This document is for an old version of Python that is no longer supported. You should upgrade, and read the Python documentation for the current stable release.

# Python Development Mode

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.

The Python Development Mode introduces additional runtime checks that are too expensive to be enabled by default. It should not be more verbose than the default if the code is correct; new warnings are only emitted when an issue is detected.

It can be enabled using the `-X dev` command line option or by setting the `PYTHONDEVMODE` environment variable to `1`.

# Effects of the Python Development Mode

Enabling the Python Development Mode is similar to the following command, but with additional effects described below:

    PYTHONMALLOC=debug PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG=1 python3 -W default -X faulthandler

Effects of the Python Development Mode:

- Add `default` warning filter. The following warnings are shown:

  - `DeprecationWarning`

  - `ImportWarning`

  - `PendingDeprecationWarning`

  - `ResourceWarning`

  Normally, the above warnings are filtered by the default warning filters.

  It behaves as if the `-W default` command line option is used.

  Use the `-W error` command line option or set the `PYTHONWARNINGS` environment variable to `error` to treat warnings as errors.

- Install debug hooks on memory allocators to check for:

  - Buffer underflow

  - Buffer overflow

  - Memory allocator API violation

  - Unsafe usage of the GIL

  See the `PyMem_SetupDebugHooks()` C function.

  It behaves as if the `PYTHONMALLOC` environment variable is set to `debug`.

  To enable the Python Development Mode without installing debug hooks on memory allocators, set the `PYTHONMALLOC` environment variable to `default`.

- Call `faulthandler.enable()` at Python startup to install handlers for the `SIGSEGV`, `SIGFPE`, `SIGABRT`, `SIGBUS` and `SIGILL` signals to dump the Python traceback on a crash.

  It behaves as if the `-X faulthandler` command line option is used or if the `PYTHONFAULTHANDLER` environment variable is set to `1`.

- Enable asyncio debug mode. For example, `asyncio` checks for coroutines that were not awaited and logs them.

  It behaves as if the `PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG` environment variable is set to `1`.

- Check the encoding and errors arguments for string encoding and decoding operations. Examples: `open()`, `str.encode()` and `bytes.decode()`.

  By default, for best performance, the errors argument is only checked at the first encoding/decoding error and the encoding argument is sometimes ignored for empty strings.

- The `io.IOBase` destructor logs `close()` exceptions.

- Set the `dev_mode` attribute of `sys.flags` to `True`.

The Python Development Mode does not enable the `tracemalloc` module by default, because the overhead cost (to performance and memory) would be too large. Enabling the `tracemalloc` module provides additional information on the origin of some errors. For example, `ResourceWarning` logs the traceback where the resource was allocated, and a buffer overflow error logs the traceback where the memory block was allocated.

The Python Development Mode does not prevent the `-O` command line option from removing `assert` statements nor from setting `__debug__` to `False`.

Cambiato nella versione 3.8: The `io.IOBase` destructor now logs `close()` exceptions.

Cambiato nella versione 3.9: The encoding and errors arguments are now checked for string encoding and decoding operations.

# ResourceWarning Example

Example of a script counting the number of lines of the text file specified in the command line:

    import sys

    def main():
        fp = open(sys.argv[1])
        nlines = len(fp.readlines())
        print(nlines)
        # The file is closed implicitly

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        main()

The script does not close the file explicitly. By default, Python does not emit any warning. Example using README.txt, which has 269 lines:

    $ python3 script.py README.txt
    269

Enabling the Python Development Mode displays a `ResourceWarning` warning:

    $ python3 -X dev script.py README.txt
    269
    script.py:10: ResourceWarning: unclosed file <_io.TextIOWrapper name='README.rst' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
      main()
    ResourceWarning: Enable tracemalloc to get the object allocation traceback

In addition, enabling `tracemalloc` shows the line where the file was opened:

    $ python3 -X dev -X tracemalloc=5 script.py README.rst
    269
    script.py:10: ResourceWarning: unclosed file <_io.TextIOWrapper name='README.rst' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
      main()
    Object allocated at (most recent call last):
      File "script.py", lineno 10
        main()
      File "script.py", lineno 4
        fp = open(sys.argv[1])

The fix is to close explicitly the file. Example using a context manager:

    def main():
        # Close the file explicitly when exiting the with block
        with open(sys.argv[1]) as fp:
            nlines = len(fp.readlines())
        print(nlines)

Not closing a resource explicitly can leave a resource open for way longer than expected; it can cause severe issues upon exiting Python. It is bad in CPython, but it is even worse in PyPy. Closing resources explicitly makes an application more deterministic and more reliable.

# Bad file descriptor error example

Script displaying the first line of itself:

    import os

    def main():
        fp = open(__file__)
        firstline = fp.readline()
        print(firstline.rstrip())
        os.close(fp.fileno())
        # The file is closed implicitly

    main()

By default, Python does not emit any warning:

    $ python3 script.py
    import os

The Python Development Mode shows a `ResourceWarning` and logs a «Bad file descriptor» error when finalizing the file object:

    $ python3 script.py
    import os
    script.py:10: ResourceWarning: unclosed file <_io.TextIOWrapper name='script.py' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
      main()
    ResourceWarning: Enable tracemalloc to get the object allocation traceback
    Exception ignored in: <_io.TextIOWrapper name='script.py' mode='r' encoding='UTF-8'>
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "script.py", line 10, in <module>
        main()
    OSError: [Errno 9] Bad file descriptor

`os.close(fp.fileno())` closes the file descriptor. When the file object finalizer tries to close the file descriptor again, it fails with the `Bad file descriptor` error. A file descriptor must be closed only once. In the worst case scenario, closing it twice can lead to a crash (see bpo-18748 for an example).

The fix is to remove the `os.close(fp.fileno())` line, or open the file with `closefd=False`.