# Type Objects

type PyTypeObject
  Parte del API Limitata (come una struttura opaca).

  The C structure of the objects used to describe built-in types.

PyTypeObject PyType_Type
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  This is the type object for type objects; it is the same object as `type` in the Python layer.

int PyType_Check(PyObject *o)

  Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, including instances of types derived from the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

int PyType_CheckExact(PyObject *o)

  Return non-zero if the object o is a type object, but not a subtype of the standard type object. Return 0 in all other cases. This function always succeeds.

unsigned int PyType_ClearCache()
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Clear the internal lookup cache. Return the current version tag.

unsigned long PyType_GetFlags(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Return the `tp_flags` member of type. This function is primarily meant for use with `Py_LIMITED_API`; the individual flag bits are guaranteed to be stable across Python releases, but access to `tp_flags` itself is not part of the limited API.

  Added in version 3.2.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The return type is now `unsigned long` rather than `long`.

PyObject *PyType_GetDict(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return the type object’s internal namespace, which is otherwise only exposed via a read-only proxy (`cls.__dict__`). This is a replacement for accessing `tp_dict` directly. The returned dictionary must be treated as read-only.

  This function is meant for specific embedding and language-binding cases, where direct access to the dict is necessary and indirect access (e.g. via the proxy or `PyObject_GetAttr()`) isn’t adequate.

  Extension modules should continue to use `tp_dict`, directly or indirectly, when setting up their own types.

  Added in version 3.12.

void PyType_Modified(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Invalidate the internal lookup cache for the type and all of its subtypes. This function must be called after any manual modification of the attributes or base classes of the type.

int PyType_AddWatcher(PyType_WatchCallback callback)

  Register callback as a type watcher. Return a non-negative integer ID which must be passed to future calls to `PyType_Watch()`. In case of error (e.g. no more watcher IDs available), return `-1` and set an exception.

  In free-threaded builds, `PyType_AddWatcher()` is not thread-safe, so it must be called at start up (before spawning the first thread).

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)

  Clear watcher identified by watcher_id (previously returned from `PyType_AddWatcher()`). Return `0` on success, `-1` on error (e.g. if watcher_id was never registered.)

  An extension should never call `PyType_ClearWatcher` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as watched. The callback granted watcher_id by `PyType_AddWatcher()` will be called whenever `PyType_Modified()` reports a change to type. (The callback may be called only once for a series of consecutive modifications to type, if `_PyType_Lookup()` is not called on type between the modifications; this is an implementation detail and subject to change.)

  An extension should never call `PyType_Watch` with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_Unwatch(int watcher_id, PyObject *type)

  Mark type as not watched. This undoes a previous call to `PyType_Watch()`. type must not be `NULL`.

  An extension should never call this function with a watcher_id that was not returned to it by a previous call to `PyType_AddWatcher()`.

  On success, this function returns `0`. On failure, this function returns `-1` with an exception set.

  Added in version 3.12.

typedef int (*PyType_WatchCallback)(PyObject *type)

  Type of a type-watcher callback function.

  The callback must not modify type or cause `PyType_Modified()` to be called on type or any type in its MRO; violating this rule could cause infinite recursion.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_HasFeature(PyTypeObject *o, int feature)

  Return non-zero if the type object o sets the feature feature. Type features are denoted by single bit flags.

int PyType_FastSubclass(PyTypeObject *type, int flag)

  Return non-zero if the type object type sets the subclass flag flag. Subclass flags are denoted by `Py_TPFLAGS_*_SUBCLASS`. This function is used by many `_Check` functions for common types.

  Vedi anche

  `PyObject_TypeCheck()`, which is used as a slower alternative in `_Check` functions for types that don’t come with subclass flags.

int PyType_IS_GC(PyTypeObject *o)

  Return true if the type object includes support for the cycle detector; this tests the type flag `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC`.

int PyType_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b)
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Return true if a is a subtype of b.

  This function only checks for actual subtypes, which means that `__subclasscheck__()` is not called on b. Call `PyObject_IsSubclass()` to do the same check that `issubclass()` would do.

PyObject *PyType_GenericAlloc(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t nitems)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Generic handler for the `tp_alloc` slot of a type object. Uses Python’s default memory allocation mechanism to allocate memory for a new instance, zeros the memory, then initializes the memory as if by calling `PyObject_Init()` or `PyObject_InitVar()`.

  Do not call this directly to allocate memory for an object; call the type’s `tp_alloc` slot instead.

  For types that support garbage collection (i.e., the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` flag is set), this function behaves like `PyObject_GC_New` or `PyObject_GC_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization), and should be paired with `PyObject_GC_Del()` in `tp_free`. Otherwise, it behaves like `PyObject_New` or `PyObject_NewVar` (except the memory is guaranteed to be zeroed before initialization) and should be paired with `PyObject_Free()` in `tp_free`.

PyObject *PyType_GenericNew(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Generic handler for the `tp_new` slot of a type object. Creates a new instance using the type’s `tp_alloc` slot and returns the resulting object.

int PyType_Ready(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Finalize a type object. This should be called on all type objects to finish their initialization. This function is responsible for adding inherited slots from a type’s base class. Return `0` on success, or return `-1` and sets an exception on error.

  Nota

  If some of the base classes implements the GC protocol and the provided type does not include the `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags, then the GC protocol will be automatically implemented from its parents. On the contrary, if the type being created does include `Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC` in its flags then it must implement the GC protocol itself by at least implementing the `tp_traverse` handle.

PyObject *PyType_GetName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.11.

  Return the type’s name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__name__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetQualName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.11.

  Return the type’s qualified name. Equivalent to getting the type’s `__qualname__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.11.

PyObject *PyType_GetFullyQualifiedName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.13.

  Return the type’s fully qualified name. Equivalent to `f"{type.__module__}.{type.__qualname__}"`, or `type.__qualname__` if `type.__module__` is not a string or is equal to `"builtins"`.

  Added in version 3.13.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleName(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.13.

  Return the type’s module name. Equivalent to getting the `type.__module__` attribute.

  Added in version 3.13.

void *PyType_GetSlot(PyTypeObject *type, int slot)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.4.

  Return the function pointer stored in the given slot. If the result is `NULL`, this indicates that either the slot is `NULL`, or that the function was called with invalid parameters. Callers will typically cast the result pointer into the appropriate function type.

  See `PyType_Slot.slot` for possible values of the slot argument.

  Added in version 3.4.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: `PyType_GetSlot()` can now accept all types. Previously, it was limited to heap types.

PyObject *PyType_GetModule(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.10.

  Return the module object associated with the given type when the type was created using `PyType_FromModuleAndSpec()`.

  If no module is associated with the given type, sets `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  This function is usually used to get the module in which a method is defined. Note that in such a method, `PyType_GetModule(Py_TYPE(self))` may not return the intended result. `Py_TYPE(self)` may be a subclass of the intended class, and subclasses are not necessarily defined in the same module as their superclass. See `PyCMethod` to get the class that defines the method. See `PyType_GetModuleByDef()` for cases when `PyCMethod` cannot be used.

  Added in version 3.9.

void *PyType_GetModuleState(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.10.

  Return the state of the module object associated with the given type. This is a shortcut for calling `PyModule_GetState()` on the result of `PyType_GetModule()`.

  If no module is associated with the given type, sets `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  If the type has an associated module but its state is `NULL`, returns `NULL` without setting an exception.

  Added in version 3.9.

PyObject *PyType_GetModuleByDef(PyTypeObject *type, struct PyModuleDef *def)
  Valore di ritorno: Riferimento preso in prestito. Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.13.

  Find the first superclass whose module was created from the given `PyModuleDef` def, and return that module.

  If no module is found, raises a `TypeError` and returns `NULL`.

  This function is intended to be used together with `PyModule_GetState()` to get module state from slot methods (such as `tp_init` or `nb_add`) and other places where a method’s defining class cannot be passed using the `PyCMethod` calling convention.

  The returned reference is borrowed from type, and will be valid as long as you hold a reference to type. Do not release it with `Py_DECREF()` or similar.

  Added in version 3.11.

int PyType_GetBaseByToken(PyTypeObject *type, void *token, PyTypeObject **result)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.14.

  Find the first superclass in type’s method resolution order whose `Py_tp_token` token is equal to the given one.

  - If found, set *result to a new strong reference to it and return `1`.

  - If not found, set *result to `NULL` and return `0`.

  - On error, set *result to `NULL` and return `-1` with an exception set.

  The result argument may be `NULL`, in which case *result is not set. Use this if you need only the return value.

  The token argument may not be `NULL`.

  Added in version 3.14.

int PyUnstable_Type_AssignVersionTag(PyTypeObject *type)
  Questa pagina API Instabile. Potrebbe cambiare senza preavviso nelle release minori.

  Attempt to assign a version tag to the given type.

  Returns 1 if the type already had a valid version tag or a new one was assigned, or 0 if a new tag could not be assigned.

  Added in version 3.12.

int PyType_SUPPORTS_WEAKREFS(PyTypeObject *type)

  Return true if instances of type support creating weak references, false otherwise. This function always succeeds. type must not be `NULL`.

  Vedi anche

  - Weak Reference Objects

  - `weakref`

## Creating Heap-Allocated Types

The following functions and structs are used to create heap types.

PyObject *PyType_FromMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.12.

  Create and return a heap type from the spec (see `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE`).

  The metaclass metaclass is used to construct the resulting type object. When metaclass is `NULL`, the metaclass is derived from bases (or Py_tp_base[s] slots if bases is `NULL`, see below).

  Metaclasses that override `tp_new` are not supported, except if `tp_new` is `NULL`.

  The bases argument can be used to specify base classes; it can either be only one class or a tuple of classes. If bases is `NULL`, the `Py_tp_bases` slot is used instead. If that also is `NULL`, the `Py_tp_base` slot is used instead. If that also is `NULL`, the new type derives from `object`.

  The module argument can be used to record the module in which the new class is defined. It must be a module object or `NULL`. If not `NULL`, the module is associated with the new type and can later be retrieved with `PyType_GetModule()`. The associated module is not inherited by subclasses; it must be specified for each class individually.

  This function calls `PyType_Ready()` on the new type.

  Note that this function does not fully match the behavior of calling `type()` or using the `class` statement. With user-provided base types or metaclasses, prefer calling `type` (or the metaclass) over `PyType_From*` functions. Specifically:

  - `__new__()` is not called on the new class (and it must be set to `type.__new__`).

  - `__init__()` is not called on the new class.

  - `__init_subclass__()` is not called on any bases.

  - `__set_name__()` is not called on new descriptors.

  Added in version 3.12.

PyObject *PyType_FromModuleAndSpec(PyObject *module, PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.10.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, module, spec, bases)`.

  Added in version 3.9.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: The function now accepts a single class as the bases argument and `NULL` as the `tp_doc` slot.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpecWithBases(PyType_Spec *spec, PyObject *bases)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.3.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, bases)`.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the provided base classes. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

PyObject *PyType_FromSpec(PyType_Spec *spec)
  Valore di ritorno: Nuovo riferimento. Parte del ABI Stabile.

  Equivalent to `PyType_FromMetaclass(NULL, NULL, spec, NULL)`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: The function now finds and uses a metaclass corresponding to the base classes provided in Py_tp_base[s] slots. Previously, only `type` instances were returned.

  The `tp_new` of the metaclass is ignored. which may result in incomplete initialization. Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is deprecated.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.14: Creating classes whose metaclass overrides `tp_new` is no longer allowed.

int PyType_Freeze(PyTypeObject *type)
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.14.

  Make a type immutable: set the `Py_TPFLAGS_IMMUTABLETYPE` flag.

  All base classes of type must be immutable.

  On success, return `0`. On error, set an exception and return `-1`.

  The type must not be used before it’s made immutable. For example, type instances must not be created before the type is made immutable.

  Added in version 3.14.

type PyType_Spec
  Parte del ABI Stabile (inclusi tutti i membri).

  Structure defining a type’s behavior.

  const char *name

    Name of the type, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_name`.

  int basicsize

    If positive, specifies the size of the instance in bytes. It is used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_basicsize`.

    If zero, specifies that `tp_basicsize` should be inherited.

    If negative, the absolute value specifies how much space instances of the class need in addition to the superclass. Use `PyObject_GetTypeData()` to get a pointer to subclass-specific memory reserved this way. For negative `basicsize`, Python will insert padding when needed to meet `tp_basicsize`’s alignment requirements.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Previously, this field could not be negative.

  int itemsize

    Size of one element of a variable-size type, in bytes. Used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_itemsize`. See `tp_itemsize` documentation for caveats.

    If zero, `tp_itemsize` is inherited. Extending arbitrary variable-sized classes is dangerous, since some types use a fixed offset for variable-sized memory, which can then overlap fixed-sized memory used by a subclass. To help prevent mistakes, inheriting `itemsize` is only possible in the following situations:

    - The base is not variable-sized (its `tp_itemsize`).

    - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is positive, suggesting that the memory layout of the base class is known.

    - The requested `PyType_Spec.basicsize` is zero, suggesting that the subclass does not access the instance’s memory directly.

    - With the `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` flag.

  unsigned int flags

    Type flags, used to set `PyTypeObject.tp_flags`.

    If the `Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE` flag is not set, `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()` sets it automatically.

  PyType_Slot *slots

    Array of `PyType_Slot` structures. Terminated by the special slot value `{0, NULL}`.

    Each slot ID should be specified at most once.

type PyType_Slot
  Parte del ABI Stabile (inclusi tutti i membri).

  Structure defining optional functionality of a type, containing a slot ID and a value pointer.

  int slot

    A slot ID.

    Slot IDs are named like the field names of the structures `PyTypeObject`, `PyNumberMethods`, `PySequenceMethods`, `PyMappingMethods` and `PyAsyncMethods` with an added `Py_` prefix. For example, use:

    - `Py_tp_dealloc` to set `PyTypeObject.tp_dealloc`

    - `Py_nb_add` to set `PyNumberMethods.nb_add`

    - `Py_sq_length` to set `PySequenceMethods.sq_length`

    An additional slot is supported that does not correspond to a `PyTypeObject` struct field:

    - `Py_tp_token`

    The following “offset” fields cannot be set using `PyType_Slot`:

    - `tp_weaklistoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_WEAKREF` instead if possible)

    - `tp_dictoffset` (use `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` instead if possible)

    - `tp_vectorcall_offset` (use `"__vectorcalloffset__"` in PyMemberDef)

    If it is not possible to switch to a `MANAGED` flag (for example, for vectorcall or to support Python older than 3.12), specify the offset in `Py_tp_members`. See PyMemberDef documentation for details.

    The following internal fields cannot be set at all when creating a heap type:

    - `tp_dict`, `tp_mro`, `tp_cache`, `tp_subclasses`, and `tp_weaklist`.

    Setting `Py_tp_bases` or `Py_tp_base` may be problematic on some platforms. To avoid issues, use the bases argument of `PyType_FromSpecWithBases()` instead.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.9: Slots in `PyBufferProcs` may be set in the unlimited API.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.11: `bf_getbuffer` and `bf_releasebuffer` are now available under the limited API.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.14: The field `tp_vectorcall` can now be set using `Py_tp_vectorcall`. See the field’s documentation for details.

  void *pfunc

    The desired value of the slot. In most cases, this is a pointer to a function.

    pfunc values may not be `NULL`, except for the following slots:

    - `Py_tp_doc`

    - `Py_tp_token` (for clarity, prefer `Py_TP_USE_SPEC` rather than `NULL`)

Py_tp_token
  Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.14.

  A `slot` that records a static memory layout ID for a class.

  If the `PyType_Spec` of the class is statically allocated, the token can be set to the spec using the special value `Py_TP_USE_SPEC`:

      static PyType_Slot foo_slots[] = {
         {Py_tp_token, Py_TP_USE_SPEC},

  It can also be set to an arbitrary pointer, but you must ensure that:

  - The pointer outlives the class, so it’s not reused for something else while the class exists.

  - It «belongs» to the extension module where the class lives, so it will not clash with other extensions.

  Use `PyType_GetBaseByToken()` to check if a class’s superclass has a given token – that is, check whether the memory layout is compatible.

  To get the token for a given class (without considering superclasses), use `PyType_GetSlot()` with `Py_tp_token`.

  Added in version 3.14.

  Py_TP_USE_SPEC
    Parte del ABI Stabile dalla versione 3.14.

    Used as a value with `Py_tp_token` to set the token to the class’s `PyType_Spec`. Expands to `NULL`.

    Added in version 3.14.