"codecs" --- Codec registry and base classes
********************************************

**Source code:** Lib/codecs.py

======================================================================

This module defines base classes for standard Python codecs (encoders
and decoders) and provides access to the internal Python codec
registry, which manages the codec and error handling lookup process.
Most standard codecs are *text encodings*, which encode text to bytes
(and decode bytes to text), but there are also codecs provided that
encode text to text, and bytes to bytes. Custom codecs may encode and
decode between arbitrary types, but some module features are
restricted to be used specifically with *text encodings* or with
codecs that encode to "bytes".

The module defines the following functions for encoding and decoding
with any codec:

codecs.encode(obj, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

   Encodes *obj* using the codec registered for *encoding*.

   *Errors* may be given to set the desired error handling scheme. The
   default error handler is "'strict'" meaning that encoding errors
   raise "ValueError" (or a more codec specific subclass, such as
   "UnicodeEncodeError"). Refer to Codec Base Classes for more
   information on codec error handling.

codecs.decode(obj, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict')

   Decodes *obj* using the codec registered for *encoding*.

   *Errors* may be given to set the desired error handling scheme. The
   default error handler is "'strict'" meaning that decoding errors
   raise "ValueError" (or a more codec specific subclass, such as
   "UnicodeDecodeError"). Refer to Codec Base Classes for more
   information on codec error handling.

codecs.charmap_build(string)

   Return a mapping suitable for encoding with a custom single-byte
   encoding. Given a "str" *string* of up to 256 characters
   representing a decoding table, returns either a compact internal
   mapping object "EncodingMap" or a "dictionary" mapping character
   ordinals to byte values. Raises a "TypeError" on invalid input.

The full details for each codec can also be looked up directly:

codecs.lookup(encoding)

   Looks up the codec info in the Python codec registry and returns a
   "CodecInfo" object as defined below.

   Encodings are first looked up in the registry's cache. If not
   found, the list of registered search functions is scanned. If no
   "CodecInfo" object is found, a "LookupError" is raised. Otherwise,
   the "CodecInfo" object is stored in the cache and returned to the
   caller.

class codecs.CodecInfo(encode, decode, streamreader=None, streamwriter=None, incrementalencoder=None, incrementaldecoder=None, name=None)

   Codec details when looking up the codec registry. The constructor
   arguments are stored in attributes of the same name:

   name

      The name of the encoding.

   encode
   decode

      The stateless encoding and decoding functions. These must be
      functions or methods which have the same interface as the
      "encode()" and "decode()" methods of Codec instances (see Codec
      Interface). The functions or methods are expected to work in a
      stateless mode.

   incrementalencoder
   incrementaldecoder

      Incremental encoder and decoder classes or factory functions.
      These have to provide the interface defined by the base classes
      "IncrementalEncoder" and "IncrementalDecoder", respectively.
      Incremental codecs can maintain state.

   streamwriter
   streamreader

      Stream writer and reader classes or factory functions. These
      have to provide the interface defined by the base classes
      "StreamWriter" and "StreamReader", respectively. Stream codecs
      can maintain state.

To simplify access to the various codec components, the module
provides these additional functions which use "lookup()" for the codec
lookup:

codecs.getencoder(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its encoder
   function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found.

codecs.getdecoder(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its decoder
   function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found.

codecs.getincrementalencoder(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its incremental
   encoder class or factory function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found or the
   codec doesn't support an incremental encoder.

codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its incremental
   decoder class or factory function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found or the
   codec doesn't support an incremental decoder.

codecs.getreader(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its
   "StreamReader" class or factory function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found.

codecs.getwriter(encoding)

   Look up the codec for the given encoding and return its
   "StreamWriter" class or factory function.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the encoding cannot be found.

Custom codecs are made available by registering a suitable codec
search function:

codecs.register(search_function)

   Register a codec search function. Search functions are expected to
   take one argument, being the encoding name in all lower case
   letters with hyphens and spaces converted to underscores, and
   return a "CodecInfo" object. In case a search function cannot find
   a given encoding, it should return "None".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.9: Hyphens and spaces are converted to
   underscore.

codecs.unregister(search_function)

   Unregister a codec search function and clear the registry's cache.
   If the search function is not registered, do nothing.

   Added in version 3.10.

While the builtin "open()" and the associated "io" module are the
recommended approach for working with encoded text files, this module
provides additional utility functions and classes that allow the use
of a wider range of codecs when working with binary files:

codecs.open(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict', buffering=-1)

   Open an encoded file using the given *mode* and return an instance
   of "StreamReaderWriter", providing transparent encoding/decoding.
   The default file mode is "'r'", meaning to open the file in read
   mode.

   Nota:

     If *encoding* is not "None", then the underlying encoded files
     are always opened in binary mode. No automatic conversion of
     "'\n'" is done on reading and writing. The *mode* argument may be
     any binary mode acceptable to the built-in "open()" function; the
     "'b'" is automatically added.

   *encoding* specifies the encoding which is to be used for the file.
   Any encoding that encodes to and decodes from bytes is allowed, and
   the data types supported by the file methods depend on the codec
   used.

   *errors* may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to
   "'strict'" which causes a "ValueError" to be raised in case an
   encoding error occurs.

   *buffering* has the same meaning as for the built-in "open()"
   function. It defaults to -1 which means that the default buffer
   size will be used.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.11: The "'U'" mode has been removed.

codecs.EncodedFile(file, data_encoding, file_encoding=None, errors='strict')

   Return a "StreamRecoder" instance, a wrapped version of *file*
   which provides transparent transcoding. The original file is closed
   when the wrapped version is closed.

   Data written to the wrapped file is decoded according to the given
   *data_encoding* and then written to the original file as bytes
   using *file_encoding*. Bytes read from the original file are
   decoded according to *file_encoding*, and the result is encoded
   using *data_encoding*.

   If *file_encoding* is not given, it defaults to *data_encoding*.

   *errors* may be given to define the error handling. It defaults to
   "'strict'", which causes "ValueError" to be raised in case an
   encoding error occurs.

codecs.iterencode(iterator, encoding, errors='strict', **kwargs)

   Uses an incremental encoder to iteratively encode the input
   provided by *iterator*. *iterator* must yield "str" objects. This
   function is a *generator*. The *errors* argument (as well as any
   other keyword argument) is passed through to the incremental
   encoder.

   This function requires that the codec accept text "str" objects to
   encode. Therefore it does not support bytes-to-bytes encoders such
   as "base64_codec".

codecs.iterdecode(iterator, encoding, errors='strict', **kwargs)

   Uses an incremental decoder to iteratively decode the input
   provided by *iterator*. *iterator* must yield "bytes" objects. This
   function is a *generator*. The *errors* argument (as well as any
   other keyword argument) is passed through to the incremental
   decoder.

   This function requires that the codec accept "bytes" objects to
   decode. Therefore it does not support text-to-text encoders such as
   "rot_13", although "rot_13" may be used equivalently with
   "iterencode()".

codecs.readbuffer_encode(buffer, errors=None, /)

   Return a "tuple" containing the raw bytes of *buffer*, a buffer-
   compatible object or "str" (encoded to UTF-8 before processing),
   and their length in bytes.

   The *errors* argument is ignored.

      >>> codecs.readbuffer_encode(b"Zito")
      (b'Zito', 4)

The module also provides the following constants which are useful for
reading and writing to platform dependent files:

codecs.BOM
codecs.BOM_BE
codecs.BOM_LE
codecs.BOM_UTF8
codecs.BOM_UTF16
codecs.BOM_UTF16_BE
codecs.BOM_UTF16_LE
codecs.BOM_UTF32
codecs.BOM_UTF32_BE
codecs.BOM_UTF32_LE

   These constants define various byte sequences, being Unicode byte
   order marks (BOMs) for several encodings. They are used in UTF-16
   and UTF-32 data streams to indicate the byte order used, and in
   UTF-8 as a Unicode signature. "BOM_UTF16" is either "BOM_UTF16_BE"
   or "BOM_UTF16_LE" depending on the platform's native byte order,
   "BOM" is an alias for "BOM_UTF16", "BOM_LE" for "BOM_UTF16_LE" and
   "BOM_BE" for "BOM_UTF16_BE". The others represent the BOM in UTF-8
   and UTF-32 encodings.


Codec Base Classes
==================

The "codecs" module defines a set of base classes which define the
interfaces for working with codec objects, and can also be used as the
basis for custom codec implementations.

Each codec has to define four interfaces to make it usable as codec in
Python: stateless encoder, stateless decoder, stream reader and stream
writer. The stream reader and writers typically reuse the stateless
encoder/decoder to implement the file protocols. Codec authors also
need to define how the codec will handle encoding and decoding errors.


Error Handlers
--------------

To simplify and standardize error handling, codecs may implement
different error handling schemes by accepting the *errors* string
argument:

>>> 'German ß, ♬'.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='backslashreplace')
b'German \\xdf, \\u266c'
>>> 'German ß, ♬'.encode(encoding='ascii', errors='xmlcharrefreplace')
b'German &#223;, &#9836;'

The following error handlers can be used with all Python Standard
Encodings codecs:

+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Value                     | Meaning                                         |
|===========================|=================================================|
| "'strict'"                | Raise "UnicodeError" (or a subclass), this is   |
|                           | the default. Implemented in "strict_errors()".  |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "'ignore'"                | Ignore the malformed data and continue without  |
|                           | further notice. Implemented in                  |
|                           | "ignore_errors()".                              |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "'replace'"               | Replace with a replacement marker. On encoding, |
|                           | use "?" (ASCII character). On decoding, use "�" |
|                           | (U+FFFD, the official REPLACEMENT CHARACTER).   |
|                           | Implemented in "replace_errors()".              |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "'backslashreplace'"      | Replace with backslashed escape sequences. On   |
|                           | encoding, use hexadecimal form of Unicode code  |
|                           | point with formats "\x*hh*" "\u*xxxx*"          |
|                           | "\U*xxxxxxxx*". On decoding, use hexadecimal    |
|                           | form of byte value with format "\x*hh*".        |
|                           | Implemented in "backslashreplace_errors()".     |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "'surrogateescape'"       | On decoding, replace byte with individual       |
|                           | surrogate code ranging from "U+DC80" to         |
|                           | "U+DCFF". This code will then be turned back    |
|                           | into the same byte when the "'surrogateescape'" |
|                           | error handler is used when encoding the data.   |
|                           | (See **PEP 383** for more.)                     |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

The following error handlers are only applicable to encoding (within
*text encodings*):

+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Value                     | Meaning                                         |
|===========================|=================================================|
| "'xmlcharrefreplace'"     | Replace with XML/HTML numeric character         |
|                           | reference, which is a decimal form of Unicode   |
|                           | code point with format "&#*num*;". Implemented  |
|                           | in "xmlcharrefreplace_errors()".                |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "'namereplace'"           | Replace with "\N{...}" escape sequences, what   |
|                           | appears in the braces is the Name property from |
|                           | Unicode Character Database. Implemented in      |
|                           | "namereplace_errors()".                         |
+---------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

In addition, the following error handler is specific to the given
codecs:

+---------------------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Value               | Codecs                   | Meaning                                     |
|=====================|==========================|=============================================|
| "'surrogatepass'"   | utf-8, utf-16, utf-32,   | Allow encoding and decoding surrogate code  |
|                     | utf-16-be, utf-16-le,    | point ("U+D800" - "U+DFFF") as normal code  |
|                     | utf-32-be, utf-32-le     | point. Otherwise these codecs treat the     |
|                     |                          | presence of surrogate code point in "str"   |
|                     |                          | as an error.                                |
+---------------------+--------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

Added in version 3.1: The "'surrogateescape'" and "'surrogatepass'"
error handlers.

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The "'surrogatepass'" error handler now
works with utf-16* and utf-32* codecs.

Added in version 3.5: The "'namereplace'" error handler.

Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The "'backslashreplace'" error handler
now works with decoding and translating.

The set of allowed values can be extended by registering a new named
error handler:

codecs.register_error(name, error_handler)

   Register the error handling function *error_handler* under the name
   *name*. The *error_handler* argument will be called during encoding
   and decoding in case of an error, when *name* is specified as the
   errors parameter.

   For encoding, *error_handler* will be called with a
   "UnicodeEncodeError" instance, which contains information about the
   location of the error. The error handler must either raise this or
   a different exception, or return a tuple with a replacement for the
   unencodable part of the input and a position where encoding should
   continue. The replacement may be either "str" or "bytes". If the
   replacement is bytes, the encoder will simply copy them into the
   output buffer. If the replacement is a string, the encoder will
   encode the replacement. Encoding continues on original input at the
   specified position. Negative position values will be treated as
   being relative to the end of the input string. If the resulting
   position is out of bound an "IndexError" will be raised.

   Decoding and translating works similarly, except
   "UnicodeDecodeError" or "UnicodeTranslateError" will be passed to
   the handler and that the replacement from the error handler will be
   put into the output directly.

Previously registered error handlers (including the standard error
handlers) can be looked up by name:

codecs.lookup_error(name)

   Return the error handler previously registered under the name
   *name*.

   Raises a "LookupError" in case the handler cannot be found.

The following standard error handlers are also made available as
module level functions:

codecs.strict_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'strict'" error handling.

   Each encoding or decoding error raises a "UnicodeError".

codecs.ignore_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'ignore'" error handling.

   Malformed data is ignored; encoding or decoding is continued
   without further notice.

codecs.replace_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'replace'" error handling.

   Substitutes "?" (ASCII character) for encoding errors or "�"
   (U+FFFD, the official REPLACEMENT CHARACTER) for decoding errors.

codecs.backslashreplace_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'backslashreplace'" error handling.

   Malformed data is replaced by a backslashed escape sequence. On
   encoding, use the hexadecimal form of Unicode code point with
   formats "\x*hh*" "\u*xxxx*" "\U*xxxxxxxx*". On decoding, use the
   hexadecimal form of byte value with format "\x*hh*".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.5: Works with decoding and translating.

codecs.xmlcharrefreplace_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'xmlcharrefreplace'" error handling (for encoding
   within *text encoding* only).

   The unencodable character is replaced by an appropriate XML/HTML
   numeric character reference, which is a decimal form of Unicode
   code point with format "&#*num*;" .

codecs.namereplace_errors(exception)

   Implements the "'namereplace'" error handling (for encoding within
   *text encoding* only).

   The unencodable character is replaced by a "\N{...}" escape
   sequence. The set of characters that appear in the braces is the
   Name property from Unicode Character Database. For example, the
   German lowercase letter "'ß'" will be converted to byte sequence
   "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S}" .

   Added in version 3.5.


Stateless Encoding and Decoding
-------------------------------

The base "Codec" class defines these methods which also define the
function interfaces of the stateless encoder and decoder:

class codecs.Codec

   encode(input, errors='strict')

      Encodes the object *input* and returns a tuple (output object,
      length consumed). For instance, *text encoding* converts a
      string object to a bytes object using a particular character set
      encoding (e.g., "cp1252" or "iso-8859-1").

      The *errors* argument defines the error handling to apply. It
      defaults to "'strict'" handling.

      The method may not store state in the "Codec" instance. Use
      "StreamWriter" for codecs which have to keep state in order to
      make encoding efficient.

      The encoder must be able to handle zero length input and return
      an empty object of the output object type in this situation.

   decode(input, errors='strict')

      Decodes the object *input* and returns a tuple (output object,
      length consumed). For instance, for a *text encoding*, decoding
      converts a bytes object encoded using a particular character set
      encoding to a string object.

      For text encodings and bytes-to-bytes codecs, *input* must be a
      bytes object or one which provides the read-only buffer
      interface -- for example, buffer objects and memory mapped
      files.

      The *errors* argument defines the error handling to apply. It
      defaults to "'strict'" handling.

      The method may not store state in the "Codec" instance. Use
      "StreamReader" for codecs which have to keep state in order to
      make decoding efficient.

      The decoder must be able to handle zero length input and return
      an empty object of the output object type in this situation.


Incremental Encoding and Decoding
---------------------------------

The "IncrementalEncoder" and "IncrementalDecoder" classes provide the
basic interface for incremental encoding and decoding.
Encoding/decoding the input isn't done with one call to the stateless
encoder/decoder function, but with multiple calls to the
"encode()"/"decode()" method of the incremental encoder/decoder. The
incremental encoder/decoder keeps track of the encoding/decoding
process during method calls.

The joined output of calls to the "encode()"/"decode()" method is the
same as if all the single inputs were joined into one, and this input
was encoded/decoded with the stateless encoder/decoder.


IncrementalEncoder Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "IncrementalEncoder" class is used for encoding an input in
multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every
incremental encoder must define in order to be compatible with the
Python codec registry.

class codecs.IncrementalEncoder(errors='strict')

   Constructor for an "IncrementalEncoder" instance.

   All incremental encoders must provide this constructor interface.
   They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the
   ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry.

   The "IncrementalEncoder" may implement different error handling
   schemes by providing the *errors* keyword argument. See Error
   Handlers for possible values.

   The *errors* argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same
   name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch
   between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of
   the "IncrementalEncoder" object.

   encode(object, final=False)

      Encodes *object* (taking the current state of the encoder into
      account) and returns the resulting encoded object. If this is
      the last call to "encode()" *final* must be true (the default is
      false).

   reset()

      Reset the encoder to the initial state. The output is discarded:
      call ".encode(object, final=True)", passing an empty byte or
      text string if necessary, to reset the encoder and to get the
      output.

   getstate()

      Return the current state of the encoder which must be an
      integer. The implementation should make sure that "0" is the
      most common state. (States that are more complicated than
      integers can be converted into an integer by marshaling/pickling
      the state and encoding the bytes of the resulting string into an
      integer.)

   setstate(state)

      Set the state of the encoder to *state*. *state* must be an
      encoder state returned by "getstate()".


IncrementalDecoder Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "IncrementalDecoder" class is used for decoding an input in
multiple steps. It defines the following methods which every
incremental decoder must define in order to be compatible with the
Python codec registry.

class codecs.IncrementalDecoder(errors='strict')

   Constructor for an "IncrementalDecoder" instance.

   All incremental decoders must provide this constructor interface.
   They are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the
   ones defined here are used by the Python codec registry.

   The "IncrementalDecoder" may implement different error handling
   schemes by providing the *errors* keyword argument. See Error
   Handlers for possible values.

   The *errors* argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same
   name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch
   between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of
   the "IncrementalDecoder" object.

   decode(object, final=False)

      Decodes *object* (taking the current state of the decoder into
      account) and returns the resulting decoded object. If this is
      the last call to "decode()" *final* must be true (the default is
      false). If *final* is true the decoder must decode the input
      completely and must flush all buffers. If this isn't possible
      (e.g. because of incomplete byte sequences at the end of the
      input) it must initiate error handling just like in the
      stateless case (which might raise an exception).

   reset()

      Reset the decoder to the initial state.

   getstate()

      Return the current state of the decoder. This must be a tuple
      with two items, the first must be the buffer containing the
      still undecoded input. The second must be an integer and can be
      additional state info. (The implementation should make sure that
      "0" is the most common additional state info.) If this
      additional state info is "0" it must be possible to set the
      decoder to the state which has no input buffered and "0" as the
      additional state info, so that feeding the previously buffered
      input to the decoder returns it to the previous state without
      producing any output. (Additional state info that is more
      complicated than integers can be converted into an integer by
      marshaling/pickling the info and encoding the bytes of the
      resulting string into an integer.)

   setstate(state)

      Set the state of the decoder to *state*. *state* must be a
      decoder state returned by "getstate()".


Stream Encoding and Decoding
----------------------------

The "StreamWriter" and "StreamReader" classes provide generic working
interfaces which can be used to implement new encoding submodules very
easily. See "encodings.utf_8" for an example of how this is done.


StreamWriter Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "StreamWriter" class is a subclass of "Codec" and defines the
following methods which every stream writer must define in order to be
compatible with the Python codec registry.

class codecs.StreamWriter(stream, errors='strict')

   Constructor for a "StreamWriter" instance.

   All stream writers must provide this constructor interface. They
   are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones
   defined here are used by the Python codec registry.

   The *stream* argument must be a file-like object open for writing
   text or binary data, as appropriate for the specific codec.

   The "StreamWriter" may implement different error handling schemes
   by providing the *errors* keyword argument. See Error Handlers for
   the standard error handlers the underlying stream codec may
   support.

   The *errors* argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same
   name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch
   between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of
   the "StreamWriter" object.

   write(object)

      Writes the object's contents encoded to the stream.

   writelines(list)

      Writes the concatenated iterable of strings to the stream
      (possibly by reusing the "write()" method). Infinite or very
      large iterables are not supported. The standard bytes-to-bytes
      codecs do not support this method.

   reset()

      Resets the codec buffers used for keeping internal state.

      Calling this method should ensure that the data on the output is
      put into a clean state that allows appending of new fresh data
      without having to rescan the whole stream to recover state.

In addition to the above methods, the "StreamWriter" must also inherit
all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream.


StreamReader Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "StreamReader" class is a subclass of "Codec" and defines the
following methods which every stream reader must define in order to be
compatible with the Python codec registry.

class codecs.StreamReader(stream, errors='strict')

   Constructor for a "StreamReader" instance.

   All stream readers must provide this constructor interface. They
   are free to add additional keyword arguments, but only the ones
   defined here are used by the Python codec registry.

   The *stream* argument must be a file-like object open for reading
   text or binary data, as appropriate for the specific codec.

   The "StreamReader" may implement different error handling schemes
   by providing the *errors* keyword argument. See Error Handlers for
   the standard error handlers the underlying stream codec may
   support.

   The *errors* argument will be assigned to an attribute of the same
   name. Assigning to this attribute makes it possible to switch
   between different error handling strategies during the lifetime of
   the "StreamReader" object.

   The set of allowed values for the *errors* argument can be extended
   with "register_error()".

   read(size=-1, chars=-1, firstline=False)

      Decodes data from the stream and returns the resulting object.

      The *chars* argument indicates the number of decoded code points
      or bytes to return. The "read()" method will never return more
      data than requested, but it might return less, if there is not
      enough available.

      The *size* argument indicates the approximate maximum number of
      encoded bytes or code points to read for decoding. The decoder
      can modify this setting as appropriate. The default value -1
      indicates to read and decode as much as possible. This parameter
      is intended to prevent having to decode huge files in one step.

      The *firstline* flag indicates that it would be sufficient to
      only return the first line, if there are decoding errors on
      later lines.

      The method should use a greedy read strategy meaning that it
      should read as much data as is allowed within the definition of
      the encoding and the given size, e.g.  if optional encoding
      endings or state markers are available on the stream, these
      should be read too.

   readline(size=None, keepends=True)

      Read one line from the input stream and return the decoded data.

      *size*, if given, is passed as size argument to the stream's
      "read()" method.

      If *keepends* is false line-endings will be stripped from the
      lines returned.

   readlines(sizehint=None, keepends=True)

      Read all lines available on the input stream and return them as
      a list of lines.

      Line-endings are implemented using the codec's "decode()" method
      and are included in the list entries if *keepends* is true.

      *sizehint*, if given, is passed as the *size* argument to the
      stream's "read()" method.

   reset()

      Resets the codec buffers used for keeping internal state.

      Note that no stream repositioning should take place. This method
      is primarily intended to be able to recover from decoding
      errors.

In addition to the above methods, the "StreamReader" must also inherit
all other methods and attributes from the underlying stream.


StreamReaderWriter Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "StreamReaderWriter" is a convenience class that allows wrapping
streams which work in both read and write modes.

The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by
the "lookup()" function to construct the instance.

class codecs.StreamReaderWriter(stream, Reader, Writer, errors='strict')

   Creates a "StreamReaderWriter" instance. *stream* must be a file-
   like object. *Reader* and *Writer* must be factory functions or
   classes providing the "StreamReader" and "StreamWriter" interface
   resp. Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the
   stream readers and writers.

"StreamReaderWriter" instances define the combined interfaces of
"StreamReader" and "StreamWriter" classes. They inherit all other
methods and attributes from the underlying stream.


StreamRecoder Objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The "StreamRecoder" translates data from one encoding to another,
which is sometimes useful when dealing with different encoding
environments.

The design is such that one can use the factory functions returned by
the "lookup()" function to construct the instance.

class codecs.StreamRecoder(stream, encode, decode, Reader, Writer, errors='strict')

   Creates a "StreamRecoder" instance which implements a two-way
   conversion: *encode* and *decode* work on the frontend — the data
   visible to code calling "read()" and "write()", while *Reader* and
   *Writer* work on the backend — the data in *stream*.

   You can use these objects to do transparent transcodings, e.g.,
   from Latin-1 to UTF-8 and back.

   The *stream* argument must be a file-like object.

   The *encode* and *decode* arguments must adhere to the "Codec"
   interface. *Reader* and *Writer* must be factory functions or
   classes providing objects of the "StreamReader" and "StreamWriter"
   interface respectively.

   Error handling is done in the same way as defined for the stream
   readers and writers.

"StreamRecoder" instances define the combined interfaces of
"StreamReader" and "StreamWriter" classes. They inherit all other
methods and attributes from the underlying stream.


Encodings and Unicode
=====================

Strings are stored internally as sequences of code points in range
"U+0000"--"U+10FFFF". (See **PEP 393** for more details about the
implementation.) Once a string object is used outside of CPU and
memory, endianness and how these arrays are stored as bytes become an
issue. As with other codecs, serialising a string into a sequence of
bytes is known as *encoding*, and recreating the string from the
sequence of bytes is known as *decoding*. There are a variety of
different text serialisation codecs, which are collectivity referred
to as *text encodings*.

The simplest text encoding (called "'latin-1'" or "'iso-8859-1'") maps
the code points 0--255 to the bytes "0x0"--"0xff", which means that a
string object that contains code points above "U+00FF" can't be
encoded with this codec. Doing so will raise a "UnicodeEncodeError"
that looks like the following (although the details of the error
message may differ): "UnicodeEncodeError: 'latin-1' codec can't encode
character '\u1234' in position 3: ordinal not in range(256)".

There's another group of encodings (the so called charmap encodings)
that choose a different subset of all Unicode code points and how
these code points are mapped to the bytes "0x0"--"0xff". To see how
this is done simply open e.g. "encodings/cp1252.py" (which is an
encoding that is used primarily on Windows). There's a string constant
with 256 characters that shows you which character is mapped to which
byte value.

All of these encodings can only encode 256 of the 1114112 code points
defined in Unicode. A simple and straightforward way that can store
each Unicode code point, is to store each code point as four
consecutive bytes. There are two possibilities: store the bytes in big
endian or in little endian order. These two encodings are called
"UTF-32-BE" and "UTF-32-LE" respectively. Their disadvantage is that
if, for example, you use "UTF-32-BE" on a little endian machine you
will always have to swap bytes on encoding and decoding. Python's
"UTF-16" and "UTF-32" codecs avoid this problem by using the
platform's native byte order when no BOM is present. Python follows
prevailing platform practice, so native-endian data round-trips
without redundant byte swapping, even though the Unicode Standard
defaults to big-endian when the byte order is unspecified. When these
bytes are read by a CPU with a different endianness, the bytes have to
be swapped. To be able to detect the endianness of a "UTF-16" or
"UTF-32" byte sequence, a BOM ("Byte Order Mark") is used. This is the
Unicode character "U+FEFF". This character can be prepended to every
"UTF-16" or "UTF-32" byte sequence. The byte swapped version of this
character ("0xFFFE") is an illegal character that may not appear in a
Unicode text. When the first character of a "UTF-16" or "UTF-32" byte
sequence is "U+FFFE", the bytes have to be swapped on decoding.

Unfortunately the character "U+FEFF" had a second purpose as a "ZERO
WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE": a character that has no width and doesn't allow
a word to be split. It can e.g. be used to give hints to a ligature
algorithm. With Unicode 4.0 using "U+FEFF" as a "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK
SPACE" has been deprecated (with "U+2060" ("WORD JOINER") assuming
this role). Nevertheless Unicode software still must be able to handle
"U+FEFF" in both roles: as a BOM it's a device to determine the
storage layout of the encoded bytes, and vanishes once the byte
sequence has been decoded into a string; as a "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK
SPACE" it's a normal character that will be decoded like any other.

There's another encoding that is able to encode the full range of
Unicode characters: UTF-8. UTF-8 is an 8-bit encoding, which means
there are no issues with byte order in UTF-8. Each byte in a UTF-8
byte sequence consists of two parts: marker bits (the most significant
bits) and payload bits. The marker bits are a sequence of zero to four
"1" bits followed by a "0" bit. Unicode characters are encoded like
this (with x being payload bits, which when concatenated give the
Unicode character):

+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Range                               | Encoding                                       |
|=====================================|================================================|
| "U-00000000" ... "U-0000007F"       | 0xxxxxxx                                       |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "U-00000080" ... "U-000007FF"       | 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx                              |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "U-00000800" ... "U-0000FFFF"       | 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx                     |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "U-00010000" ... "U-0010FFFF"       | 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx            |
+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

The least significant bit of the Unicode character is the rightmost x
bit.

As UTF-8 is an 8-bit encoding no BOM is required and any "U+FEFF"
character in the decoded string (even if it's the first character) is
treated as a "ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE".

Without external information it's impossible to reliably determine
which encoding was used for encoding a string. Each charmap encoding
can decode any random byte sequence. However that's not possible with
UTF-8, as UTF-8 byte sequences have a structure that doesn't allow
arbitrary byte sequences. To increase the reliability with which a
UTF-8 encoding can be detected, Microsoft invented a variant of UTF-8
(that Python calls ""utf-8-sig"") for its Notepad program: Before any
of the Unicode characters is written to the file, a UTF-8 encoded BOM
(which looks like this as a byte sequence: "0xef", "0xbb", "0xbf") is
written. As it's rather improbable that any charmap encoded file
starts with these byte values (which would e.g. map to

      LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
      RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
      INVERTED QUESTION MARK

in iso-8859-1), this increases the probability that a "utf-8-sig"
encoding can be correctly guessed from the byte sequence. So here the
BOM is not used to be able to determine the byte order used for
generating the byte sequence, but as a signature that helps in
guessing the encoding. On encoding the utf-8-sig codec will write
"0xef", "0xbb", "0xbf" as the first three bytes to the file. On
decoding "utf-8-sig" will skip those three bytes if they appear as the
first three bytes in the file. In UTF-8, the use of the BOM is
discouraged and should generally be avoided.


Standard Encodings
==================

Python comes with a number of codecs built-in, either implemented as C
functions or with dictionaries as mapping tables. The following table
lists the codecs by name, together with a few common aliases, and the
languages for which the encoding is likely used. Neither the list of
aliases nor the list of languages is meant to be exhaustive. Notice
that spelling alternatives that only differ in case or use a hyphen
instead of an underscore are also valid aliases because they are
equivalent when normalized by "normalize_encoding()". For example,
"'utf-8'" is a valid alias for the "'utf_8'" codec.

Nota:

  The below table lists the most common aliases, for a complete list
  refer to the source aliases.py file.

**Dettaglio dell’implementazione di CPython:** Some common encodings
can bypass the codecs lookup machinery to improve performance. These
optimization opportunities are only recognized by CPython for a
limited set of (case insensitive) aliases: utf-8, utf8, latin-1,
latin1, iso-8859-1, iso8859-1, mbcs (Windows only), ascii, us-ascii,
utf-16, utf16, utf-32, utf32, and the same using underscores instead
of dashes. Using alternative aliases for these encodings may result in
slower execution.

Cambiato nella versione 3.6: Optimization opportunity recognized for
us-ascii.

Many of the character sets support the same languages. They vary in
individual characters (e.g. whether the EURO SIGN is supported or
not), and in the assignment of characters to code positions. For the
European languages in particular, the following variants typically
exist:

* an ISO 8859 codeset

* a Microsoft Windows code page, which is typically derived from an
  8859 codeset, but replaces control characters with additional
  graphic characters

* an IBM EBCDIC code page

* an IBM PC code page, which is ASCII compatible

+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Codec             | Aliases                          | Languages                        |
|===================|==================================|==================================|
| ascii             | 646, us-ascii                    | English                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| big5              | big5-tw, csbig5                  | Traditional Chinese              |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| big5hkscs         | big5-hkscs, hkscs                | Traditional Chinese              |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp037             | IBM037, IBM039                   | English                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp273             | 273, IBM273, csIBM273            | German  Added in version 3.4.    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp424             | EBCDIC-CP-HE, IBM424             | Hebrew                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp437             | 437, IBM437                      | English                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp500             | EBCDIC-CP-BE, EBCDIC-CP-CH,      | Western Europe                   |
|                   | IBM500                           |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp720             |                                  | Arabic                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp737             |                                  | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp775             | IBM775                           | Baltic languages                 |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp850             | 850, IBM850                      | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp852             | 852, IBM852                      | Central and Eastern Europe       |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp855             | 855, IBM855                      | Belarusian, Bulgarian,           |
|                   |                                  | Macedonian, Russian, Serbian     |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp856             |                                  | Hebrew                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp857             | 857, IBM857                      | Turkish                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp858             | 858, IBM858                      | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp860             | 860, IBM860                      | Portuguese                       |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp861             | 861, CP-IS, IBM861               | Icelandic                        |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp862             | 862, IBM862                      | Hebrew                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp863             | 863, IBM863                      | Canadian                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp864             | IBM864                           | Arabic                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp865             | 865, IBM865                      | Danish, Norwegian                |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp866             | 866, IBM866                      | Russian                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp869             | 869, CP-GR, IBM869               | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp874             |                                  | Thai                             |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp875             |                                  | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp932             | 932, ms932, mskanji, ms-kanji,   | Japanese                         |
|                   | windows-31j                      |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp949             | 949, ms949, uhc                  | Korean                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp950             | 950, ms950                       | Traditional Chinese              |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1006            |                                  | Urdu                             |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1026            | ibm1026                          | Turkish                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1125            | 1125, ibm1125, cp866u, ruscii    | Ukrainian  Added in version 3.4. |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1140            | ibm1140                          | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1250            | windows-1250                     | Central and Eastern Europe       |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1251            | windows-1251                     | Belarusian, Bulgarian,           |
|                   |                                  | Macedonian, Russian, Serbian     |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1252            | windows-1252                     | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1253            | windows-1253                     | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1254            | windows-1254                     | Turkish                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1255            | windows-1255                     | Hebrew                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1256            | windows-1256                     | Arabic                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1257            | windows-1257                     | Baltic languages                 |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| cp1258            | windows-1258                     | Vietnamese                       |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| euc_jp            | eucjp, ujis, u-jis               | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| euc_jis_2004      | jisx0213, eucjis2004             | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| euc_jisx0213      | eucjisx0213                      | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| euc_kr            | euckr, korean, ksc5601,          | Korean                           |
|                   | ks_c-5601, ks_c-5601-1987,       |                                  |
|                   | ksx1001, ks_x-1001               |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| gb2312            | chinese, csiso58gb231280, euc-   | Simplified Chinese               |
|                   | cn, euccn, eucgb2312-cn,         |                                  |
|                   | gb2312-1980, gb2312-80, iso-     |                                  |
|                   | ir-58                            |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| gbk               | 936, cp936, ms936                | Unified Chinese                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| gb18030           | gb18030-2000                     | Unified Chinese                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| hz                | hzgb, hz-gb, hz-gb-2312          | Simplified Chinese               |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp        | csiso2022jp, iso2022jp,          | Japanese                         |
|                   | iso-2022-jp                      |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp_1      | iso2022jp-1, iso-2022-jp-1       | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp_2      | iso2022jp-2, iso-2022-jp-2       | Japanese, Korean, Simplified     |
|                   |                                  | Chinese, Western Europe, Greek   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp_2004   | iso2022jp-2004, iso-2022-jp-2004 | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp_3      | iso2022jp-3, iso-2022-jp-3       | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_jp_ext    | iso2022jp-ext, iso-2022-jp-ext   | Japanese                         |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso2022_kr        | csiso2022kr, iso2022kr,          | Korean                           |
|                   | iso-2022-kr                      |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| latin_1           | iso-8859-1, iso8859-1, 8859,     | Western Europe                   |
|                   | cp819, latin, latin1, L1         |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_2         | iso-8859-2, latin2, L2           | Central and Eastern Europe       |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_3         | iso-8859-3, latin3, L3           | Esperanto, Maltese               |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_4         | iso-8859-4, latin4, L4           | Northern Europe                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_5         | iso-8859-5, cyrillic             | Belarusian, Bulgarian,           |
|                   |                                  | Macedonian, Russian, Serbian     |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_6         | iso-8859-6, arabic               | Arabic                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_7         | iso-8859-7, greek, greek8        | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_8         | iso-8859-8, hebrew               | Hebrew                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_9         | iso-8859-9, latin5, L5           | Turkish                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_10        | iso-8859-10, latin6, L6          | Nordic languages                 |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_11        | iso-8859-11, thai                | Thai languages                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_13        | iso-8859-13, latin7, L7          | Baltic languages                 |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_14        | iso-8859-14, latin8, L8          | Celtic languages                 |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_15        | iso-8859-15, latin9, L9          | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| iso8859_16        | iso-8859-16, latin10, L10        | South-Eastern Europe             |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| johab             | cp1361, ms1361                   | Korean                           |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| koi8_r            |                                  | Russian                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| koi8_t            |                                  | Tajik  Added in version 3.5.     |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| koi8_u            |                                  | Ukrainian                        |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| kz1048            | kz_1048, strk1048_2002, rk1048   | Kazakh  Added in version 3.5.    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_cyrillic      | maccyrillic                      | Belarusian, Bulgarian,           |
|                   |                                  | Macedonian, Russian, Serbian     |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_greek         | macgreek                         | Greek                            |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_iceland       | maciceland                       | Icelandic                        |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_latin2        | maclatin2, maccentraleurope,     | Central and Eastern Europe       |
|                   | mac_centeuro                     |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_roman         | macroman, macintosh              | Western Europe                   |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| mac_turkish       | macturkish                       | Turkish                          |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| ptcp154           | csptcp154, pt154, cp154,         | Kazakh                           |
|                   | cyrillic-asian                   |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| shift_jis         | csshiftjis, shiftjis, sjis,      | Japanese                         |
|                   | s_jis                            |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| shift_jis_2004    | shiftjis2004, sjis_2004,         | Japanese                         |
|                   | sjis2004                         |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| shift_jisx0213    | shiftjisx0213, sjisx0213,        | Japanese                         |
|                   | s_jisx0213                       |                                  |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_32            | U32, utf32                       | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_32_be         | UTF-32BE                         | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_32_le         | UTF-32LE                         | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_16            | U16, utf16                       | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_16_be         | UTF-16BE                         | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_16_le         | UTF-16LE                         | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_7             | U7, unicode-1-1-utf-7            | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_8             | U8, UTF, utf8, cp65001           | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| utf_8_sig         |                                  | all languages                    |
+-------------------+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: The utf-16* and utf-32* encoders no
longer allow surrogate code points ("U+D800"--"U+DFFF") to be encoded.
The utf-32* decoders no longer decode byte sequences that correspond
to surrogate code points.

Cambiato nella versione 3.8: "cp65001" is now an alias to "utf_8".


Python Specific Encodings
=========================

A number of predefined codecs are specific to Python, so their codec
names have no meaning outside Python. These are listed in the tables
below based on the expected input and output types (note that while
text encodings are the most common use case for codecs, the underlying
codec infrastructure supports arbitrary data transforms rather than
just text encodings). For asymmetric codecs, the stated meaning
describes the encoding direction.


Text Encodings
--------------

The following codecs provide "str" to "bytes" encoding and *bytes-like
object* to "str" decoding, similar to the Unicode text encodings.

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| Codec                | Aliases   | Meaning                     |
|======================|===========|=============================|
| idna                 |           | Implement **RFC 3490**, see |
|                      |           | also "encodings.idna". Only |
|                      |           | "errors='strict'" is        |
|                      |           | supported.                  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| mbcs                 | ansi,     | Windows only: Encode the    |
|                      | dbcs      | operand according to the    |
|                      |           | ANSI codepage (CP_ACP).     |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| oem                  |           | Windows only: Encode the    |
|                      |           | operand according to the    |
|                      |           | OEM codepage (CP_OEMCP).    |
|                      |           | Added in version 3.6.       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| palmos               |           | Encoding of PalmOS 3.5.     |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| punycode             |           | Implement **RFC 3492**.     |
|                      |           | Stateful codecs are not     |
|                      |           | supported.                  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| raw_unicode_escape   |           | Latin-1 encoding with       |
|                      |           | "\u*XXXX*" and              |
|                      |           | "\U*XXXXXXXX*" for other    |
|                      |           | code points. Existing       |
|                      |           | backslashes are not escaped |
|                      |           | in any way. It is used in   |
|                      |           | the Python pickle protocol. |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| undefined            |           | This Codec should only be   |
|                      |           | used for testing purposes.  |
|                      |           | Raise an exception for all  |
|                      |           | conversions, even empty     |
|                      |           | strings. The error handler  |
|                      |           | is ignored.                 |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| unicode_escape       |           | Encoding suitable as the    |
|                      |           | contents of a Unicode       |
|                      |           | literal in ASCII- encoded   |
|                      |           | Python source code, except  |
|                      |           | that quotes are not         |
|                      |           | escaped. Decode from        |
|                      |           | Latin-1 source code. Beware |
|                      |           | that Python source code     |
|                      |           | actually uses UTF-8 by      |
|                      |           | default.                    |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+

Cambiato nella versione 3.8: "unicode_internal" codec is removed.


Binary Transforms
-----------------

The following codecs provide binary transforms: *bytes-like object* to
"bytes" mappings. They are not supported by "bytes.decode()" (which
only produces "str" output).

+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| Codec                  | Aliases            | Meaning                        | Encoder / decoder              |
|========================|====================|================================|================================|
| base64_codec [1]       | base64, base_64    | Convert the operand to         | "base64.encodebytes()" /       |
|                        |                    | multiline MIME base64 (the     | "base64.decodebytes()"         |
|                        |                    | result always includes a       |                                |
|                        |                    | trailing "'\n'").  Cambiato    |                                |
|                        |                    | nella versione 3.4: accepts    |                                |
|                        |                    | any *bytes-like object* as     |                                |
|                        |                    | input for encoding and         |                                |
|                        |                    | decoding                       |                                |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| bz2_codec              | bz2                | Compress the operand using     | "bz2.compress()" /             |
|                        |                    | bz2.                           | "bz2.decompress()"             |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| hex_codec              | hex                | Convert the operand to         | "binascii.b2a_hex()" /         |
|                        |                    | hexadecimal representation,    | "binascii.a2b_hex()"           |
|                        |                    | with two digits per byte.      |                                |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| quopri_codec           | quopri,            | Convert the operand to MIME    | "quopri.encode()" with         |
|                        | quotedprintable,   | quoted printable.              | "quotetabs=True" /             |
|                        | quoted_printable   |                                | "quopri.decode()"              |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| uu_codec               | uu                 | Convert the operand using      |                                |
|                        |                    | uuencode.                      |                                |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+
| zlib_codec             | zip, zlib          | Compress the operand using     | "zlib.compress()" /            |
|                        |                    | gzip.                          | "zlib.decompress()"            |
+------------------------+--------------------+--------------------------------+--------------------------------+

[1] In addition to *bytes-like objects*, "'base64_codec'" also accepts
    ASCII-only instances of "str" for decoding

Added in version 3.2: Restoration of the binary transforms.

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Restoration of the aliases for the binary
transforms.


Standalone Codec Functions
--------------------------

The following functions provide encoding and decoding functionality
similar to codecs, but are not available as named codecs through
"codecs.encode()" or "codecs.decode()". They are used internally (for
example, by "pickle") and behave similarly to the "string_escape"
codec that was removed in Python 3.

codecs.escape_encode(input, errors=None)

   Encode *input* using escape sequences. Similar to how "repr()" on
   bytes produces escaped byte values.

   *input* must be a "bytes" object.

   Returns a tuple "(output, length)" where *output* is a "bytes"
   object and *length* is the number of bytes consumed.

codecs.escape_decode(input, errors=None)

   Decode *input* from escape sequences back to the original bytes.

   *input* must be a *bytes-like object*.

   Returns a tuple "(output, length)" where *output* is a "bytes"
   object and *length* is the number of bytes consumed.


Text Transforms
---------------

The following codec provides a text transform: a "str" to "str"
mapping. It is not supported by "str.encode()" (which only produces
"bytes" output).

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+
| Codec                | Aliases   | Meaning                     |
|======================|===========|=============================|
| rot_13               | rot13     | Return the Caesar-cypher    |
|                      |           | encryption of the operand.  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------+

Added in version 3.2: Restoration of the "rot_13" text transform.

Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Restoration of the "rot13" alias.


"encodings" --- Encodings package
=================================

This module implements the following functions:

encodings.normalize_encoding(encoding)

   Normalize encoding name *encoding*.

   Normalization works as follows: all non-alphanumeric characters
   except the dot used for Python package names are collapsed and
   replaced with a single underscore, leading and trailing underscores
   are removed. For example, "'  -;#'" becomes "'_'".

   Note that *encoding* should be ASCII only.

Nota:

  The following function should not be used directly, except for
  testing purposes; "codecs.lookup()" should be used instead.

encodings.search_function(encoding)

   Search for the codec module corresponding to the given encoding
   name *encoding*.

   This function first normalizes the *encoding* using
   "normalize_encoding()", then looks for a corresponding alias. It
   attempts to import a codec module from the encodings package using
   either the alias or the normalized name. If the module is found and
   defines a valid "getregentry()" function that returns a
   "codecs.CodecInfo" object, the codec is cached and returned.

   If the codec module defines a "getaliases()" function any returned
   aliases are registered for future use.

This module implements the following exception:

exception encodings.CodecRegistryError

   Raised when a codec is invalid or incompatible.


"encodings.idna" --- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications
===================================================================

This module implements **RFC 3490** (Internationalized Domain Names in
Applications) and **RFC 3492** (Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for
Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)). It builds upon the "punycode"
encoding and "stringprep".

If you need the IDNA 2008 standard from **RFC 5891** and **RFC 5895**,
use the third-party idna module.

These RFCs together define a protocol to support non-ASCII characters
in domain names. A domain name containing non-ASCII characters (such
as "www.Alliancefrançaise.nu") is converted into an ASCII-compatible
encoding (ACE, such as "www.xn--alliancefranaise-npb.nu"). The ACE
form of the domain name is then used in all places where arbitrary
characters are not allowed by the protocol, such as DNS queries, HTTP
*Host* fields, and so on. This conversion is carried out in the
application; if possible invisible to the user: The application should
transparently convert Unicode domain labels to IDNA on the wire, and
convert back ACE labels to Unicode before presenting them to the user.

Python supports this conversion in several ways:  the "idna" codec
performs conversion between Unicode and ACE, separating an input
string into labels based on the separator characters defined in
**section 3.1 of RFC 3490** and converting each label to ACE as
required, and conversely separating an input byte string into labels
based on the "." separator and converting any ACE labels found into
unicode. Furthermore, the "socket" module transparently converts
Unicode host names to ACE, so that applications need not be concerned
about converting host names themselves when they pass them to the
socket module. On top of that, modules that have host names as
function parameters, such as "http.client" and "ftplib", accept
Unicode host names ("http.client" then also transparently sends an
IDNA hostname in the *Host* field if it sends that field at all).

When receiving host names from the wire (such as in reverse name
lookup), no automatic conversion to Unicode is performed: applications
wishing to present such host names to the user should decode them to
Unicode.

The module "encodings.idna" also implements the nameprep procedure,
which performs certain normalizations on host names, to achieve case-
insensitivity of international domain names, and to unify similar
characters. The nameprep functions can be used directly if desired.

encodings.idna.nameprep(label)

   Return the nameprepped version of *label*. The implementation
   currently assumes query strings, so "AllowUnassigned" is true.

encodings.idna.ToASCII(label)

   Convert a label to ASCII, as specified in **RFC 3490**.
   "UseSTD3ASCIIRules" is assumed to be false.

encodings.idna.ToUnicode(label)

   Convert a label to Unicode, as specified in **RFC 3490**.


"encodings.mbcs" --- Windows ANSI codepage
==========================================

This module implements the ANSI codepage (CP_ACP).

Availability: Windows.

Cambiato nella versione 3.2: Before 3.2, the *errors* argument was
ignored; "'replace'" was always used to encode, and "'ignore'" to
decode.

Cambiato nella versione 3.3: Support any error handler.


"encodings.utf_8_sig" --- UTF-8 codec with BOM signature
========================================================

This module implements a variant of the UTF-8 codec. On encoding, a
UTF-8 encoded BOM will be prepended to the UTF-8 encoded bytes. For
the stateful encoder this is only done once (on the first write to the
byte stream). On decoding, an optional UTF-8 encoded BOM at the start
of the data will be skipped.
