# `socket` — Low-level networking interface

Source code: Lib/socket.py

This module provides access to the BSD socket interface. It is available on all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably additional platforms.

Nota

Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating system socket APIs.

Availability: not WASI.

This module does not work or is not available on WebAssembly. See WebAssembly platforms for more information.

The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system call and library interface for sockets to Python’s object-oriented style: the `socket()` function returns a socket object whose methods implement the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than in the C interface: as with `read()` and `write()` operations on Python files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length is implicit on send operations.

Vedi anche

Module `socketserver`

  Classes that simplify writing network servers.

Module `ssl`

  A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.

## Socket families

Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families are supported by this module.

The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was created. Socket addresses are represented as follows:

- The address of an `AF_UNIX` socket bound to a file system node is represented as a string, using the file system encoding and the `'surrogateescape'` error handler (see PEP 383). An address in Linux’s abstract namespace is returned as a bytes-like object with an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can communicate with normal file system sockets, so programs intended to run on Linux may need to deal with both types of address. A string or bytes-like object can be used for either type of address when passing it as an argument.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: Previously, `AF_UNIX` socket paths were assumed to use UTF-8 encoding.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.

- A pair `(host, port)` is used for the `AF_INET` address family, where host is a string representing either a hostname in internet domain notation like `'daring.cwi.nl'` or an IPv4 address like `'100.50.200.5'`, and port is an integer.

  - For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host address: `''` represents `INADDR_ANY`, which is used to bind to all interfaces, and the string `'<broadcast>'` represents `INADDR_BROADCAST`. This behavior is not compatible with IPv6, therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with your Python programs.

- For `AF_INET6` address family, a four-tuple `(host, port, flowinfo, scope_id)` is used, where flowinfo and scope_id represent the `sin6_flowinfo` and `sin6_scope_id` members in `struct sockaddr_in6` in C. For `socket` module methods, flowinfo and scope_id can be omitted just for backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of scope_id can cause problems in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: For multicast addresses (with scope_id meaningful) address may not contain `%scope_id` (or `zone id`) part. This information is superfluous and may be safely omitted (recommended).

- `AF_NETLINK` sockets are represented as pairs `(pid, groups)`.

- Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the `AF_TIPC` address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is `(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])`, where:

  - addr_type is one of `TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, `TIPC_ADDR_NAME`, or `TIPC_ADDR_ID`.

  - scope is one of `TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE`, `TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE`, and `TIPC_NODE_SCOPE`.

  - If addr_type is `TIPC_ADDR_NAME`, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the port identifier, and v3 should be 0.

    If addr_type is `TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, then v1 is the server type, v2 is the lower port number, and v3 is the upper port number.

    If addr_type is `TIPC_ADDR_ID`, then v1 is the node, v2 is the reference, and v3 should be set to 0.

- A tuple `(interface, )` is used for the `AF_CAN` address family, where interface is a string representing a network interface name like `'can0'`. The network interface name `''` can be used to receive packets from all network interfaces of this family.

  - `CAN_ISOTP` protocol require a tuple `(interface, rx_addr, tx_addr)` where both additional parameters are unsigned long integer that represent a CAN identifier (standard or extended).

  - `CAN_J1939` protocol require a tuple `(interface, name, pgn, addr)` where additional parameters are 64-bit unsigned integer representing the ECU name, a 32-bit unsigned integer representing the Parameter Group Number (PGN), and an 8-bit integer representing the address.

- A string or a tuple `(id, unit)` is used for the `SYSPROTO_CONTROL` protocol of the `PF_SYSTEM` family. The string is the name of a kernel control using a dynamically assigned ID. The tuple can be used if ID and unit number of the kernel control are known or if a registered ID is used.

  Added in version 3.3.

- `AF_BLUETOOTH` supports the following protocols and address formats:

  - `BTPROTO_L2CAP` accepts a tuple `(bdaddr, psm[, cid[, bdaddr_type]])` where:

    - `bdaddr` is a string specifying the Bluetooth address.

    - `psm` is an integer specifying the Protocol/Service Multiplexer.

    - `cid` is an optional integer specifying the Channel Identifier. If not given, defaults to zero.

    - `bdaddr_type` is an optional integer specifying the address type; one of `BDADDR_BREDR` (default), `BDADDR_LE_PUBLIC`, `BDADDR_LE_RANDOM`.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Added `cid` and `bdaddr_type` fields.

  - `BTPROTO_RFCOMM` accepts `(bdaddr, channel)` where `bdaddr` is the Bluetooth address as a string and `channel` is an integer.

  - `BTPROTO_HCI` accepts a format that depends on your OS.

    - On Linux it accepts an integer `device_id` or a tuple `(device_id, [channel])` where `device_id` specifies the number of the Bluetooth device, and `channel` is an optional integer specifying the HCI channel (`HCI_CHANNEL_RAW` by default).

    - On FreeBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD it accepts `bdaddr` where `bdaddr` is the Bluetooth address as a string.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.2: NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.13.3: FreeBSD support added.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Added `channel` field. `device_id` not packed in a tuple is now accepted.

  - `BTPROTO_SCO` accepts `bdaddr` where `bdaddr` is the Bluetooth address as a string or a `bytes` object. (ex. `'12:23:34:45:56:67'` or `b'12:23:34:45:56:67'`)

    Cambiato nella versione 3.14: FreeBSD support added.

- `AF_ALG` is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel cryptography. An algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two to four elements `(type, name [, feat [, mask]])`, where:

  - type is the algorithm type as string, e.g. `aead`, `hash`, `skcipher` or `rng`.

  - name is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g. `sha256`, `hmac(sha256)`, `cbc(aes)` or `drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256`.

  - feat and mask are unsigned 32bit integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

  Some algorithm types require more recent Kernels.

  Added in version 3.6.

- `AF_VSOCK` allows communication between virtual machines and their hosts. The sockets are represented as a `(CID, port)` tuple where the context ID or CID and port are integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 3.9

  See vsock(7)

  Added in version 3.7.

- `AF_PACKET` is a low-level interface directly to network devices. The addresses are represented by the tuple `(ifname, proto[, pkttype[, hatype[, addr]]])` where:

  - ifname - String specifying the device name.

  - proto - The Ethernet protocol number. May be `ETH_P_ALL` to capture all protocols, one of the ETHERTYPE_* constants or any other Ethernet protocol number.

  - pkttype - Optional integer specifying the packet type:

    - `PACKET_HOST` (the default) - Packet addressed to the local host.

    - `PACKET_BROADCAST` - Physical-layer broadcast packet.

    - `PACKET_MULTICAST` - Packet sent to a physical-layer multicast address.

    - `PACKET_OTHERHOST` - Packet to some other host that has been caught by a device driver in promiscuous mode.

    - `PACKET_OUTGOING` - Packet originating from the local host that is looped back to a packet socket.

  - hatype - Optional integer specifying the ARP hardware address type.

  - addr - Optional bytes-like object specifying the hardware physical address, whose interpretation depends on the device.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.2.

- `AF_QIPCRTR` is a Linux-only socket based interface for communicating with services running on co-processors in Qualcomm platforms. The address family is represented as a `(node, port)` tuple where the node and port are non-negative integers.

  Availability: Linux >= 4.7.

  Added in version 3.8.

- `IPPROTO_UDPLITE` is a variant of UDP which allows you to specify what portion of a packet is covered with the checksum. It adds two socket options that you can change. `self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, length)` will change what portion of outgoing packets are covered by the checksum and `self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, length)` will filter out packets which cover too little of their data. In both cases `length` should be in `range(8, 2**16, 8)`.

  Such a socket should be constructed with `socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)` for IPv4 or `socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)` for IPv6.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.20, FreeBSD >= 10.1

  Added in version 3.9.

- `AF_HYPERV` is a Windows-only socket based interface for communicating with Hyper-V hosts and guests. The address family is represented as a `(vm_id, service_id)` tuple where the `vm_id` and `service_id` are UUID strings.

  The `vm_id` is the virtual machine identifier or a set of known VMID values if the target is not a specific virtual machine. Known VMID constants defined on `socket` are:

  - `HV_GUID_ZERO`

  - `HV_GUID_BROADCAST`

  - `HV_GUID_WILDCARD` - Used to bind on itself and accept connections from all partitions.

  - `HV_GUID_CHILDREN` - Used to bind on itself and accept connection from child partitions.

  - `HV_GUID_LOOPBACK` - Used as a target to itself.

  - `HV_GUID_PARENT` - When used as a bind accepts connection from the parent partition. When used as an address target it will connect to the parent partition.

  The `service_id` is the service identifier of the registered service.

  Added in version 3.12.

If you use a hostname in the host portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a numeric address in host portion.

All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types and out-of-memory conditions can be raised. Errors related to socket or address semantics raise `OSError` or one of its subclasses.

Non-blocking mode is supported through `setblocking()`. A generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through `settimeout()`.

## Module contents

The module `socket` exports the following elements.

### Exceptions

exception socket.error

  A deprecated alias of `OSError`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: Following PEP 3151, this class was made an alias of `OSError`.

exception socket.herror

  A subclass of `OSError`, this exception is raised for address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use h_errno in the POSIX C API, including `gethostbyname_ex()` and `gethostbyaddr()`. The accompanying value is a pair `(h_errno, string)` representing an error returned by a library call. h_errno is a numeric value, while string represents the description of h_errno, as returned by the `hstrerror()` C function.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: This class was made a subclass of `OSError`.

exception socket.gaierror

  A subclass of `OSError`, this exception is raised for address-related errors by `getaddrinfo()` and `getnameinfo()`. The accompanying value is a pair `(error, string)` representing an error returned by a library call. string represents the description of error, as returned by the `gai_strerror()` C function. The numeric error value will match one of the `EAI_*` constants defined in this module.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: This class was made a subclass of `OSError`.

exception socket.timeout

  A deprecated alias of `TimeoutError`.

  A subclass of `OSError`, this exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to `settimeout()` (or implicitly through `setdefaulttimeout()`). The accompanying value is a string whose value is currently always «timed out».

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: This class was made a subclass of `OSError`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: This class was made an alias of `TimeoutError`.

### Constants

The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now `AddressFamily` and `SocketKind` `IntEnum` collections.

Added in version 3.4.

socket.AF_UNIX
socket.AF_INET
socket.AF_INET6

  These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the first argument to `socket()`. If the `AF_UNIX` constant is not defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available depending on the system.

socket.AF_UNSPEC

  `AF_UNSPEC` means that `getaddrinfo()` should return socket addresses for any address family (either IPv4, IPv6, or any other) that can be used.

socket.SOCK_STREAM
socket.SOCK_DGRAM
socket.SOCK_RAW
socket.SOCK_RDM
socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET

  These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to `socket()`. More constants may be available depending on the system. (Only `SOCK_STREAM` and `SOCK_DGRAM` appear to be generally useful.)

socket.SOCK_CLOEXEC
socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK

  These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket types and allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding possible race conditions and the need for separate calls).

  Vedi anche

  Secure File Descriptor Handling for a more thorough explanation.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.27.

  Added in version 3.2.

SO_*
socket.SOMAXCONN
MSG_*
SOL_*
SCM_*
IPPROTO_*
IPPORT_*
INADDR_*
IP_*
IPV6_*
EAI_*
AI_*
NI_*
TCP_*

  Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are generally used in arguments to the `setsockopt()` and `getsockopt()` methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are provided.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: `SO_DOMAIN`, `SO_PROTOCOL`, `SO_PEERSEC`, `SO_PASSSEC`, `TCP_USER_TIMEOUT`, `TCP_CONGESTION` were added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6.5: Added support for `TCP_FASTOPEN`, `TCP_KEEPCNT` on Windows platforms when available.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: `TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT` was added.

  Added support for `TCP_KEEPIDLE`, `TCP_KEEPINTVL` on Windows platforms when available.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: `IP_RECVTOS` was added. Added `TCP_KEEPALIVE`. On MacOS this constant can be used in the same way that `TCP_KEEPIDLE` is used on Linux.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.11: Added `TCP_CONNECTION_INFO`. On MacOS this constant can be used in the same way that `TCP_INFO` is used on Linux and BSD.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added `SO_RTABLE` and `SO_USER_COOKIE`. On OpenBSD and FreeBSD respectively those constants can be used in the same way that `SO_MARK` is used on Linux. Also added missing TCP socket options from Linux: `TCP_MD5SIG`, `TCP_THIN_LINEAR_TIMEOUTS`, `TCP_THIN_DUPACK`, `TCP_REPAIR`, `TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE`, `TCP_QUEUE_SEQ`, `TCP_REPAIR_OPTIONS`, `TCP_TIMESTAMP`, `TCP_CC_INFO`, `TCP_SAVE_SYN`, `TCP_SAVED_SYN`, `TCP_REPAIR_WINDOW`, `TCP_FASTOPEN_CONNECT`, `TCP_ULP`, `TCP_MD5SIG_EXT`, `TCP_FASTOPEN_KEY`, `TCP_FASTOPEN_NO_COOKIE`, `TCP_ZEROCOPY_RECEIVE`, `TCP_INQ`, `TCP_TX_DELAY`. Added `IP_PKTINFO`, `IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE`, `IP_BLOCK_SOURCE`, `IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP`, `IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.13: Added `SO_BINDTOIFINDEX`. On Linux this constant can be used in the same way that `SO_BINDTODEVICE` is used, but with the index of a network interface instead of its name.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Added missing `IP_FREEBIND`, `IP_RECVERR`, `IPV6_RECVERR`, `IP_RECVTTL`, and `IP_RECVORIGDSTADDR` on Linux.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Added support for `TCP_QUICKACK` on Windows platforms when available.

socket.AF_CAN
socket.PF_CAN
SOL_CAN_*
CAN_*

  Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25, NetBSD >= 8.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.11: NetBSD support was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Restored missing `CAN_RAW_ERR_FILTER` on Linux.

socket.CAN_BCM
CAN_BCM_*

  CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM) protocol. Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25.

  Nota

  The `CAN_BCM_CAN_FD_FRAME` flag is only available on Linux >= 4.8.

  Added in version 3.4.

socket.CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES

  Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by default. This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD frames; however, you must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when reading from the socket.

  This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.

  Availability: Linux >= 3.6.

  Added in version 3.5.

socket.CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS

  Joins the applied CAN filters such that only CAN frames that match all given CAN filters are passed to user space.

  This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.

  Availability: Linux >= 4.1.

  Added in version 3.9.

socket.CAN_ISOTP

  CAN_ISOTP, in the CAN protocol family, is the ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2) protocol. ISO-TP constants, documented in the Linux documentation.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.25.

  Added in version 3.7.

socket.CAN_J1939

  CAN_J1939, in the CAN protocol family, is the SAE J1939 protocol. J1939 constants, documented in the Linux documentation.

  Availability: Linux >= 5.4.

  Added in version 3.9.

socket.AF_DIVERT
socket.PF_DIVERT

  These two constants, documented in the FreeBSD divert(4) manual page, are also defined in the socket module.

  Availability: FreeBSD >= 14.0.

  Added in version 3.12.

socket.AF_PACKET
socket.PF_PACKET
PACKET_*

  Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.2.

socket.ETH_P_ALL

  `ETH_P_ALL` can be used in the `socket` constructor as proto for the `AF_PACKET` family in order to capture every packet, regardless of protocol.

  For more information, see the packet(7) manpage.

  Availability: Linux.

  Added in version 3.12.

socket.AF_RDS
socket.PF_RDS
socket.SOL_RDS
RDS_*

  Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are also defined in the socket module.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.30.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.SIO_RCVALL
socket.SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS
socket.SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH
RCVALL_*

  Constants for Windows” WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the `ioctl()` method of socket objects.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: `SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH` was added.

TIPC_*

  TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See the TIPC documentation for more information.

socket.AF_ALG
socket.SOL_ALG
ALG_*

  Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

  Added in version 3.6.

socket.AF_VSOCK
socket.IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
VMADDR*
SO_VM*

  Constants for Linux host/guest communication.

  Availability: Linux >= 4.8.

  Added in version 3.7.

socket.AF_LINK

  Availability: BSD, macOS.

  Added in version 3.4.

socket.has_ipv6

  This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on this platform.

socket.AF_BLUETOOTH
socket.BTPROTO_L2CAP
socket.BTPROTO_RFCOMM
socket.BTPROTO_HCI
socket.BTPROTO_SCO

  Integer constants for use with Bluetooth addresses.

socket.BDADDR_ANY
socket.BDADDR_LOCAL

  These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special meanings. For example, `BDADDR_ANY` can be used to indicate any address when specifying the binding socket with `BTPROTO_RFCOMM`.

socket.BDADDR_BREDR
socket.BDADDR_LE_PUBLIC
socket.BDADDR_LE_RANDOM

  These constants describe the Bluetooth address type when binding or connecting a `BTPROTO_L2CAP` socket.

  Availability: Linux, FreeBSD

  Added in version 3.14.

socket.SOL_RFCOMM
socket.SOL_L2CAP
socket.SOL_HCI
socket.SOL_SCO
socket.SOL_BLUETOOTH

  Used in the level argument to the `setsockopt()` and `getsockopt()` methods of Bluetooth socket objects.

  `SOL_BLUETOOTH` is only available on Linux. Other constants are available if the corresponding protocol is supported.

SO_L2CAP_*
socket.L2CAP_LM
L2CAP_LM_*
SO_RFCOMM_*
RFCOMM_LM_*
SO_SCO_*
SO_BTH_*
BT_*

  Used in the option name and value argument to the `setsockopt()` and `getsockopt()` methods of Bluetooth socket objects.

  `BT_*` and `L2CAP_LM` are only available on Linux. `SO_BTH_*` are only available on Windows. Other constants may be available on Linux and various BSD platforms.

  Added in version 3.14.

socket.HCI_FILTER
socket.HCI_TIME_STAMP
socket.HCI_DATA_DIR
socket.SO_HCI_EVT_FILTER
socket.SO_HCI_PKT_FILTER

  Option names for use with `BTPROTO_HCI`. Availability and format of the option values depend on platform.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Added `SO_HCI_EVT_FILTER` and `SO_HCI_PKT_FILTER` on NetBSD and DragonFly BSD. Added `HCI_DATA_DIR` on FreeBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD.

socket.HCI_DEV_NONE

  The `device_id` value used to create an HCI socket that isn’t specific to a single Bluetooth adapter.

  Availability: Linux

  Added in version 3.14.

socket.HCI_CHANNEL_RAW
socket.HCI_CHANNEL_USER
socket.HCI_CHANNEL_MONITOR
socket.HCI_CHANNEL_CONTROL
socket.HCI_CHANNEL_LOGGING

  Possible values for `channel` field in the `BTPROTO_HCI` address.

  Availability: Linux

  Added in version 3.14.

socket.AF_QIPCRTR

  Constant for Qualcomm’s IPC router protocol, used to communicate with service providing remote processors.

  Availability: Linux >= 4.7.

socket.SCM_CREDS2
socket.LOCAL_CREDS
socket.LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT

  LOCAL_CREDS and LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT can be used with SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_STREAM sockets, equivalent to Linux/DragonFlyBSD SO_PASSCRED, while LOCAL_CREDS sends the credentials at first read, LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT sends for each read, SCM_CREDS2 must be then used for the latter for the message type.

  Added in version 3.11.

  Availability: FreeBSD.

socket.SO_INCOMING_CPU

  Constant to optimize CPU locality, to be used in conjunction with `SO_REUSEPORT`.

  Added in version 3.11.

  Availability: Linux >= 3.9

socket.SO_REUSEPORT_LB

  > Constant to enable duplicate address and port bindings with load balancing.

  Added in version 3.14.

  Availability: FreeBSD >= 12.0

socket.AF_HYPERV
socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX
socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND
socket.HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU
socket.HV_GUID_ZERO
socket.HV_GUID_WILDCARD
socket.HV_GUID_BROADCAST
socket.HV_GUID_CHILDREN
socket.HV_GUID_LOOPBACK
socket.HV_GUID_PARENT

  Constants for Windows Hyper-V sockets for host/guest communications.

  Availability: Windows.

  Added in version 3.12.

socket.ETHERTYPE_ARP
socket.ETHERTYPE_IP
socket.ETHERTYPE_IPV6
socket.ETHERTYPE_VLAN

  IEEE 802.3 protocol number. constants.

  Availability: Linux, FreeBSD, macOS.

  Added in version 3.12.

socket.SHUT_RD
socket.SHUT_WR
socket.SHUT_RDWR

  These constants are used by the `shutdown()` method of socket objects.

  Availability: not WASI.

### Functions

#### Creating sockets

The following functions all create socket objects.

class socket.socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)

  Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol number. The address family should be `AF_INET` (the default), `AF_INET6`, `AF_UNIX`, `AF_CAN`, `AF_PACKET`, or `AF_RDS`. The socket type should be `SOCK_STREAM` (the default), `SOCK_DGRAM`, `SOCK_RAW` or perhaps one of the other `SOCK_` constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted or in the case where the address family is `AF_CAN` the protocol should be one of `CAN_RAW`, `CAN_BCM`, `CAN_ISOTP` or `CAN_J1939`.

  If fileno is specified, the values for family, type, and proto are auto-detected from the specified file descriptor. Auto-detection can be overruled by calling the function with explicit family, type, or proto arguments. This only affects how Python represents e.g. the return value of `socket.getpeername()` but not the actual OS resource. Unlike `socket.fromfd()`, fileno will return the same socket and not a duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using `socket.close()`.

  The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.__new__` with arguments `self`, `family`, `type`, `protocol`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: The AF_CAN family was added. The AF_RDS family was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The CAN_BCM protocol was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The returned socket is now non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: The CAN_ISOTP protocol was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: When `SOCK_NONBLOCK` or `SOCK_CLOEXEC` bit flags are applied to type they are cleared, and `socket.type` will not reflect them. They are still passed to the underlying system `socket()` call. Therefore,

      sock = socket.socket(
          socket.AF_INET,
          socket.SOCK_STREAM | socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK)

  will still create a non-blocking socket on OSes that support `SOCK_NONBLOCK`, but `sock.type` will be set to `socket.SOCK_STREAM`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.9: The CAN_J1939 protocol was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: The IPPROTO_MPTCP protocol was added.

socket.socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])

  Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are as for the `socket()` function above. The default family is `AF_UNIX` if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is `AF_INET`.

  The newly created sockets are non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.2: The returned socket objects now support the whole socket API, rather than a subset.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The returned sockets are now non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Windows support added.

socket.create_connection(address, timeout=GLOBAL_DEFAULT, source_address=None, *, all_errors=False)

  Connect to a TCP service listening on the internet address (a 2-tuple `(host, port)`), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level function than `socket.connect()`: if host is a non-numeric hostname, it will try to resolve it for both `AF_INET` and `AF_INET6`, and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.

  Passing the optional timeout parameter will set the timeout on the socket instance before attempting to connect. If no timeout is supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by `getdefaulttimeout()` is used.

  If supplied, source_address must be a 2-tuple `(host, port)` for the socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port are “” or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.

  When a connection cannot be created, an exception is raised. By default, it is the exception from the last address in the list. If all_errors is `True`, it is an `ExceptionGroup` containing the errors of all attempts.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.2: source_address was added.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.11: all_errors was added.

socket.create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False, dualstack_ipv6=False)

  Convenience function which creates a TCP socket bound to address (a 2-tuple `(host, port)`) and returns the socket object.

  family should be either `AF_INET` or `AF_INET6`. backlog is the queue size passed to `socket.listen()`; if not specified , a default reasonable value is chosen. reuse_port dictates whether to set the `SO_REUSEPORT` socket option.

  If dualstack_ipv6 is true, family is `AF_INET6` and the platform supports it the socket will be able to accept both IPv4 and IPv6 connections, else it will raise `ValueError`. Most POSIX platforms and Windows are supposed to support this functionality. When this functionality is enabled the address returned by `socket.getpeername()` when an IPv4 connection occurs will be an IPv6 address represented as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. If dualstack_ipv6 is false it will explicitly disable this functionality on platforms that enable it by default (e.g. Linux). This parameter can be used in conjunction with `has_dualstack_ipv6()`:

      import socket

      addr = ("", 8080)  # all interfaces, port 8080
      if socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
          s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
      else:
          s = socket.create_server(addr)

  Nota

  On POSIX platforms the `SO_REUSEADDR` socket option is set in order to immediately reuse previous sockets which were bound on the same address and remained in TIME_WAIT state.

  Added in version 3.8.

socket.has_dualstack_ipv6()

  Return `True` if the platform supports creating a TCP socket which can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 connections.

  Added in version 3.8.

socket.fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0)

  Duplicate the file descriptor fd (an integer as returned by a file object’s `fileno()` method) and build a socket object from the result. Address family, socket type and protocol number are as for the `socket()` function above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked — subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid. This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.

  The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The returned socket is now non-inheritable.

socket.fromshare(data)

  Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the `socket.share()` method. The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.

  Availability: Windows.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.SocketType

  This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the same as `type(socket(...))`.

#### Other functions

The `socket` module also offers various network-related services:

socket.close(fd)

  Close a socket file descriptor. This is like `os.close()`, but for sockets. On some platforms (most noticeable Windows) `os.close()` does not work for socket file descriptors.

  Added in version 3.7.

socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=AF_UNSPEC, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)

  This function wraps the C function `getaddrinfo` of the underlying system.

  Translate the host/port argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service. host is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address or `None`. port is a string service name such as `'http'`, a numeric port number or `None`. By passing `None` as the value of host and port, you can pass `NULL` to the underlying C API.

  The family, type and proto arguments can be optionally specified in order to provide options and limit the list of addresses returned. Pass their default values (`AF_UNSPEC`, 0, and 0, respectively) to not limit the results. See the note below for details.

  The flags argument can be one or several of the `AI_*` constants, and will influence how results are computed and returned. For example, `AI_NUMERICHOST` will disable domain name resolution and will raise an error if host is a domain name.

  The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure:

  `(family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)`

  In these tuples, family, type, proto are all integers and are meant to be passed to the `socket()` function. canonname will be a string representing the canonical name of the host if `AI_CANONNAME` is part of the flags argument; else canonname will be empty. sockaddr is a tuple describing a socket address, whose format depends on the returned family (a `(address, port)` 2-tuple for `AF_INET`, a `(address, port, flowinfo, scope_id)` 4-tuple for `AF_INET6`), and is meant to be passed to the `socket.connect()` method.

  Nota

  If you intend to use results from `getaddrinfo()` to create a socket (rather than, for example, retrieve canonname), consider limiting the results by type (e.g. `SOCK_STREAM` or `SOCK_DGRAM`) and/or proto (e.g. `IPPROTO_TCP` or `IPPROTO_UDP`) that your application can handle.

  The behavior with default values of family, type, proto and flags is system-specific.

  Many systems (for example, most Linux configurations) will return a sorted list of all matching addresses. These addresses should generally be tried in order until a connection succeeds (possibly tried in parallel, for example, using a Happy Eyeballs algorithm). In these cases, limiting the type and/or proto can help eliminate unsuccessful or unusable connection attempts.

  Some systems will, however, only return a single address. (For example, this was reported on Solaris and AIX configurations.) On these systems, limiting the type and/or proto helps ensure that this address is usable.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.getaddrinfo` with arguments `host`, `port`, `family`, `type`, `protocol`.

  The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP connection to `example.org` on port 80 (results may differ on your system if IPv6 isn’t enabled):

      >>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
      [(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
       6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)),
       (socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
       6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 80))]

  Cambiato nella versione 3.2: parameters can now be passed using keyword arguments.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: for IPv6 multicast addresses, string representing an address will not contain `%scope_id` part.

socket.getfqdn([name])

  Return a fully qualified domain name for name. If name is omitted or empty, it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the hostname returned by `gethostbyaddr()` is checked, followed by aliases for the host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In case no fully qualified domain name is available and name was provided, it is returned unchanged. If name was empty or equal to `'0.0.0.0'`, the hostname from `gethostname()` is returned.

socket.gethostbyname(hostname)

  Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a string, such as `'100.50.200.5'`. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself it is returned unchanged. See `gethostbyname_ex()` for a more complete interface. `gethostbyname()` does not support IPv6 name resolution, and `getaddrinfo()` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.gethostbyname` with argument `hostname`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostbyname_ex(hostname)

  Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a 3-tuple `(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)` where hostname is the host’s primary host name, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not always a single address). `gethostbyname_ex()` does not support IPv6 name resolution, and `getaddrinfo()` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.gethostbyname` with argument `hostname`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostname()

  Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python interpreter is currently executing.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.gethostname` with no arguments.

  Note: `gethostname()` doesn’t always return the fully qualified domain name; use `getfqdn()` for that.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.gethostbyaddr(ip_address)

  Return a 3-tuple `(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)` where hostname is the primary host name responding to the given ip_address, aliaslist is a (possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and ipaddrlist is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified domain name, use the function `getfqdn()`. `gethostbyaddr()` supports both IPv4 and IPv6.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.gethostbyaddr` with argument `ip_address`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)

  Translate a socket address sockaddr into a 2-tuple `(host, port)`. Depending on the settings of flags, the result can contain a fully qualified domain name or numeric address representation in host. Similarly, port can contain a string port name or a numeric port number.

  For IPv6 addresses, `%scope_id` is appended to the host part if sockaddr contains meaningful scope_id. Usually this happens for multicast addresses.

  For more information about flags you can consult getnameinfo(3).

  Raises an auditing event `socket.getnameinfo` with argument `sockaddr`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.getprotobyname(protocolname)

  Translate an internet protocol name (for example, `'icmp'`) to a constant suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the `socket()` function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in «raw» mode (`SOCK_RAW`); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname])

  Translate an internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be `'tcp'` or `'udp'`, otherwise any protocol will match.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.getservbyname` with arguments `servicename`, `protocolname`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.getservbyport(port[, protocolname])

  Translate an internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be `'tcp'` or `'udp'`, otherwise any protocol will match.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.getservbyport` with arguments `port`, `protocolname`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.ntohl(x)

  Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.

socket.ntohs(x)

  Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Raises `OverflowError` if x does not fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer.

socket.htonl(x)

  Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.

socket.htons(x)

  Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op; otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Raises `OverflowError` if x does not fit in a 16-bit unsigned integer.

socket.inet_aton(ip_string)

  Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example, “123.45.67.89”) to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes object four characters in length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type `in_addr`, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.

  `inet_aton()` also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the Unix manual page inet(3) for details.

  If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid, `OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on the underlying C implementation of `inet_aton()`.

  `inet_aton()` does not support IPv6, and `inet_pton()` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.

socket.inet_ntoa(packed_ip)

  Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a bytes-like object four bytes in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example, “123.45.67.89”). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C library and needs objects of type `in_addr`, which is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an argument.

  If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in length, `OSError` will be raised. `inet_ntoa()` does not support IPv6, and `inet_ntop()` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.

socket.inet_pton(address_family, ip_string)

  Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed, binary format. `inet_pton()` is useful when a library or network protocol calls for an object of type `in_addr` (similar to `inet_aton()`) or `in6_addr`.

  Supported values for address_family are currently `AF_INET` and `AF_INET6`. If the IP address string ip_string is invalid, `OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on both the value of address_family and the underlying implementation of `inet_pton()`.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Windows support added

socket.inet_ntop(address_family, packed_ip)

  Convert a packed IP address (a bytes-like object of some number of bytes) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for example, `'7.10.0.5'` or `'5aef:2b::8'`). `inet_ntop()` is useful when a library or network protocol returns an object of type `in_addr` (similar to `inet_ntoa()`) or `in6_addr`.

  Supported values for address_family are currently `AF_INET` and `AF_INET6`. If the bytes object packed_ip is not the correct length for the specified address family, `ValueError` will be raised. `OSError` is raised for errors from the call to `inet_ntop()`.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Windows support added

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.

socket.CMSG_LEN(length)

  Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length. This value can often be used as the buffer size for `recvmsg()` to receive a single item of ancillary data, but RFC 3542 requires portable applications to use `CMSG_SPACE()` and thus include space for padding, even when the item will be the last in the buffer. Raises `OverflowError` if length is outside the permissible range of values.

  Availability: Unix, not WASI.

  Most Unix platforms.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.CMSG_SPACE(length)

  Return the buffer size needed for `recvmsg()` to receive an ancillary data item with associated data of the given length, along with any trailing padding. The buffer space needed to receive multiple items is the sum of the `CMSG_SPACE()` values for their associated data lengths. Raises `OverflowError` if length is outside the permissible range of values.

  Note that some systems might support ancillary data without providing this function. Also note that setting the buffer size using the results of this function may not precisely limit the amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional data may be able to fit into the padding area.

  Availability: Unix, not WASI.

  most Unix platforms.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.getdefaulttimeout()

  Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value of `None` indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket module is first imported, the default is `None`.

socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

  Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When the socket module is first imported, the default is `None`. See `settimeout()` for possible values and their respective meanings.

socket.sethostname(name)

  Set the machine’s hostname to name. This will raise an `OSError` if you don’t have enough rights.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.sethostname` with argument `name`.

  Availability: Unix, not Android.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.if_nameindex()

  Return a list of network interface information (index int, name string) tuples. `OSError` if the system call fails.

  Availability: Unix, Windows, not WASI.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Windows support was added.

  Nota

  On Windows network interfaces have different names in different contexts (all names are examples):

  - UUID: `{FB605B73-AAC2-49A6-9A2F-25416AEA0573}`

  - name: `ethernet_32770`

  - friendly name: `vEthernet (nat)`

  - description: `Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter`

  This function returns names of the second form from the list, `ethernet_32770` in this example case.

socket.if_nametoindex(if_name)

  Return a network interface index number corresponding to an interface name. `OSError` if no interface with the given name exists.

  Availability: Unix, Windows, not WASI.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Windows support was added.

  Vedi anche

  «Interface name» is a name as documented in `if_nameindex()`.

socket.if_indextoname(if_index)

  Return a network interface name corresponding to an interface index number. `OSError` if no interface with the given index exists.

  Availability: Unix, Windows, not WASI.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Windows support was added.

  Vedi anche

  «Interface name» is a name as documented in `if_nameindex()`.

socket.send_fds(sock, buffers, fds[, flags[, address]])

  Send the list of file descriptors fds over an `AF_UNIX` socket sock. The fds parameter is a sequence of file descriptors. Consult `sendmsg()` for the documentation of these parameters.

  Availability: Unix, not WASI.

  Unix platforms supporting `sendmsg()` and `SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism.

  Added in version 3.9.

socket.recv_fds(sock, bufsize, maxfds[, flags])

  Receive up to maxfds file descriptors from an `AF_UNIX` socket sock. Return `(msg, list(fds), flags, addr)`. Consult `recvmsg()` for the documentation of these parameters.

  Availability: Unix, not WASI.

  Unix platforms supporting `recvmsg()` and `SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism.

  Added in version 3.9.

  Nota

  Any truncated integers at the end of the list of file descriptors.

## Socket Objects

Socket objects have the following methods. Except for `makefile()`, these correspond to Unix system calls applicable to sockets.

Cambiato nella versione 3.2: Support for the context manager protocol was added. Exiting the context manager is equivalent to calling `close()`.

socket.accept()

  Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections. The return value is a pair `(conn, address)` where conn is a new socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.

  The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.bind(address)

  Bind the socket to address. The socket must not already be bound. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)

  Raises an auditing event `socket.bind` with arguments `self`, `address`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.close()

  Mark the socket closed. The underlying system resource (e.g. a file descriptor) is also closed when all file objects from `makefile()` are closed. Once that happens, all future operations on the socket object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after queued data is flushed).

  Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected, but it is recommended to `close()` them explicitly, or to use a `with` statement around them.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: `OSError` is now raised if an error occurs when the underlying `close()` call is made.

  Nota

  `close()` releases the resource associated with a connection but does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want to close the connection in a timely fashion, call `shutdown()` before `close()`.

socket.connect(address)

  Connect to a remote socket at address. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)

  If the connection is interrupted by a signal, the method waits until the connection completes, or raise a `TimeoutError` on timeout, if the signal handler doesn’t raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has a timeout. For non-blocking sockets, the method raises an `InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a signal (or the exception raised by the signal handler).

  Raises an auditing event `socket.connect` with arguments `self`, `address`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The method now waits until the connection completes instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a signal, the signal handler doesn’t raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has a timeout (see the PEP 475 for the rationale).

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.connect_ex(address)

  Like `connect(address)`, but return an error indicator instead of raising an exception for errors returned by the C-level `connect()` call (other problems, such as «host not found,» can still raise exceptions). The error indicator is `0` if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the `errno` variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous connects.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.connect` with arguments `self`, `address`.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.detach()

  Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing the underlying file descriptor. The file descriptor is returned, and can be reused for other purposes.

  Added in version 3.2.

socket.dup()

  Duplicate the socket.

  The newly created socket is non-inheritable.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The socket is now non-inheritable.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.fileno()

  Return the socket’s file descriptor (a small integer), or -1 on failure. This is useful with `select.select()`.

  Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a file descriptor can be used (such as `os.fdopen()`). Unix does not have this limitation.

socket.get_inheritable()

  Get the inheritable flag of the socket’s file descriptor or socket’s handle: `True` if the socket can be inherited in child processes, `False` if it cannot.

  Added in version 3.4.

socket.getpeername()

  Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.) On some systems this function is not supported.

socket.getsockname()

  Return the socket’s own address. This is useful to find out the port number of an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on the address family — see above.)

socket.getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen])

  Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page getsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants (SO_* etc.) are defined in this module. If buflen is absent, an integer option is assumed and its integer value is returned by the function. If buflen is present, it specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and this buffer is returned as a bytes object. It is up to the caller to decode the contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module `struct` for a way to decode C structures encoded as byte strings).

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.getblocking()

  Return `True` if socket is in blocking mode, `False` if in non-blocking.

  This is equivalent to checking `socket.gettimeout() != 0`.

  Added in version 3.7.

socket.gettimeout()

  Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations, or `None` if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to `setblocking()` or `settimeout()`.

socket.ioctl(control, option)

  The `ioctl()` method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system interface. Please refer to the Win32 documentation for more information.

  On other platforms, the generic `fcntl.fcntl()` and `fcntl.ioctl()` functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument.

  Currently only the following control codes are supported: `SIO_RCVALL`, `SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS`, and `SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH`.

  Availability: Windows

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: `SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH` was added.

socket.listen([backlog])

  Enable a server to accept connections. If backlog is specified, it must be at least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new connections. If not specified, a default reasonable value is chosen.

  Availability: not WASI.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The backlog parameter is now optional.

socket.makefile(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

  Return a file object associated with the socket. The exact returned type depends on the arguments given to `makefile()`. These arguments are interpreted the same way as by the built-in `open()` function, except the only supported mode values are `'r'` (default), `'w'`, `'b'`, or a combination of those.

  The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the file object’s internal buffer may end up in an inconsistent state if a timeout occurs.

  Closing the file object returned by `makefile()` won’t close the original socket unless all other file objects have been closed and `socket.close()` has been called on the socket object.

  Nota

  On Windows, the file-like object created by `makefile()` cannot be used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the stream arguments of `subprocess.Popen()`.

socket.recv(bufsize[, flags])

  Receive data from the socket. The return value is a bytes object representing the data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by bufsize. A returned empty bytes object indicates that the client has disconnected. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.recvfrom(bufsize[, flags])

  Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair `(bytes, address)` where bytes is a bytes object representing the data received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: For multicast IPv6 address, first item of address does not contain `%scope_id` part anymore. In order to get full IPv6 address use `getnameinfo()`.

socket.recvmsg(bufsize[, ancbufsize[, flags]])

  Receive normal data (up to bufsize bytes) and ancillary data from the socket. The ancbufsize argument sets the size in bytes of the internal buffer used to receive the ancillary data; it defaults to 0, meaning that no ancillary data will be received. Appropriate buffer sizes for ancillary data can be calculated using `CMSG_SPACE()` or `CMSG_LEN()`, and items which do not fit into the buffer might be truncated or discarded. The flags argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for `recv()`.

  The return value is a 4-tuple: `(data, ancdata, msg_flags, address)`. The data item is a `bytes` object holding the non-ancillary data received. The ancdata item is a list of zero or more tuples `(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)` representing the ancillary data (control messages) received: cmsg_level and cmsg_type are integers specifying the protocol level and protocol-specific type respectively, and cmsg_data is a `bytes` object holding the associated data. The msg_flags item is the bitwise OR of various flags indicating conditions on the received message; see your system documentation for details. If the receiving socket is unconnected, address is the address of the sending socket, if available; otherwise, its value is unspecified.

  On some systems, `sendmsg()` and `recvmsg()` can be used to pass file descriptors between processes over an `AF_UNIX` socket. When this facility is used (it is often restricted to `SOCK_STREAM` sockets), `recvmsg()` will return, in its ancillary data, items of the form `(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds)`, where fds is a `bytes` object representing the new file descriptors as a binary array of the native C int type. If `recvmsg()` raises an exception after the system call returns, it will first attempt to close any file descriptors received via this mechanism.

  Some systems do not indicate the truncated length of ancillary data items which have been only partially received. If an item appears to extend beyond the end of the buffer, `recvmsg()` will issue a `RuntimeWarning`, and will return the part of it which is inside the buffer provided it has not been truncated before the start of its associated data.

  On systems which support the `SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism, the following function will receive up to maxfds file descriptors, returning the message data and a list containing the descriptors (while ignoring unexpected conditions such as unrelated control messages being received). See also `sendmsg()`.

      import socket, array

      def recv_fds(sock, msglen, maxfds):
          fds = array.array("i")   # Array of ints
          msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize))
          for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
              if cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
                  # Append data, ignoring any truncated integers at the end.
                  fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[:len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
          return msg, list(fds)

  Availability: Unix.

  Most Unix platforms.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.recvmsg_into(buffers[, ancbufsize[, flags]])

  Receive normal data and ancillary data from the socket, behaving as `recvmsg()` would, but scatter the non-ancillary data into a series of buffers instead of returning a new bytes object. The buffers argument must be an iterable of objects that export writable buffers (e.g. `bytearray` objects); these will be filled with successive chunks of the non-ancillary data until it has all been written or there are no more buffers. The operating system may set a limit (`sysconf()` value `SC_IOV_MAX`) on the number of buffers that can be used. The ancbufsize and flags arguments have the same meaning as for `recvmsg()`.

  The return value is a 4-tuple: `(nbytes, ancdata, msg_flags, address)`, where nbytes is the total number of bytes of non-ancillary data written into the buffers, and ancdata, msg_flags and address are the same as for `recvmsg()`.

  Example:

      >>> import socket
      >>> s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
      >>> b1 = bytearray(b'----')
      >>> b2 = bytearray(b'0123456789')
      >>> b3 = bytearray(b'--------------')
      >>> s1.send(b'Mary had a little lamb')
      22
      >>> s2.recvmsg_into([b1, memoryview(b2)[2:9], b3])
      (22, [], 0, None)
      >>> [b1, b2, b3]
      [bytearray(b'Mary'), bytearray(b'01 had a 9'), bytearray(b'little lamb---')]

  Availability: Unix.

  Most Unix platforms.

  Added in version 3.3.

socket.recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])

  Receive data from the socket, writing it into buffer instead of creating a new bytestring. The return value is a pair `(nbytes, address)` where nbytes is the number of bytes received and address is the address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)

socket.recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])

  Receive up to nbytes bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer rather than creating a new bytestring. If nbytes is not specified (or 0), receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of bytes received. See the Unix manual page recv(2) for the meaning of the optional argument flags; it defaults to zero.

socket.send(bytes[, flags])

  Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for `recv()` above. Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further information on this topic, consult the Socket Programming HOWTO.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.sendall(bytes[, flags])

  Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for `recv()` above. Unlike `send()`, this method continues to send data from bytes until either all data has been sent or an error occurs. `None` is returned on success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was successfully sent.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The socket timeout is no longer reset each time data is sent successfully. The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.sendto(bytes, address)
socket.sendto(bytes, flags, address)

  Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket, since the destination socket is specified by address. The optional flags argument has the same meaning as for `recv()` above. Return the number of bytes sent. (The format of address depends on the address family — see above.)

  Raises an auditing event `socket.sendto` with arguments `self`, `address`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.sendmsg(buffers[, ancdata[, flags[, address]]])

  Send normal and ancillary data to the socket, gathering the non-ancillary data from a series of buffers and concatenating it into a single message. The buffers argument specifies the non-ancillary data as an iterable of bytes-like objects (e.g. `bytes` objects); the operating system may set a limit (`sysconf()` value `SC_IOV_MAX`) on the number of buffers that can be used. The ancdata argument specifies the ancillary data (control messages) as an iterable of zero or more tuples `(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)`, where cmsg_level and cmsg_type are integers specifying the protocol level and protocol-specific type respectively, and cmsg_data is a bytes-like object holding the associated data. Note that some systems (in particular, systems without `CMSG_SPACE()`) might support sending only one control message per call. The flags argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for `send()`. If address is supplied and not `None`, it sets a destination address for the message. The return value is the number of bytes of non-ancillary data sent.

  The following function sends the list of file descriptors fds over an `AF_UNIX` socket, on systems which support the `SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism. See also `recvmsg()`.

      import socket, array

      def send_fds(sock, msg, fds):
          return sock.sendmsg([msg], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, array.array("i", fds))])

  Availability: Unix, not WASI.

  Most Unix platforms.

  Raises an auditing event `socket.sendmsg` with arguments `self`, `address`.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising an `InterruptedError` exception (see PEP 475 for the rationale).

socket.sendmsg_afalg([msg, ]*, op[, iv[, assoclen[, flags]]])

  Specialized version of `sendmsg()` for `AF_ALG` socket. Set mode, IV, AEAD associated data length and flags for `AF_ALG` socket.

  Availability: Linux >= 2.6.38.

  Added in version 3.6.

socket.sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)

  Send a file until EOF is reached by using high-performance `os.sendfile` and return the total number of bytes which were sent. file must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. If `os.sendfile` is not available (e.g. Windows) or file is not a regular file `send()` will be used instead. offset tells from where to start reading the file. If specified, count is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on return or also in case of error in which case `file.tell()` can be used to figure out the number of bytes which were sent. The socket must be of `SOCK_STREAM` type. Non-blocking sockets are not supported.

  Added in version 3.5.

socket.set_inheritable(inheritable)

  Set the inheritable flag of the socket’s file descriptor or socket’s handle.

  Added in version 3.4.

socket.setblocking(flag)

  Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if flag is false, the socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode.

  This method is a shorthand for certain `settimeout()` calls:

  - `sock.setblocking(True)` is equivalent to `sock.settimeout(None)`

  - `sock.setblocking(False)` is equivalent to `sock.settimeout(0.0)`

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: The method no longer applies `SOCK_NONBLOCK` flag on `socket.type`.

socket.settimeout(value)

  Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The value argument can be a nonnegative floating-point number expressing seconds, or `None`. If a non-zero value is given, subsequent socket operations will raise a `timeout` exception if the timeout period value has elapsed before the operation has completed. If zero is given, the socket is put in non-blocking mode. If `None` is given, the socket is put in blocking mode.

  For further information, please consult the notes on socket timeouts.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.7: The method no longer toggles `SOCK_NONBLOCK` flag on `socket.type`.

socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: int | Buffer)
socket.setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int)

  Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page setsockopt(2)). The needed symbolic constants are defined in this module (SO_* etc. <socket-unix-constants>). The value can be an integer, `None` or a bytes-like object representing a buffer. In the later case it is up to the caller to ensure that the bytestring contains the proper bits (see the optional built-in module `struct` for a way to encode C structures as bytestrings). When value is set to `None`, optlen argument is required. It’s equivalent to call `setsockopt()` C function with `optval=NULL` and `optlen=optlen`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Writable bytes-like object is now accepted.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int) form added.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.shutdown(how)

  Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If how is `SHUT_RD`, further receives are disallowed. If how is `SHUT_WR`, further sends are disallowed. If how is `SHUT_RDWR`, further sends and receives are disallowed.

  Availability: not WASI.

socket.share(process_id)

  Duplicate a socket and prepare it for sharing with a target process. The target process must be provided with process_id. The resulting bytes object can then be passed to the target process using some form of interprocess communication and the socket can be recreated there using `fromshare()`. Once this method has been called, it is safe to close the socket since the operating system has already duplicated it for the target process.

  Availability: Windows.

  Added in version 3.3.

Note that there are no methods `read()` or `write()`; use `recv()` and `send()` without flags argument instead.

Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the values given to the `socket` constructor.

socket.family

  The socket family.

socket.type

  The socket type.

socket.proto

  The socket protocol.

## Notes on socket timeouts

A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or timeout. Sockets are by default always created in blocking mode, but this can be changed by calling `setdefaulttimeout()`.

- In blocking mode, operations block until complete or the system returns an error (such as connection timed out).

- In non-blocking mode, operations fail (with an error that is unfortunately system-dependent) if they cannot be completed immediately: functions from the `select` module can be used to know when and whether a socket is available for reading or writing.

- In timeout mode, operations fail if they cannot be completed within the timeout specified for the socket (they raise a `timeout` exception) or if the system returns an error.

Nota

At the operating system level, sockets in timeout mode are internally set in non-blocking mode. Also, the blocking and timeout modes are shared between file descriptors and socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint. This implementation detail can have visible consequences if e.g. you decide to use the `fileno()` of a socket.

### Timeouts and the `connect` method

The `connect()` operation is also subject to the timeout setting, and in general it is recommended to call `settimeout()` before calling `connect()` or pass a timeout parameter to `create_connection()`. However, the system network stack may also return a connection timeout error of its own regardless of any Python socket timeout setting.

### Timeouts and the `accept` method

If `getdefaulttimeout()` is not `None`, sockets returned by the `accept()` method inherit that timeout. Otherwise, the behaviour depends on settings of the listening socket:

- if the listening socket is in blocking mode or in timeout mode, the socket returned by `accept()` is in blocking mode;

- if the listening socket is in non-blocking mode, whether the socket returned by `accept()` is in blocking or non-blocking mode is operating system-dependent. If you want to ensure cross-platform behaviour, it is recommended you manually override this setting.

## Example

Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence `socket()`, `bind()`, `listen()`, `accept()` (possibly repeating the `accept()` to service more than one client), while a client only needs the sequence `socket()`, `connect()`. Also note that the server does not `sendall()`/`recv()` on the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by `accept()`.

The first two examples support IPv4 only.

    # Echo server program
    import socket

    HOST = ''                 # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
    PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
    with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
        s.bind((HOST, PORT))
        s.listen(1)
        conn, addr = s.accept()
        with conn:
            print('Connected by', addr)
            while True:
                data = conn.recv(1024)
                if not data: break
                conn.sendall(data)

    # Echo client program
    import socket

    HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
    PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
    with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
        s.connect((HOST, PORT))
        s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
        data = s.recv(1024)
    print('Received', repr(data))

The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try to connect to all the addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and sends traffic to the first one connected successfully.

    # Echo server program
    import socket
    import sys

    HOST = None               # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
    PORT = 50007              # Arbitrary non-privileged port
    s = None
    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
                                  socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
        try:
            s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
        except OSError as msg:
            s = None
            continue
        try:
            s.bind(sa)
            s.listen(1)
        except OSError as msg:
            s.close()
            s = None
            continue
        break
    if s is None:
        print('could not open socket')
        sys.exit(1)
    conn, addr = s.accept()
    with conn:
        print('Connected by', addr)
        while True:
            data = conn.recv(1024)
            if not data: break
            conn.send(data)

    # Echo client program
    import socket
    import sys

    HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl'    # The remote host
    PORT = 50007              # The same port as used by the server
    s = None
    for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
        af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
        try:
            s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
        except OSError as msg:
            s = None
            continue
        try:
            s.connect(sa)
        except OSError as msg:
            s.close()
            s = None
            continue
        break
    if s is None:
        print('could not open socket')
        sys.exit(1)
    with s:
        s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
        data = s.recv(1024)
    print('Received', repr(data))

The next example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with raw sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges to modify the interface:

    import socket

    # the public network interface
    HOST = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())

    # create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_IP)
    s.bind((HOST, 0))

    # Include IP headers
    s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1)

    # receive all packets
    s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_ON)

    # receive a packet
    print(s.recvfrom(65565))

    # disabled promiscuous mode
    s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF)

The next example shows how to use the socket interface to communicate to a CAN network using the raw socket protocol. To use CAN with the broadcast manager protocol instead, open a socket with:

    socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_BCM)

After binding (`CAN_RAW`) or connecting (`CAN_BCM`) the socket, you can use the `socket.send()` and `socket.recv()` operations (and their counterparts) on the socket object as usual.

This last example might require special privileges:

    import socket
    import struct

    # CAN frame packing/unpacking (see 'struct can_frame' in <linux/can.h>)

    can_frame_fmt = "=IB3x8s"
    can_frame_size = struct.calcsize(can_frame_fmt)

    def build_can_frame(can_id, data):
        can_dlc = len(data)
        data = data.ljust(8, b'\x00')
        return struct.pack(can_frame_fmt, can_id, can_dlc, data)

    def dissect_can_frame(frame):
        can_id, can_dlc, data = struct.unpack(can_frame_fmt, frame)
        return (can_id, can_dlc, data[:can_dlc])

    # create a raw socket and bind it to the 'vcan0' interface
    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.CAN_RAW)
    s.bind(('vcan0',))

    while True:
        cf, addr = s.recvfrom(can_frame_size)

        print('Received: can_id=%x, can_dlc=%x, data=%s' % dissect_can_frame(cf))

        try:
            s.send(cf)
        except OSError:
            print('Error sending CAN frame')

        try:
            s.send(build_can_frame(0x01, b'\x01\x02\x03'))
        except OSError:
            print('Error sending CAN frame')

Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could lead to this error:

    OSError: [Errno 98] Address already in use

This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a `TIME_WAIT` state, and can’t be immediately reused.

There is a `socket` flag to set, in order to prevent this, `socket.SO_REUSEADDR`:

    s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
    s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
    s.bind((HOST, PORT))

the `SO_REUSEADDR` flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in `TIME_WAIT` state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire.

Vedi anche

For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers:

- An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Stuart Sechrest

- An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, by Samuel J. Leffler et al,

both in the UNIX Programmer’s Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material for the various socket-related system calls are also a valuable source of information on the details of socket semantics. For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows, see the WinSock (or Winsock 2) specification. For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may want to refer to RFC 3493 titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6.