# `tokenize` — Tokenizer for Python source

Source code: Lib/tokenize.py

The `tokenize` module provides a lexical scanner for Python source code, implemented in Python. The scanner in this module returns comments as tokens as well, making it useful for implementing «pretty-printers», including colorizers for on-screen displays.

To simplify token stream handling, all operator and delimiter tokens and `Ellipsis` are returned using the generic `OP` token type. The exact type can be determined by checking the `exact_type` property on the named tuple returned from `tokenize.tokenize()`.

Avvertimento

Note that the functions in this module are only designed to parse syntactically valid Python code (code that does not raise when parsed using `ast.parse()`). The behavior of the functions in this module is undefined when providing invalid Python code and it can change at any point.

## Tokenizing Input

The primary entry point is a generator:

tokenize.tokenize(readline)

  The `tokenize()` generator requires one argument, readline, which must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the `io.IOBase.readline()` method of file objects. Each call to the function should return one line of input as bytes.

  The generator produces 5-tuples with these members: the token type; the token string; a 2-tuple `(srow, scol)` of ints specifying the row and column where the token begins in the source; a 2-tuple `(erow, ecol)` of ints specifying the row and column where the token ends in the source; and the line on which the token was found. The line passed (the last tuple item) is the physical line. The 5 tuple is returned as a named tuple with the field names: `type string start end line`.

  The returned named tuple has an additional property named `exact_type` that contains the exact operator type for `OP` tokens. For all other token types `exact_type` equals the named tuple `type` field.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.1: Added support for named tuples.

  Cambiato nella versione 3.3: Added support for `exact_type`.

  `tokenize()` determines the source encoding of the file by looking for a UTF-8 BOM or encoding cookie, according to PEP 263.

tokenize.generate_tokens(readline)

  Tokenize a source reading unicode strings instead of bytes.

  Like `tokenize()`, the readline argument is a callable returning a single line of input. However, `generate_tokens()` expects readline to return a str object rather than bytes.

  The result is an iterator yielding named tuples, exactly like `tokenize()`. It does not yield an `ENCODING` token.

All constants from the `token` module are also exported from `tokenize`.

Another function is provided to reverse the tokenization process. This is useful for creating tools that tokenize a script, modify the token stream, and write back the modified script.

tokenize.untokenize(iterable)

  Converts tokens back into Python source code. The iterable must return sequences with at least two elements, the token type and the token string. Any additional sequence elements are ignored.

  The reconstructed script is returned as a single string. The result is guaranteed to tokenize back to match the input so that the conversion is lossless and round-trips are assured. The guarantee applies only to the token type and token string as the spacing between tokens (column positions) may change.

  It returns bytes, encoded using the `ENCODING` token, which is the first token sequence output by `tokenize()`. If there is no encoding token in the input, it returns a str instead.

`tokenize()` needs to detect the encoding of source files it tokenizes. The function it uses to do this is available:

tokenize.detect_encoding(readline)

  The `detect_encoding()` function is used to detect the encoding that should be used to decode a Python source file. It requires one argument, readline, in the same way as the `tokenize()` generator.

  It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used (as a string) and a list of any lines (not decoded from bytes) it has read in.

  It detects the encoding from the presence of a UTF-8 BOM or an encoding cookie as specified in PEP 263. If both a BOM and a cookie are present, but disagree, a `SyntaxError` will be raised. Note that if the BOM is found, `'utf-8-sig'` will be returned as an encoding.

  If no encoding is specified, then the default of `'utf-8'` will be returned.

  Use `open()` to open Python source files: it uses `detect_encoding()` to detect the file encoding.

tokenize.open(filename)

  Open a file in read only mode using the encoding detected by `detect_encoding()`.

  Added in version 3.2.

exception tokenize.TokenError

  Raised when either a docstring or expression that may be split over several lines is not completed anywhere in the file, for example:

      """Beginning of
      docstring

  or:

      [1,
       2,
       3

## Command-Line Usage

Added in version 3.3.

The `tokenize` module can be executed as a script from the command line. It is as simple as:

    python -m tokenize [-e] [filename.py]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help

  show this help message and exit

-e, --exact

  display token names using the exact type

If `filename.py` is specified its contents are tokenized to stdout. Otherwise, tokenization is performed on stdin.

## Examples

Example of a script rewriter that transforms float literals into Decimal objects:

    from tokenize import tokenize, untokenize, NUMBER, STRING, NAME, OP
    from io import BytesIO

    def decistmt(s):
        """Substitute Decimals for floats in a string of statements.

        >>> from decimal import Decimal
        >>> s = 'print(+21.3e-5*-.1234/81.7)'
        >>> decistmt(s)
        "print (+Decimal ('21.3e-5')*-Decimal ('.1234')/Decimal ('81.7'))"

        The format of the exponent is inherited from the platform C library.
        Known cases are "e-007" (Windows) and "e-07" (not Windows).  Since
        we're only showing 12 digits, and the 13th isn't close to 5, the
        rest of the output should be platform-independent.

        >>> exec(s)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
        -3.21716034272e-0...7

        Output from calculations with Decimal should be identical across all
        platforms.

        >>> exec(decistmt(s))
        -3.217160342717258261933904529E-7
        """
        result = []
        g = tokenize(BytesIO(s.encode('utf-8')).readline)  # tokenize the string
        for toknum, tokval, _, _, _ in g:
            if toknum == NUMBER and '.' in tokval:  # replace NUMBER tokens
                result.extend([
                    (NAME, 'Decimal'),
                    (OP, '('),
                    (STRING, repr(tokval)),
                    (OP, ')')
                ])
            else:
                result.append((toknum, tokval))
        return untokenize(result).decode('utf-8')

Example of tokenizing from the command line. The script:

    def say_hello():
        print("Hello, World!")

    say_hello()

will be tokenized to the following output where the first column is the range of the line/column coordinates where the token is found, the second column is the name of the token, and the final column is the value of the token (if any)

    $ python -m tokenize hello.py
    0,0-0,0:            ENCODING       'utf-8'
    1,0-1,3:            NAME           'def'
    1,4-1,13:           NAME           'say_hello'
    1,13-1,14:          OP             '('
    1,14-1,15:          OP             ')'
    1,15-1,16:          OP             ':'
    1,16-1,17:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    2,0-2,4:            INDENT         '    '
    2,4-2,9:            NAME           'print'
    2,9-2,10:           OP             '('
    2,10-2,25:          STRING         '"Hello, World!"'
    2,25-2,26:          OP             ')'
    2,26-2,27:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    3,0-3,1:            NL             '\n'
    4,0-4,0:            DEDENT         ''
    4,0-4,9:            NAME           'say_hello'
    4,9-4,10:           OP             '('
    4,10-4,11:          OP             ')'
    4,11-4,12:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    5,0-5,0:            ENDMARKER      ''

The exact token type names can be displayed using the `-e` option:

    $ python -m tokenize -e hello.py
    0,0-0,0:            ENCODING       'utf-8'
    1,0-1,3:            NAME           'def'
    1,4-1,13:           NAME           'say_hello'
    1,13-1,14:          LPAR           '('
    1,14-1,15:          RPAR           ')'
    1,15-1,16:          COLON          ':'
    1,16-1,17:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    2,0-2,4:            INDENT         '    '
    2,4-2,9:            NAME           'print'
    2,9-2,10:           LPAR           '('
    2,10-2,25:          STRING         '"Hello, World!"'
    2,25-2,26:          RPAR           ')'
    2,26-2,27:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    3,0-3,1:            NL             '\n'
    4,0-4,0:            DEDENT         ''
    4,0-4,9:            NAME           'say_hello'
    4,9-4,10:           LPAR           '('
    4,10-4,11:          RPAR           ')'
    4,11-4,12:          NEWLINE        '\n'
    5,0-5,0:            ENDMARKER      ''

Example of tokenizing a file programmatically, reading unicode strings instead of bytes with `generate_tokens()`:

    import tokenize

    with tokenize.open('hello.py') as f:
        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(f.readline)
        for token in tokens:
            print(token)

Or reading bytes directly with `tokenize()`:

    import tokenize

    with open('hello.py', 'rb') as f:
        tokens = tokenize.tokenize(f.readline)
        for token in tokens:
            print(token)