicitly if
   *obj* is "NULL":

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

   Note that "Py_XDECREF()" should be used instead of "Py_DECREF()" in
   this case, since *obj* can be "NULL".

   The number of different *name* strings passed to this function
   should be kept small, usually by only using statically allocated
   strings as *name*. For names that aren't known at compile time,
   prefer calling "PyUnicode_FromString()" and "PyObject_SetAttr()"
   directly. For more details, see "PyUnicode_InternFromString()",
   which may be used internally to create a key object.

   Added in version 3.10.

int PyModule_Add(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.13.*

   Similar to "PyModule_AddObjectRef()", but "steals" a reference to
   *value*. It can be called with a result of function that returns a
   new reference without bothering to check its result or even saving
   it to a variable.

   Example usage:

      if (PyModule_Add(module, "spam", PyBytes_FromString(value)) < 0) {
          goto error;
      }

   Added in version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Similar to "PyModule_AddObjectRef()", but steals a reference to
   *value* on success (if it returns "0").

   The new "PyModule_Add()" or "PyModule_AddObjectRef()" functions are
   recommended, since it is easy to introduce reference leaks by
   misusing the "PyModule_AddObject()" function.

   Nota:

     Unlike other functions that steal references,
     "PyModule_AddObject()" only releases the reference to *value*
     **on success**.This means that its return value must be checked,
     and calling code must "Py_XDECREF()" *value* manually on error.

   Example usage:

      PyObject *obj = PyBytes_FromString(value);
      if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "spam", obj) < 0) {
          // If 'obj' is not NULL and PyModule_AddObject() failed,
          // 'obj' strong reference must be deleted with Py_XDECREF().
          // If 'obj' is NULL, Py_XDECREF() does nothing.
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          goto error;
      }
      // PyModule_AddObject() stole a reference to obj:
      // Py_XDECREF(obj) is not needed here.

   Deprecato dalla versione 3.13: "PyModule_AddObject()" is *soft
   deprecated*.

int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Add an integer constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   This is a convenience function that calls "PyLong_FromLong()" and
   "PyModule_AddObjectRef()"; see their documentation for details.

int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile.*

   Add a string constant to *module* as *name*.  This convenience
   function can be used from the module's initialization function.
   The string *value* must be "NULL"-terminated. Return "-1" with an
   exception set on error, "0" on success.

   This is a convenience function that calls
   "PyUnicode_InternFromString()" and "PyModule_AddObjectRef()"; see
   their documentation for details.

PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, macro)

   Add an int constant to *module*. The name and the value are taken
   from *macro*. For example "PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, AF_INET)"
   adds the int constant *AF_INET* with the value of *AF_INET* to
   *module*. Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on
   success.

PyModule_AddStringMacro(module, macro)

   Add a string constant to *module*.

int PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.10.*

   Add a type object to *module*. The type object is finalized by
   calling internally "PyType_Ready()". The name of the type object is
   taken from the last component of "tp_name" after dot. Return "-1"
   with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.9.

int PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *module, PyMethodDef *functions)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.7.*

   Add the functions from the "NULL" terminated *functions* array to
   *module*. Refer to the "PyMethodDef" documentation for details on
   individual entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace,
   module level "functions" implemented in C typically receive the
   module as their first parameter, making them similar to instance
   methods on Python classes).

   This function is called automatically when creating a module from
   "PyModuleDef" (such as when using Multi-phase initialization,
   "PyModule_Create", or "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec"). Some module
   authors may prefer defining functions in multiple "PyMethodDef"
   arrays; in that case they should call this function directly.

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *module, const char *docstring)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.7.*

   Set the docstring for *module* to *docstring*. This function is
   called automatically when creating a module from "PyModuleDef"
   (such as when using Multi-phase initialization, "PyModule_Create",
   or "PyModule_FromDefAndSpec").

   Added in version 3.5.

int PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(PyObject *module, void *gil)

   *Questa pagina API Instabile. Potrebbe cambiare senza preavviso
   nelle release minori.*

   Indicate that *module* does or does not support running without the
   global interpreter lock (GIL), using one of the values from
   "Py_mod_gil". It must be called during *module*'s initialization
   function when using Legacy single-phase initialization. If this
   function is not called during module initialization, the import
   machinery assumes the module does not support running without the
   GIL. This function is only available in Python builds configured
   with "--disable-gil". Return "-1" with an exception set on error,
   "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.13.


Module lookup (single-phase initialization)
===========================================

The legacy single-phase initialization initialization scheme creates
singleton modules that can be looked up in the context of the current
interpreter. This allows the module object to be retrieved later with
only a reference to the module definition.

These functions will not work on modules created using multi-phase
initialization, since multiple such modules can be created from a
single definition.

PyObject *PyState_FindModule(PyModuleDef *def)
    *Valore di ritorno: Riferimento preso in prestito.** Parte del ABI
   Stabile.*

   Returns the module object that was created from *def* for the
   current interpreter. This method requires that the module object
   has been attached to the interpreter state with
   "PyState_AddModule()" beforehand. In case the corresponding module
   object is not found or has not been attached to the interpreter
   state yet, it returns "NULL".

int PyState_AddModule(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.3.*

   Attaches the module object passed to the function to the
   interpreter state. This allows the module object to be accessible
   via "PyState_FindModule()".

   Only effective on modules created using single-phase
   initialization.

   Python calls "PyState_AddModule" automatically after importing a
   module that uses single-phase initialization, so it is unnecessary
   (but harmless) to call it from module initialization code. An
   explicit call is needed only if the module's own init code
   subsequently calls "PyState_FindModule". The function is mainly
   intended for implementing alternative import mechanisms (either by
   calling it directly, or by referring to its implementation for
   details of the required state updates).

   If a module was attached previously using the same *def*, it is
   replaced by the new *module*.

   The caller must have an *attached thread state*.

   Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   Added in version 3.3.

int PyState_RemoveModule(PyModuleDef *def)
    * Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.3.*

   Removes the module object created from *def* from the interpreter
   state. Return "-1" with an exception set on error, "0" on success.

   The caller must have an *attached thread state*.

   Added in version 3.3.
