"tempfile" --- Generate temporary files and directories
*******************************************************

**Source code:** Lib/tempfile.py

======================================================================

This module creates temporary files and directories.  It works on all
supported platforms. "TemporaryFile", "NamedTemporaryFile",
"TemporaryDirectory", and "SpooledTemporaryFile" are high-level
interfaces which provide automatic cleanup and can be used as *context
managers*. "mkstemp()" and "mkdtemp()" are lower-level functions which
require manual cleanup.

All the user-callable functions and constructors take additional
arguments which allow direct control over the location and name of
temporary files and directories. Files names used by this module
include a string of random characters which allows those files to be
securely created in shared temporary directories. To maintain backward
compatibility, the argument order is somewhat odd; it is recommended
to use keyword arguments for clarity.

The module defines the following user-callable items:

tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, *, errors=None)

   Return a *file-like object* that can be used as a temporary storage
   area. The file is created securely, using the same rules as
   "mkstemp()". It will be destroyed as soon as it is closed
   (including an implicit close when the object is garbage collected).
   Under Unix, the directory entry for the file is either not created
   at all or is removed immediately after the file is created.  Other
   platforms do not support this; your code should not rely on a
   temporary file created using this function having or not having a
   visible name in the file system.

   The resulting object can be used as a *context manager* (see
   Examples).  On completion of the context or destruction of the file
   object the temporary file will be removed from the filesystem.

   The *mode* parameter defaults to "'w+b'" so that the file created
   can be read and written without being closed.  Binary mode is used
   so that it behaves consistently on all platforms without regard for
   the data that is stored.  *buffering*, *encoding*, *errors* and
   *newline* are interpreted as for "open()".

   The *dir*, *prefix* and *suffix* parameters have the same meaning
   and defaults as with "mkstemp()".

   The returned object is a true file object on POSIX platforms.  On
   other platforms, it is a file-like object whose "file" attribute is
   the underlying true file object.

   The "os.O_TMPFILE" flag is used if it is available and works
   (Linux-specific, requires Linux kernel 3.11 or later).

   On platforms that are neither Posix nor Cygwin, TemporaryFile is an
   alias for NamedTemporaryFile.

   Raises an auditing event "tempfile.mkstemp" with argument
   "fullpath".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The "os.O_TMPFILE" flag is now used if
   available.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added *errors* parameter.

tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, delete=True, *, errors=None, delete_on_close=True)

   This function operates exactly as "TemporaryFile()" does, except
   the following differences:

   * This function returns a file that is guaranteed to have a visible
     name in the file system.

   * To manage the named file, it extends the parameters of
     "TemporaryFile()" with *delete* and *delete_on_close* parameters
     that determine whether and how the named file should be
     automatically deleted.

   The returned object is always a *file-like object* whose "file"
   attribute is the underlying true file object. This file-like object
   can be used in a "with" statement, just like a normal file.  The
   name of the temporary file can be retrieved from the "name"
   attribute of the returned file-like object. On Unix, unlike with
   the "TemporaryFile()", the directory entry does not get unlinked
   immediately after the file creation.

   If *delete* is true (the default) and *delete_on_close* is true
   (the default), the file is deleted as soon as it is closed. If
   *delete* is true and *delete_on_close* is false, the file is
   deleted on context manager exit only, or else when the *file-like
   object* is finalized. Deletion is not always guaranteed in this
   case (see "object.__del__()"). If *delete* is false, the value of
   *delete_on_close* is ignored.

   Therefore to use the name of the temporary file to reopen the file
   after closing it, either make sure not to delete the file upon
   closure (set the *delete* parameter to be false) or, in case the
   temporary file is created in a "with" statement, set the
   *delete_on_close* parameter to be false. The latter approach is
   recommended as it provides assistance in automatic cleaning of the
   temporary file upon the context manager exit.

   Opening the temporary file again by its name while it is still open
   works as follows:

   * On POSIX the file can always be opened again.

   * On Windows, make sure that at least one of the following
     conditions are fulfilled:

     * *delete* is false

     * additional open shares delete access (e.g. by calling
       "os.open()" with the flag "O_TEMPORARY")

     * *delete* is true but *delete_on_close* is false. Note, that in
       this case the additional opens that do not share delete access
       (e.g. created via builtin "open()") must be closed before
       exiting the context manager, else the "os.unlink()" call on
       context manager exit will fail with a "PermissionError".

   On Windows, if *delete_on_close* is false, and the file is created
   in a directory for which the user lacks delete access, then the
   "os.unlink()" call on exit of the context manager will fail with a
   "PermissionError". This cannot happen when *delete_on_close* is
   true because delete access is requested by the open, which fails
   immediately if the requested access is not granted.

   On POSIX (only), a process that is terminated abruptly with SIGKILL
   cannot automatically delete any NamedTemporaryFiles it created.

   Raises an auditing event "tempfile.mkstemp" with argument
   "fullpath".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added *errors* parameter.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added *delete_on_close* parameter.

class tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, *, errors=None)

   This class operates exactly as "TemporaryFile()" does, except that
   data is spooled in memory until the file size exceeds *max_size*,
   or until the file's "fileno()" method is called, at which point the
   contents are written to disk and operation proceeds as with
   "TemporaryFile()".

   rollover()

      The resulting file has one additional method, "rollover()",
      which causes the file to roll over to an on-disk file regardless
      of its size.

   The returned object is a file-like object whose "_file" attribute
   is either an "io.BytesIO" or "io.TextIOWrapper" object (depending
   on whether binary or text *mode* was specified) or a true file
   object, depending on whether "rollover()" has been called.  This
   file-like object can be used in a "with" statement, just like a
   normal file.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.3: the truncate method now accepts a
   *size* argument.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added *errors* parameter.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.11: Fully implements the
   "io.BufferedIOBase" and "io.TextIOBase" abstract base classes
   (depending on whether binary or text *mode* was specified).

class tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, ignore_cleanup_errors=False, *, delete=True)

   This class securely creates a temporary directory using the same
   rules as "mkdtemp()". The resulting object can be used as a
   *context manager* (see Examples).  On completion of the context or
   destruction of the temporary directory object, the newly created
   temporary directory and all its contents are removed from the
   filesystem.

   name

      The directory name can be retrieved from the "name" attribute of
      the returned object.  When the returned object is used as a
      *context manager*, the "name" will be assigned to the target of
      the "as" clause in the "with" statement, if there is one.

   cleanup()

      The directory can be explicitly cleaned up by calling the
      "cleanup()" method. If *ignore_cleanup_errors* is true, any
      unhandled exceptions during explicit or implicit cleanup (such
      as a "PermissionError" removing open files on Windows) will be
      ignored, and the remaining removable items deleted on a "best-
      effort" basis. Otherwise, errors will be raised in whatever
      context cleanup occurs (the "cleanup()" call, exiting the
      context manager, when the object is garbage-collected or during
      interpreter shutdown).

   The *delete* parameter can be used to disable cleanup of the
   directory tree upon exiting the context.  While it may seem unusual
   for a context manager to disable the action taken when exiting the
   context, it can be useful during debugging or when you need your
   cleanup behavior to be conditional based on other logic.

   Raises an auditing event "tempfile.mkdtemp" with argument
   "fullpath".

   Added in version 3.2.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Added *ignore_cleanup_errors*
   parameter.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added the *delete* parameter.

tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, text=False)

   Creates a temporary file in the most secure manner possible.  There
   are no race conditions in the file's creation, assuming that the
   platform properly implements the "os.O_EXCL" flag for "os.open()".
   The file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID.  If
   the platform uses permission bits to indicate whether a file is
   executable, the file is executable by no one.

   The file descriptor is not inherited by child processes.

   Unlike "TemporaryFile()", the user of "mkstemp()" is responsible
   for deleting the temporary file when done with it.

   If *suffix* is not "None", the file name will end with that suffix,
   otherwise there will be no suffix.  "mkstemp()" does not put a dot
   between the file name and the suffix; if you need one, put it at
   the beginning of *suffix*.

   If *prefix* is not "None", the file name will begin with that
   prefix; otherwise, a default prefix is used.  The default is the
   return value of "gettempprefix()" or "gettempprefixb()", as
   appropriate.

   If *dir* is not "None", the file will be created in that directory;
   otherwise, a default directory is used.  The default directory is
   chosen from a platform-dependent list, but the user of the
   application can control the directory location by setting the
   *TMPDIR*, *TEMP* or *TMP* environment variables.  There is thus no
   guarantee that the generated filename will have any nice
   properties, such as not requiring quoting when passed to external
   commands via "os.popen()".

   If any of *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* are not "None", they must
   be the same type. If they are bytes, the returned name will be
   bytes instead of str. If you want to force a bytes return value
   with otherwise default behavior, pass "suffix=b''".

   If *text* is specified and true, the file is opened in text mode.
   Otherwise, (the default) the file is opened in binary mode.

   "mkstemp()" returns a tuple containing an OS-level handle to an
   open file (as would be returned by "os.open()") and the absolute
   pathname of that file, in that order.

   Raises an auditing event "tempfile.mkstemp" with argument
   "fullpath".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.5: *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* may now
   be supplied in bytes in order to obtain a bytes return value.
   Prior to this, only str was allowed. *suffix* and *prefix* now
   accept and default to "None" to cause an appropriate default value
   to be used.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: The *dir* parameter now accepts a
   *path-like object*.

tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None)

   Creates a temporary directory in the most secure manner possible.
   There are no race conditions in the directory's creation.  The
   directory is readable, writable, and searchable only by the
   creating user ID.

   The user of "mkdtemp()" is responsible for deleting the temporary
   directory and its contents when done with it.

   The *prefix*, *suffix*, and *dir* arguments are the same as for
   "mkstemp()".

   "mkdtemp()" returns the absolute pathname of the new directory.

   Raises an auditing event "tempfile.mkdtemp" with argument
   "fullpath".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.5: *suffix*, *prefix*, and *dir* may now
   be supplied in bytes in order to obtain a bytes return value.
   Prior to this, only str was allowed. *suffix* and *prefix* now
   accept and default to "None" to cause an appropriate default value
   to be used.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: The *dir* parameter now accepts a
   *path-like object*.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.12: "mkdtemp()" now always returns an
   absolute path, even if *dir* is relative.

tempfile.gettempdir()

   Return the name of the directory used for temporary files. This
   defines the default value for the *dir* argument to all functions
   in this module.

   Python searches a standard list of directories to find one which
   the calling user can create files in.  The list is:

   1. The directory named by the "TMPDIR" environment variable.

   2. The directory named by the "TEMP" environment variable.

   3. The directory named by the "TMP" environment variable.

   4. A platform-specific location:

      * On Windows, the directories "C:\TEMP", "C:\TMP", "\TEMP", and
        "\TMP", in that order.

      * On all other platforms, the directories "/tmp", "/var/tmp",
        and "/usr/tmp", in that order.

   5. As a last resort, the current working directory.

   The result of this search is cached, see the description of
   "tempdir" below.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Always returns a str.  Previously it
   would return any "tempdir" value regardless of type so long as it
   was not "None".

tempfile.gettempdirb()

   Same as "gettempdir()" but the return value is in bytes.

   Added in version 3.5.

tempfile.gettempprefix()

   Return the filename prefix used to create temporary files.  This
   does not contain the directory component.

tempfile.gettempprefixb()

   Same as "gettempprefix()" but the return value is in bytes.

   Added in version 3.5.

The module uses a global variable to store the name of the directory
used for temporary files returned by "gettempdir()".  It can be set
directly to override the selection process, but this is discouraged.
All functions in this module take a *dir* argument which can be used
to specify the directory. This is the recommended approach that does
not surprise other unsuspecting code by changing global API behavior.

tempfile.tempdir

   When set to a value other than "None", this variable defines the
   default value for the *dir* argument to the functions defined in
   this module, including its type, bytes or str.  It cannot be a
   *path-like object*.

   If "tempdir" is "None" (the default) at any call to any of the
   above functions except "gettempprefix()" it is initialized
   following the algorithm described in "gettempdir()".

   Nota:

     Beware that if you set "tempdir" to a bytes value, there is a
     nasty side effect: The global default return type of "mkstemp()"
     and "mkdtemp()" changes to bytes when no explicit "prefix",
     "suffix", or "dir" arguments of type str are supplied. Please do
     not write code expecting or depending on this. This awkward
     behavior is maintained for compatibility with the historical
     implementation.


Examples
========

Here are some examples of typical usage of the "tempfile" module:

   >>> import tempfile

   # create a temporary file and write some data to it
   >>> fp = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
   >>> fp.write(b'Hello world!')
   # read data from file
   >>> fp.seek(0)
   >>> fp.read()
   b'Hello world!'
   # close the file, it will be removed
   >>> fp.close()

   # create a temporary file using a context manager
   >>> with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as fp:
   ...     fp.write(b'Hello world!')
   ...     fp.seek(0)
   ...     fp.read()
   b'Hello world!'
   >>>
   # file is now closed and removed

   # create a temporary file using a context manager
   # close the file, use the name to open the file again
   >>> with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False) as fp:
   ...     fp.write(b'Hello world!')
   ...     fp.close()
   ... # the file is closed, but not removed
   ... # open the file again by using its name
   ...     with open(fp.name, mode='rb') as f:
   ...         f.read()
   b'Hello world!'
   >>>
   # file is now removed

   # create a temporary directory using the context manager
   >>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
   ...     print('created temporary directory', tmpdirname)
   >>>
   # directory and contents have been removed


Deprecated functions and variables
==================================

A historical way to create temporary files was to first generate a
file name with the "mktemp()" function and then create a file using
this name. Unfortunately this is not secure, because a different
process may create a file with this name in the time between the call
to "mktemp()" and the subsequent attempt to create the file by the
first process. The solution is to combine the two steps and create the
file immediately. This approach is used by "mkstemp()" and the other
functions described above.

tempfile.mktemp(suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None)

   Deprecato dalla versione 2.3: Use "mkstemp()" instead.

   Return an absolute pathname of a file that did not exist at the
   time the call is made.  The *prefix*, *suffix*, and *dir* arguments
   are similar to those of "mkstemp()", except that bytes file names,
   "suffix=None" and "prefix=None" are not supported.

   Avvertimento:

     Use of this function may introduce a security hole in your
     program.  By the time you get around to doing anything with the
     file name it returns, someone else may have beaten you to the
     punch.  "mktemp()" usage can be replaced easily with
     "NamedTemporaryFile()", passing it the "delete=False" parameter:

        >>> f = NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
        >>> f.name
        '/tmp/tmptjujjt'
        >>> f.write(b"Hello World!\n")
        13
        >>> f.close()
        >>> os.unlink(f.name)
        >>> os.path.exists(f.name)
        False
