# `symtable` — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables

Source code: Lib/symtable.py

Symbol tables are generated by the compiler from AST just before bytecode is generated. The symbol table is responsible for calculating the scope of every identifier in the code. `symtable` provides an interface to examine these tables.

## Generating Symbol Tables

symtable.symtable(code, filename, compile_type)

  Return the toplevel `SymbolTable` for the Python source code. filename is the name of the file containing the code. compile_type is like the mode argument to `compile()`.

## Examining Symbol Tables

class symtable.SymbolTableType

  An enumeration indicating the type of a `SymbolTable` object.

  MODULE = "module"

    Used for the symbol table of a module.

  FUNCTION = "function"

    Used for the symbol table of a function.

  CLASS = "class"

    Used for the symbol table of a class.

  The following members refer to different flavors of annotation scopes.

  ANNOTATION = "annotation"

    Used for annotations if `from __future__ import annotations` is active.

  TYPE_ALIAS = "type alias"

    Used for the symbol table of `type` constructions.

  TYPE_PARAMETERS = "type parameters"

    Used for the symbol table of generic functions or generic classes.

  TYPE_VARIABLE = "type variable"

    Used for the symbol table of the bound, the constraint tuple or the default value of a single type variable in the formal sense, i.e., a TypeVar, a TypeVarTuple or a ParamSpec object (the latter two do not support a bound or a constraint tuple).

  Added in version 3.13.

class symtable.SymbolTable

  A namespace table for a block. The constructor is not public.

  get_type()

    Return the type of the symbol table. Possible values are members of the `SymbolTableType` enumeration.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.12: Added `'annotation'`, `'TypeVar bound'`, `'type alias'`, and `'type parameter'` as possible return values.

    Cambiato nella versione 3.13: Return values are members of the `SymbolTableType` enumeration.

    The exact values of the returned string may change in the future, and thus, it is recommended to use `SymbolTableType` members instead of hard-coded strings.

  get_id()

    Return the table’s identifier.

  get_name()

    Return the table’s name. This is the name of the class if the table is for a class, the name of the function if the table is for a function, or `'top'` if the table is global (`get_type()` returns `'module'`). For type parameter scopes (which are used for generic classes, functions, and type aliases), it is the name of the underlying class, function, or type alias. For type alias scopes, it is the name of the type alias. For `TypeVar` bound scopes, it is the name of the `TypeVar`.

  get_lineno()

    Return the number of the first line in the block this table represents.

  is_optimized()

    Return `True` if the locals in this table can be optimized.

  is_nested()

    Return `True` if the block is a nested class or function.

  has_children()

    Return `True` if the block has nested namespaces within it. These can be obtained with `get_children()`.

  get_identifiers()

    Return a view object containing the names of symbols in the table. See the documentation of view objects.

  lookup(name)

    Lookup name in the table and return a `Symbol` instance.

  get_symbols()

    Return a list of `Symbol` instances for names in the table.

  get_children()

    Return a list of the nested symbol tables.

class symtable.Function

  A namespace for a function or method. This class inherits from `SymbolTable`.

  get_parameters()

    Return a tuple containing names of parameters to this function.

  get_locals()

    Return a tuple containing names of locals in this function.

  get_globals()

    Return a tuple containing names of globals in this function.

  get_nonlocals()

    Return a tuple containing names of nonlocals in this function.

  get_frees()

    Return a tuple containing names of free variables in this function.

class symtable.Class

  A namespace of a class. This class inherits from `SymbolTable`.

  get_methods()

    Return a tuple containing the names of method-like functions declared in the class.

    Here, the term “method” designates any function defined in the class body via `def` or `async def`.

    Functions defined in a deeper scope (e.g., in an inner class) are not picked up by `get_methods()`.

    For example:

        >>> import symtable
        >>> st = symtable.symtable('''
        ... def outer(): pass
        ...
        ... class A:
        ...    def f():
        ...        def w(): pass
        ...
        ...    def g(self): pass
        ...
        ...    @classmethod
        ...    async def h(cls): pass
        ...
        ...    global outer
        ...    def outer(self): pass
        ... ''', 'test', 'exec')
        >>> class_A = st.get_children()[2]
        >>> class_A.get_methods()
        ('f', 'g', 'h')

    Although `A().f()` raises `TypeError` at runtime, `A.f` is still considered as a method-like function.

    Deprecated since version 3.14, will be removed in version 3.16.

class symtable.Symbol

  An entry in a `SymbolTable` corresponding to an identifier in the source. The constructor is not public.

  get_name()

    Return the symbol’s name.

  is_referenced()

    Return `True` if the symbol is used in its block.

  is_imported()

    Return `True` if the symbol is created from an import statement.

  is_parameter()

    Return `True` if the symbol is a parameter.

  is_type_parameter()

    Return `True` if the symbol is a type parameter.

    Added in version 3.14.

  is_global()

    Return `True` if the symbol is global.

  is_nonlocal()

    Return `True` if the symbol is nonlocal.

  is_declared_global()

    Return `True` if the symbol is declared global with a global statement.

  is_local()

    Return `True` if the symbol is local to its block.

  is_annotated()

    Return `True` if the symbol is annotated.

    Added in version 3.6.

  is_free()

    Return `True` if the symbol is referenced in its block, but not assigned to.

  is_free_class()

    Return True if a class-scoped symbol is free from the perspective of a method.

    Consider the following example:

        def f():
            x = 1  # function-scoped
            class C:
                x = 2  # class-scoped
                def method(self):
                    return x

    In this example, the class-scoped symbol `x` is considered to be free from the perspective of `C.method`, thereby allowing the latter to return 1 at runtime and not 2.

    Added in version 3.14.

  is_assigned()

    Return `True` if the symbol is assigned to in its block.

  is_comp_iter()

    Return `True` if the symbol is a comprehension iteration variable.

    Added in version 3.14.

  is_comp_cell()

    Return `True` if the symbol is a cell in an inlined comprehension.

    Added in version 3.14.

  is_namespace()

    Return `True` if name binding introduces new namespace.

    If the name is used as the target of a function or class statement, this will be true.

    For example:

        >>> table = symtable.symtable("def some_func(): pass", "string", "exec")
        >>> table.lookup("some_func").is_namespace()
        True

    Note that a single name can be bound to multiple objects. If the result is `True`, the name may also be bound to other objects, like an int or list, that does not introduce a new namespace.

  get_namespaces()

    Return a list of namespaces bound to this name.

  get_namespace()

    Return the namespace bound to this name. If more than one or no namespace is bound to this name, a `ValueError` is raised.

## Command-Line Usage

Added in version 3.13.

The `symtable` module can be executed as a script from the command line.

    python -m symtable [infile...]

Symbol tables are generated for the specified Python source files and dumped to stdout. If no input file is specified, the content is read from stdin.