1. Command line and environment

The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various settings.

CPython implementation detail: Other implementations” command line schemes may differ. See Alternate Implementations for further resources.

1.1. Command line

When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options:

python [-bBdEhiIOqsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]

The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script:

python myscript.py

1.1.1. Interface options

The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some additional methods of invocation:

• When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can produce that with Ctrl-D on UNIX or Ctrl-Z, Enter on Windows) is read.

• When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file.

• When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an appropriately named script from that directory.

• When called with -c command, it executes the Python statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!

• When called with -m module-name, the given module is located on the Python module path and executed as a script.

In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.

An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter, all consecutive arguments will end up in sys.argv – note that the first element, subscript zero (sys.argv[0]), is a string reflecting the program’s source.

-c <command>

Execute the Python code in command. command can be one or more statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in normal module code.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be "-c" and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top level modules).

-m <module-name>

Search sys.path for the named module and execute its contents as the __main__ module.

Since the argument is a module name, you must not give a file extension (.py). The module name should be a valid absolute Python module name, but the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to use a name that includes a hyphen).

Package names (including namespace packages) are also permitted. When a package name is supplied instead of a normal module, the interpreter will execute <pkg>.__main__ as the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the script argument.

Nota

This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source file is not available.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be the full path to the module file (while the module file is being located, the first element will be set to "-m"). As with the -c option, the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path.

-I option can be used to run the script in isolated mode where sys.path contains neither the current directory nor the user’s site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too.

Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution as a script. An example is the timeit module:

python -m timeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
python -m timeit -h # for details

Vedi anche

runpy.run_module()

Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

PEP 338 – Executing modules as scripts

Cambiato nella versione 3.1: Supply the package name to run a __main__ submodule.

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: namespace packages are also supported

-

Read commands from standard input (sys.stdin). If standard input is a terminal, -i is implied.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be "-" and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path.

<script>

Execute the Python code contained in script, which must be a filesystem path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory containing a __main__.py file, or a zipfile containing a __main__.py file.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be the script name as given on the command line.

If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory containing that file is added to the start of sys.path, and the file is executed as the __main__ module.

If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is added to the start of sys.path and the __main__.py file in that location is executed as the __main__ module.

-I option can be used to run the script in isolated mode where sys.path contains neither the script’s directory nor the user’s site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too.

Vedi anche

runpy.run_path()

Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

If no interface option is given, -i is implied, sys.argv[0] is an empty string ("") and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path. Also, tab-completion and history editing is automatically enabled, if available on your platform (see Readline configuration).

Vedi anche

Invocazione dell’interprete

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Automatic enabling of tab-completion and history editing.

1.1.2. Generic options

-?

-h

--help

Print a short description of all command line options.

-V

--version

Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:

Python 3.7.0b2+

When given twice, print more information about the build, like:

Python 3.7.0b2+ (3.7:0c076caaa8, Sep 22 2018, 12:04:24)
[GCC 6.2.0 20161005]

Nuovo nella versione 3.6: The -VV option.

1.1.3. Miscellaneous options

-b

Issue a warning when comparing bytes or bytearray with str or bytes with int. Issue an error when the option is given twice (-bb).

Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Affects comparisons of bytes with int.

-B

If given, Python won’t try to write .pyc files on the import of source modules. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.

--check-hash-based-pycs default|always|never

Control the validation behavior of hash-based .pyc files. See Cached bytecode invalidation. When set to default, checked and unchecked hash-based bytecode cache files are validated according to their default semantics. When set to always, all hash-based .pyc files, whether checked or unchecked, are validated against their corresponding source file. When set to never, hash-based .pyc files are not validated against their corresponding source files.

The semantics of timestamp-based .pyc files are unaffected by this option.

-d

Turn on parser debugging output (for expert only, depending on compilation options). See also PYTHONDEBUG.

-E

Ignore all PYTHON* environment variables, e.g. PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME, that might be set.

-i

When a script is passed as first argument or the -c option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when sys.stdin does not appear to be a terminal. The PYTHONSTARTUP file is not read.

This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. See also PYTHONINSPECT.

-I

Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies -E and -s. In isolated mode sys.path contains neither the script’s directory nor the user’s site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting malicious code.

Nuovo nella versione 3.4.

-O

Remove assert statements and any code conditional on the value of __debug__. Augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by adding .opt-1 before the .pyc extension (see PEP 488). See also PYTHONOPTIMIZE.

Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Modify .pyc filenames according to PEP 488.

-OO

Do -O and also discard docstrings. Augment the filename for compiled (bytecode) files by adding .opt-2 before the .pyc extension (see PEP 488).

Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Modify .pyc filenames according to PEP 488.

-q

Don’t display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.

Nuovo nella versione 3.2.

-R

Turn on hash randomization. This option only has an effect if the PYTHONHASHSEED environment variable is set to 0, since hash randomization is enabled by default.

On previous versions of Python, this option turns on hash randomization, so that the __hash__() values of str, bytes and datetime are «salted» with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.

Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.

PYTHONHASHSEED allows you to set a fixed value for the hash seed secret.

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: The option is no longer ignored.

Nuovo nella versione 3.2.3.

-s

Don’t add the user site-packages directory to sys.path.

Vedi anche

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

-S

Disable the import of the module site and the site-dependent manipulations of sys.path that it entails. Also disable these manipulations if site is explicitly imported later (call site.main() if you want them to be triggered).

-u

Force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered. This option has no effect on the stdin stream.

See also PYTHONUNBUFFERED.

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: The text layer of the stdout and stderr streams now is unbuffered.

-v

Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place (filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given twice (-vv), print a message for each file that is checked for when searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup at exit. See also PYTHONVERBOSE.

-W arg

Warning control. Python’s warning machinery by default prints warning messages to sys.stderr. A typical warning message has the following form:

file:line: category: message

By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed.

Multiple -W options may be given; when a warning matches more than one option, the action for the last matching option is performed. Invalid -W options are ignored (though, a warning message is printed about invalid options when the first warning is issued).

Warnings can also be controlled using the PYTHONWARNINGS environment variable and from within a Python program using the warnings module.

The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by default):

-Wdefault  # Warn once per call location
-Werror    # Convert to exceptions
-Walways   # Warn every time
-Wmodule   # Warn once per calling module
-Wonce     # Warn once per Python process
-Wignore   # Never warn

The action names can be abbreviated as desired (e.g. -Wi, -Wd, -Wa, -We) and the interpreter will resolve them to the appropriate action name.

See The Warnings Filter and Describing Warning Filters for more details.

-x

Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.

-X

Reserved for various implementation-specific options. CPython currently defines the following possible values:

• -X faulthandler to enable faulthandler;

• -X showrefcount to output the total reference count and number of used memory blocks when the program finishes or after each statement in the interactive interpreter. This only works on debug builds.

• -X tracemalloc to start tracing Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a traceback limit of NFRAME frames. See the tracemalloc.start() for more information.

• -X showalloccount to output the total count of allocated objects for each type when the program finishes. This only works when Python was built with COUNT_ALLOCS defined.

• -X int_max_str_digits configures the integer string conversion length limitation. See also PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS.

• -X importtime to show how long each import takes. It shows module name, cumulative time (including nested imports) and self time (excluding nested imports). Note that its output may be broken in multi-threaded application. Typical usage is python3 -X importtime -c 'import asyncio'. See also PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME.

• -X dev: enable CPython’s «development mode», introducing additional runtime checks which are too expensive to be enabled by default. It should not be more verbose than the default if the code is correct: new warnings are only emitted when an issue is detected. Effect of the developer mode:

  • Add default warning filter, as -W default.

  • Install debug hooks on memory allocators: see the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks() C function.

  • Enable the faulthandler module to dump the Python traceback on a crash.

  • Enable asyncio debug mode.

  • Set the dev_mode attribute of sys.flags to True.

• -X utf8 enables UTF-8 mode for operating system interfaces, overriding the default locale-aware mode. -X utf8=0 explicitly disables UTF-8 mode (even when it would otherwise activate automatically). See PYTHONUTF8 for more details.

It also allows passing arbitrary values and retrieving them through the sys._xoptions dictionary.

Cambiato nella versione 3.2: The -X option was added.

Nuovo nella versione 3.3: The -X faulthandler option.

Nuovo nella versione 3.4: The -X showrefcount and -X tracemalloc options.

Nuovo nella versione 3.6: The -X showalloccount option.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7: The -X importtime, -X dev and -X utf8 options.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.14: The -X int_max_str_digits option.

1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use

-J

Reserved for use by Jython.

1.2. Environment variables

These environment variables influence Python’s behavior, they are processed before the command-line switches other than -E or -I. It is customary that command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a conflict.

PYTHONHOME

Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in prefix/lib/pythonversion and exec_prefix/lib/pythonversion, where prefix and exec_prefix are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to /usr/local.

When PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value replaces both prefix and exec_prefix. To specify different values for these, set PYTHONHOME to prefix:exec_prefix.

PYTHONPATH

Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell’s PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by os.pathsep (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows). Non-existent directories are silently ignored.

In addition to normal directories, individual PYTHONPATH entries may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.

The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with prefix/lib/pythonversion (see PYTHONHOME above). It is always appended to PYTHONPATH.

An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of PYTHONPATH as described above under Interface options. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variable sys.path.

PYTHONSTARTUP

If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts sys.ps1 and sys.ps2 and the hook sys.__interactivehook__ in this file.

PYTHONOPTIMIZE

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -O option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -O multiple times.

PYTHONBREAKPOINT

If this is set, it names a callable using dotted-path notation. The module containing the callable will be imported and then the callable will be run by the default implementation of sys.breakpointhook() which itself is called by built-in breakpoint(). If not set, or set to the empty string, it is equivalent to the value «pdb.set_trace». Setting this to the string «0» causes the default implementation of sys.breakpointhook() to do nothing but return immediately.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.

PYTHONDEBUG

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -d option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -d multiple times.

PYTHONINSPECT

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -i option.

This variable can also be modified by Python code using os.environ to force inspect mode on program termination.

PYTHONUNBUFFERED

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -u option.

PYTHONVERBOSE

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -v option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -v multiple times.

PYTHONCASEOK

If this is set, Python ignores case in import statements. This only works on Windows and OS X.

PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE

If this is set to a non-empty string, Python won’t try to write .pyc files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to specifying the -B option.

PYTHONHASHSEED

If this variable is not set or set to random, a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.

If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization.

Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.

The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will disable hash randomization.

Nuovo nella versione 3.2.3.

PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS

If this variable is set to an integer, it is used to configure the interpreter’s global integer string conversion length limitation.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.14.

PYTHONIOENCODING

If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax encodingname:errorhandler. Both the encodingname and the :errorhandler parts are optional and have the same meaning as in str.encode().

For stderr, the :errorhandler part is ignored; the handler will always be 'backslashreplace'.

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The encodingname part is now optional.

Cambiato nella versione 3.6: On Windows, the encoding specified by this variable is ignored for interactive console buffers unless PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO is also specified. Files and pipes redirected through the standard streams are not affected.

PYTHONNOUSERSITE

If this is set, Python won’t add the user site-packages directory to sys.path.

Vedi anche

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

PYTHONUSERBASE

Defines the user base directory, which is used to compute the path of the user site-packages directory and Distutils installation paths for python setup.py install --user.

Vedi anche

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

PYTHONEXECUTABLE

If this environment variable is set, sys.argv[0] will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on Mac OS X.

PYTHONWARNINGS

This is equivalent to the -W option. If set to a comma separated string, it is equivalent to specifying -W multiple times, with filters later in the list taking precedence over those earlier in the list.

The simplest settings apply a particular action unconditionally to all warnings emitted by a process (even those that are otherwise ignored by default):

PYTHONWARNINGS=default  # Warn once per call location
PYTHONWARNINGS=error    # Convert to exceptions
PYTHONWARNINGS=always   # Warn every time
PYTHONWARNINGS=module   # Warn once per calling module
PYTHONWARNINGS=once     # Warn once per Python process
PYTHONWARNINGS=ignore   # Never warn

See The Warnings Filter and Describing Warning Filters for more details.

PYTHONFAULTHANDLER

If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, faulthandler.enable() is called at startup: install a handler for SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS and SIGILL signals to dump the Python traceback. This is equivalent to -X faulthandler option.

Nuovo nella versione 3.3.

PYTHONTRACEMALLOC

If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module. The value of the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a traceback of a trace. For example, PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1 stores only the most recent frame. See the tracemalloc.start() for more information.

Nuovo nella versione 3.4.

PYTHONPROFILEIMPORTTIME

If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, Python will show how long each import takes. This is exactly equivalent to setting -X importtime on the command line.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.

PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG

If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the debug mode of the asyncio module.

Nuovo nella versione 3.4.

PYTHONMALLOC

Set the Python memory allocators and/or install debug hooks.

Set the family of memory allocators used by Python:

• default: use the default memory allocators.

• malloc: use the malloc() function of the C library for all domains (PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW, PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM, PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ).

• pymalloc: use the pymalloc allocator for PYMEM_DOMAIN_MEM and PYMEM_DOMAIN_OBJ domains and use the malloc() function for the PYMEM_DOMAIN_RAW domain.

Install debug hooks:

• debug: install debug hooks on top of the default memory allocators.

• malloc_debug: same as malloc but also install debug hooks.

• pymalloc_debug: same as pymalloc but also install debug hooks.

See the default memory allocators and the PyMem_SetupDebugHooks() function (install debug hooks on Python memory allocators).

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: Added the "default" allocator.

Nuovo nella versione 3.6.

PYTHONMALLOCSTATS

If set to a non-empty string, Python will print statistics of the pymalloc memory allocator every time a new pymalloc object arena is created, and on shutdown.

This variable is ignored if the PYTHONMALLOC environment variable is used to force the malloc() allocator of the C library, or if Python is configured without pymalloc support.

Cambiato nella versione 3.6: This variable can now also be used on Python compiled in release mode. It now has no effect if set to an empty string.

PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSFSENCODING

If set to a non-empty string, the default filesystem encoding and errors mode will revert to their pre-3.6 values of “mbcs” and “replace”, respectively. Otherwise, the new defaults “utf-8” and “surrogatepass” are used.

This may also be enabled at runtime with sys._enablelegacywindowsfsencoding().

Availability: Windows.

Nuovo nella versione 3.6: See PEP 529 for more details.

PYTHONLEGACYWINDOWSSTDIO

If set to a non-empty string, does not use the new console reader and writer. This means that Unicode characters will be encoded according to the active console code page, rather than using utf-8.

This variable is ignored if the standard streams are redirected (to files or pipes) rather than referring to console buffers.

Availability: Windows.

Nuovo nella versione 3.6.

PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE

If set to the value 0, causes the main Python command line application to skip coercing the legacy ASCII-based C and POSIX locales to a more capable UTF-8 based alternative.

If this variable is not set (or is set to a value other than 0), the LC_ALL locale override environment variable is also not set, and the current locale reported for the LC_CTYPE category is either the default C locale, or else the explicitly ASCII-based POSIX locale, then the Python CLI will attempt to configure the following locales for the LC_CTYPE category in the order listed before loading the interpreter runtime:

• C.UTF-8

• C.utf8

• UTF-8

If setting one of these locale categories succeeds, then the LC_CTYPE environment variable will also be set accordingly in the current process environment before the Python runtime is initialized. This ensures that in addition to being seen by both the interpreter itself and other locale-aware components running in the same process (such as the GNU readline library), the updated setting is also seen in subprocesses (regardless of whether or not those processes are running a Python interpreter), as well as in operations that query the environment rather than the current C locale (such as Python’s own locale.getdefaultlocale()).

Configuring one of these locales (either explicitly or via the above implicit locale coercion) automatically enables the surrogateescape error handler for sys.stdin and sys.stdout (sys.stderr continues to use backslashreplace as it does in any other locale). This stream handling behavior can be overridden using PYTHONIOENCODING as usual.

For debugging purposes, setting PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE=warn will cause Python to emit warning messages on stderr if either the locale coercion activates, or else if a locale that would have triggered coercion is still active when the Python runtime is initialized.

Also note that even when locale coercion is disabled, or when it fails to find a suitable target locale, PYTHONUTF8 will still activate by default in legacy ASCII-based locales. Both features must be disabled in order to force the interpreter to use ASCII instead of UTF-8 for system interfaces.

Availability: *nix.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7: See PEP 538 for more details.

PYTHONDEVMODE

If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the CPython «development mode». See the -X dev option.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7.

PYTHONUTF8

If set to 1, enables the interpreter’s UTF-8 mode, where UTF-8 is used as the text encoding for system interfaces, regardless of the current locale setting.

This means that:

• sys.getfilesystemencoding() returns 'UTF-8' (the locale encoding is ignored).

• locale.getpreferredencoding() returns 'UTF-8' (the locale encoding is ignored, and the function’s do_setlocale parameter has no effect).

• sys.stdin, sys.stdout, and sys.stderr all use UTF-8 as their text encoding, with the surrogateescape error handler being enabled for sys.stdin and sys.stdout (sys.stderr continues to use backslashreplace as it does in the default locale-aware mode)

As a consequence of the changes in those lower level APIs, other higher level APIs also exhibit different default behaviours:

• Command line arguments, environment variables and filenames are decoded to text using the UTF-8 encoding.

• os.fsdecode() and os.fsencode() use the UTF-8 encoding.

• open(), io.open(), and codecs.open() use the UTF-8 encoding by default. However, they still use the strict error handler by default so that attempting to open a binary file in text mode is likely to raise an exception rather than producing nonsense data.

Note that the standard stream settings in UTF-8 mode can be overridden by PYTHONIOENCODING (just as they can be in the default locale-aware mode).

If set to 0, the interpreter runs in its default locale-aware mode.

Setting any other non-empty string causes an error during interpreter initialisation.

If this environment variable is not set at all, then the interpreter defaults to using the current locale settings, unless the current locale is identified as a legacy ASCII-based locale (as described for PYTHONCOERCECLOCALE), and locale coercion is either disabled or fails. In such legacy locales, the interpreter will default to enabling UTF-8 mode unless explicitly instructed not to do so.

Also available as the -X utf8 option.

Nuovo nella versione 3.7: See PEP 540 for more details.

1.2.1. Debug-mode variables

Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is, if Python was configured with the --with-pydebug build option.

PYTHONTHREADDEBUG

If set, Python will print threading debug info.

PYTHONDUMPREFS

If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.