# `tempfile` — Generate temporary files and directories

Source code: Lib/tempfile.py

This module creates temporary files and directories. It works on all supported platforms. `TemporaryFile`, `NamedTemporaryFile`, `TemporaryDirectory`, and `SpooledTemporaryFile` are high-level interfaces which provide automatic cleanup and can be used as context managers. `mkstemp()` and `mkdtemp()` are lower-level functions which require manual cleanup.

All the user-callable functions and constructors take additional arguments which allow direct control over the location and name of temporary files and directories. Files names used by this module include a string of random characters which allows those files to be securely created in shared temporary directories. To maintain backward compatibility, the argument order is somewhat odd; it is recommended to use keyword arguments for clarity.

The module defines the following user-callable items:

tempfile.TemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, *, errors=None)

  Return a file-like object that can be used as a temporary storage area. The file is created securely, using the same rules as `mkstemp()`. It will be destroyed as soon as it is closed (including an implicit close when the object is garbage collected). Under Unix, the directory entry for the file is either not created at all or is removed immediately after the file is created. Other platforms do not support this; your code should not rely on a temporary file created using this function having or not having a visible name in the file system.

  The resulting object can be used as a context manager (see Examples). On completion of the context or destruction of the file object the temporary file will be removed from the filesystem.

  The mode parameter defaults to `'w+b'` so that the file created can be read and written without being closed. Binary mode is used so that it behaves consistently on all platforms without regard for the data that is stored. buffering, encoding, errors and newline are interpreted as for `open()`.

  The dir, prefix and suffix parameters have the same meaning and defaults as with `mkstemp()`.

  The returned object is a true file object on POSIX platforms. On other platforms, it is a file-like object whose `file` attribute is the underlying true file object.

  The `os.O_TMPFILE` flag is used if it is available and works (Linux-specific, requires Linux kernel 3.11 or later).

  On platforms that are neither Posix nor Cygwin, TemporaryFile is an alias for NamedTemporaryFile.

  Raises an auditing event `tempfile.mkstemp` with argument `fullpath`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The `os.O_TMPFILE` flag is now used if available.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added errors parameter.

tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, delete=True, *, errors=None, delete_on_close=True)

  This function operates exactly as `TemporaryFile()` does, except the following differences:

  - This function returns a file that is guaranteed to have a visible name in the file system.

  - To manage the named file, it extends the parameters of `TemporaryFile()` with delete and delete_on_close parameters that determine whether and how the named file should be automatically deleted.

  The returned object is always a file-like object whose `file` attribute is the underlying true file object. This file-like object can be used in a `with` statement, just like a normal file. The name of the temporary file can be retrieved from the `name` attribute of the returned file-like object. On Unix, unlike with the `TemporaryFile()`, the directory entry does not get unlinked immediately after the file creation.

  If delete is true (the default) and delete_on_close is true (the default), the file is deleted as soon as it is closed. If delete is true and delete_on_close is false, the file is deleted on context manager exit only, or else when the file-like object is finalized. Deletion is not always guaranteed in this case (see `object.__del__()`). If delete is false, the value of delete_on_close is ignored.

  Therefore to use the name of the temporary file to reopen the file after closing it, either make sure not to delete the file upon closure (set the delete parameter to be false) or, in case the temporary file is created in a `with` statement, set the delete_on_close parameter to be false. The latter approach is recommended as it provides assistance in automatic cleaning of the temporary file upon the context manager exit.

  Opening the temporary file again by its name while it is still open works as follows:

  - On POSIX the file can always be opened again.

  - On Windows, make sure that at least one of the following conditions are fulfilled:

    - delete is false

    - additional open shares delete access (e.g. by calling `os.open()` with the flag `O_TEMPORARY`)

    - delete is true but delete_on_close is false. Note, that in this case the additional opens that do not share delete access (e.g. created via builtin `open()`) must be closed before exiting the context manager, else the `os.unlink()` call on context manager exit will fail with a `PermissionError`.

  On Windows, if delete_on_close is false, and the file is created in a directory for which the user lacks delete access, then the `os.unlink()` call on exit of the context manager will fail with a `PermissionError`. This cannot happen when delete_on_close is true because delete access is requested by the open, which fails immediately if the requested access is not granted.

  On POSIX (only), a process that is terminated abruptly with SIGKILL cannot automatically delete any NamedTemporaryFiles it created.

  Raises an auditing event `tempfile.mkstemp` with argument `fullpath`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added errors parameter.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added delete_on_close parameter.

class tempfile.SpooledTemporaryFile(max_size=0, mode='w+b', buffering=-1, encoding=None, newline=None, suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, *, errors=None)

  This class operates exactly as `TemporaryFile()` does, except that data is spooled in memory until the file size exceeds max_size, or until the file’s `fileno()` method is called, at which point the contents are written to disk and operation proceeds as with `TemporaryFile()`.

  rollover()

    The resulting file has one additional method, `rollover()`, which causes the file to roll over to an on-disk file regardless of its size.

  The returned object is a file-like object whose `_file` attribute is either an `io.BytesIO` or `io.TextIOWrapper` object (depending on whether binary or text mode was specified) or a true file object, depending on whether `rollover()` has been called. This file-like object can be used in a `with` statement, just like a normal file.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: the truncate method now accepts a size argument.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.8: Added errors parameter.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.11: Fully implements the `io.BufferedIOBase` and `io.TextIOBase` abstract base classes (depending on whether binary or text mode was specified).

class tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, ignore_cleanup_errors=False, *, delete=True)

  This class securely creates a temporary directory using the same rules as `mkdtemp()`. The resulting object can be used as a context manager (see Examples). On completion of the context or destruction of the temporary directory object, the newly created temporary directory and all its contents are removed from the filesystem.

  name

    The directory name can be retrieved from the `name` attribute of the returned object. When the returned object is used as a context manager, the `name` will be assigned to the target of the `as` clause in the `with` statement, if there is one.

  cleanup()

    The directory can be explicitly cleaned up by calling the `cleanup()` method. If ignore_cleanup_errors is true, any unhandled exceptions during explicit or implicit cleanup (such as a `PermissionError` removing open files on Windows) will be ignored, and the remaining removable items deleted on a «best-effort» basis. Otherwise, errors will be raised in whatever context cleanup occurs (the `cleanup()` call, exiting the context manager, when the object is garbage-collected or during interpreter shutdown).

  The delete parameter can be used to disable cleanup of the directory tree upon exiting the context. While it may seem unusual for a context manager to disable the action taken when exiting the context, it can be useful during debugging or when you need your cleanup behavior to be conditional based on other logic.

  Raises an auditing event `tempfile.mkdtemp` with argument `fullpath`.

  Added in version 3.2.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Added ignore_cleanup_errors parameter.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added the delete parameter.

tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None, text=False)

  Creates a temporary file in the most secure manner possible. There are no race conditions in the file’s creation, assuming that the platform properly implements the `os.O_EXCL` flag for `os.open()`. The file is readable and writable only by the creating user ID. If the platform uses permission bits to indicate whether a file is executable, the file is executable by no one.

  The file descriptor is not inherited by child processes.

  Unlike `TemporaryFile()`, the user of `mkstemp()` is responsible for deleting the temporary file when done with it.

  If suffix is not `None`, the file name will end with that suffix, otherwise there will be no suffix. `mkstemp()` does not put a dot between the file name and the suffix; if you need one, put it at the beginning of suffix.

  If prefix is not `None`, the file name will begin with that prefix; otherwise, a default prefix is used. The default is the return value of `gettempprefix()` or `gettempprefixb()`, as appropriate.

  If dir is not `None`, the file will be created in that directory; otherwise, a default directory is used. The default directory is chosen from a platform-dependent list, but the user of the application can control the directory location by setting the TMPDIR, TEMP or TMP environment variables. There is thus no guarantee that the generated filename will have any nice properties, such as not requiring quoting when passed to external commands via `os.popen()`.

  If any of suffix, prefix, and dir are not `None`, they must be the same type. If they are bytes, the returned name will be bytes instead of str. If you want to force a bytes return value with otherwise default behavior, pass `suffix=b''`.

  If text is specified and true, the file is opened in text mode. Otherwise, (the default) the file is opened in binary mode.

  `mkstemp()` returns a tuple containing an OS-level handle to an open file (as would be returned by `os.open()`) and the absolute pathname of that file, in that order.

  Raises an auditing event `tempfile.mkstemp` with argument `fullpath`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: suffix, prefix, and dir may now be supplied in bytes in order to obtain a bytes return value. Prior to this, only str was allowed. suffix and prefix now accept and default to `None` to cause an appropriate default value to be used.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: The dir parameter now accepts a path-like object.

tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=None, prefix=None, dir=None)

  Creates a temporary directory in the most secure manner possible. There are no race conditions in the directory’s creation. The directory is readable, writable, and searchable only by the creating user ID.

  The user of `mkdtemp()` is responsible for deleting the temporary directory and its contents when done with it.

  The prefix, suffix, and dir arguments are the same as for `mkstemp()`.

  `mkdtemp()` returns the absolute pathname of the new directory.

  Raises an auditing event `tempfile.mkdtemp` with argument `fullpath`.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.5: suffix, prefix, and dir may now be supplied in bytes in order to obtain a bytes return value. Prior to this, only str was allowed. suffix and prefix now accept and default to `None` to cause an appropriate default value to be used.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.6: The dir parameter now accepts a path-like object.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.12: `mkdtemp()` now always returns an absolute path, even if dir is relative.

tempfile.gettempdir()

  Return the name of the directory used for temporary files. This defines the default value for the dir argument to all functions in this module.

  Python searches a standard list of directories to find one which the calling user can create files in. The list is:

  1. The directory named by the `TMPDIR` environment variable.

  2. The directory named by the `TEMP` environment variable.

  3. The directory named by the `TMP` environment variable.

  4. A platform-specific location:

     - On Windows, the directories `C:\TEMP`, `C:\TMP`, `\TEMP`, and `\TMP`, in that order.

     - On all other platforms, the directories `/tmp`, `/var/tmp`, and `/usr/tmp`, in that order.

  5. As a last resort, the current working directory.

  The result of this search is cached, see the description of `tempdir` below.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.10: Always returns a str. Previously it would return any `tempdir` value regardless of type so long as it was not `None`.

tempfile.gettempdirb()

  Same as `gettempdir()` but the return value is in bytes.

  Added in version 3.5.

tempfile.gettempprefix()

  Return the filename prefix used to create temporary files. This does not contain the directory component.

tempfile.gettempprefixb()

  Same as `gettempprefix()` but the return value is in bytes.

  Added in version 3.5.

The module uses a global variable to store the name of the directory used for temporary files returned by `gettempdir()`. It can be set directly to override the selection process, but this is discouraged. All functions in this module take a dir argument which can be used to specify the directory. This is the recommended approach that does not surprise other unsuspecting code by changing global API behavior.

tempfile.tempdir

  When set to a value other than `None`, this variable defines the default value for the dir argument to the functions defined in this module, including its type, bytes or str. It cannot be a path-like object.

  If `tempdir` is `None` (the default) at any call to any of the above functions except `gettempprefix()` it is initialized following the algorithm described in `gettempdir()`.

  Nota

  Beware that if you set `tempdir` to a bytes value, there is a nasty side effect: The global default return type of `mkstemp()` and `mkdtemp()` changes to bytes when no explicit `prefix`, `suffix`, or `dir` arguments of type str are supplied. Please do not write code expecting or depending on this. This awkward behavior is maintained for compatibility with the historical implementation.

## Examples

Here are some examples of typical usage of the `tempfile` module:

    >>> import tempfile

    # create a temporary file and write some data to it
    >>> fp = tempfile.TemporaryFile()
    >>> fp.write(b'Hello world!')
    # read data from file
    >>> fp.seek(0)
    >>> fp.read()
    b'Hello world!'
    # close the file, it will be removed
    >>> fp.close()

    # create a temporary file using a context manager
    >>> with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as fp:
    ...     fp.write(b'Hello world!')
    ...     fp.seek(0)
    ...     fp.read()
    b'Hello world!'
    >>>
    # file is now closed and removed

    # create a temporary file using a context manager
    # close the file, use the name to open the file again
    >>> with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete_on_close=False) as fp:
    ...     fp.write(b'Hello world!')
    ...     fp.close()
    ... # the file is closed, but not removed
    ... # open the file again by using its name
    ...     with open(fp.name, mode='rb') as f:
    ...         f.read()
    b'Hello world!'
    >>>
    # file is now removed

    # create a temporary directory using the context manager
    >>> with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdirname:
    ...     print('created temporary directory', tmpdirname)
    >>>
    # directory and contents have been removed

## Deprecated functions and variables

A historical way to create temporary files was to first generate a file name with the `mktemp()` function and then create a file using this name. Unfortunately this is not secure, because a different process may create a file with this name in the time between the call to `mktemp()` and the subsequent attempt to create the file by the first process. The solution is to combine the two steps and create the file immediately. This approach is used by `mkstemp()` and the other functions described above.

tempfile.mktemp(suffix='', prefix='tmp', dir=None)

  Deprecato dalla versione 2.3: Use `mkstemp()` instead.

  Return an absolute pathname of a file that did not exist at the time the call is made. The prefix, suffix, and dir arguments are similar to those of `mkstemp()`, except that bytes file names, `suffix=None` and `prefix=None` are not supported.

  Avvertimento

  Use of this function may introduce a security hole in your program. By the time you get around to doing anything with the file name it returns, someone else may have beaten you to the punch. `mktemp()` usage can be replaced easily with `NamedTemporaryFile()`, passing it the `delete=False` parameter:

      >>> f = NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False)
      >>> f.name
      '/tmp/tmptjujjt'
      >>> f.write(b"Hello World!\n")
      13
      >>> f.close()
      >>> os.unlink(f.name)
      >>> os.path.exists(f.name)
      False