"json" --- JSON encoder and decoder
***********************************

**Source code:** Lib/json/__init__.py

======================================================================

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), specified by **RFC 7159** (which
obsoletes **RFC 4627**) and by ECMA-404, is a lightweight data
interchange format inspired by JavaScript object literal syntax
(although it is not a strict subset of JavaScript [1] ).

Avvertimento:

  Be cautious when parsing JSON data from untrusted sources. A
  malicious JSON string may cause the decoder to consume considerable
  CPU and memory resources. Limiting the size of data to be parsed is
  recommended.

"json" exposes an API familiar to users of the standard library
"marshal" and "pickle" modules.

Encoding basic Python object hierarchies:

   >>> import json
   >>> json.dumps(['foo', {'bar': ('baz', None, 1.0, 2)}])
   '["foo", {"bar": ["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]'
   >>> print(json.dumps("\"foo\bar"))
   "\"foo\bar"
   >>> print(json.dumps('\u1234'))
   "\u1234"
   >>> print(json.dumps('\\'))
   "\\"
   >>> print(json.dumps({"c": 0, "b": 0, "a": 0}, sort_keys=True))
   {"a": 0, "b": 0, "c": 0}
   >>> from io import StringIO
   >>> io = StringIO()
   >>> json.dump(['streaming API'], io)
   >>> io.getvalue()
   '["streaming API"]'

Compact encoding:

   >>> import json
   >>> json.dumps([1, 2, 3, {'4': 5, '6': 7}], separators=(',', ':'))
   '[1,2,3,{"4":5,"6":7}]'

Pretty printing:

   >>> import json
   >>> print(json.dumps({'4': 5, '6': 7}, sort_keys=True, indent=4))
   {
       "4": 5,
       "6": 7
   }

Decoding JSON:

   >>> import json
   >>> json.loads('["foo", {"bar":["baz", null, 1.0, 2]}]')
   ['foo', {'bar': ['baz', None, 1.0, 2]}]
   >>> json.loads('"\\"foo\\bar"')
   '"foo\x08ar'
   >>> from io import StringIO
   >>> io = StringIO('["streaming API"]')
   >>> json.load(io)
   ['streaming API']

Specializing JSON object decoding:

   >>> import json
   >>> def as_complex(dct):
   ...     if '__complex__' in dct:
   ...         return complex(dct['real'], dct['imag'])
   ...     return dct
   ...
   >>> json.loads('{"__complex__": true, "real": 1, "imag": 2}',
   ...     object_hook=as_complex)
   (1+2j)
   >>> import decimal
   >>> json.loads('1.1', parse_float=decimal.Decimal)
   Decimal('1.1')

Extending "JSONEncoder":

   >>> import json
   >>> class ComplexEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
   ...     def default(self, obj):
   ...         if isinstance(obj, complex):
   ...             return [obj.real, obj.imag]
   ...         # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
   ...         return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, obj)
   ...
   >>> json.dumps(2 + 1j, cls=ComplexEncoder)
   '[2.0, 1.0]'
   >>> ComplexEncoder().encode(2 + 1j)
   '[2.0, 1.0]'
   >>> list(ComplexEncoder().iterencode(2 + 1j))
   ['[2.0', ', 1.0', ']']

Using "json.tool" from the shell to validate and pretty-print:

   $ echo '{"json":"obj"}' | python -m json.tool
   {
       "json": "obj"
   }
   $ echo '{1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
   Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)

See Command Line Interface for detailed documentation.

Nota:

  JSON is a subset of YAML 1.2.  The JSON produced by this module's
  default settings (in particular, the default *separators* value) is
  also a subset of YAML 1.0 and 1.1.  This module can thus also be
  used as a YAML serializer.

Nota:

  This module's encoders and decoders preserve input and output order
  by default.  Order is only lost if the underlying containers are
  unordered.


Basic Usage
===========

json.dump(obj, fp, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)

   Serialize *obj* as a JSON formatted stream to *fp* (a
   ".write()"-supporting *file-like object*) using this conversion
   table.

   If *skipkeys* is true (default: "False"), then dict keys that are
   not of a basic type ("str", "int", "float", "bool", "None") will be
   skipped instead of raising a "TypeError".

   The "json" module always produces "str" objects, not "bytes"
   objects. Therefore, "fp.write()" must support "str" input.

   If *ensure_ascii* is true (the default), the output is guaranteed
   to have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped.  If
   *ensure_ascii* is false, these characters will be output as-is.

   If *check_circular* is false (default: "True"), then the circular
   reference check for container types will be skipped and a circular
   reference will result in an "RecursionError" (or worse).

   If *allow_nan* is false (default: "True"), then it will be a
   "ValueError" to serialize out of range "float" values ("nan",
   "inf", "-inf") in strict compliance of the JSON specification. If
   *allow_nan* is true, their JavaScript equivalents ("NaN",
   "Infinity", "-Infinity") will be used.

   If *indent* is a non-negative integer or string, then JSON array
   elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent
   level.  An indent level of 0, negative, or """" will only insert
   newlines.  "None" (the default) selects the most compact
   representation. Using a positive integer indent indents that many
   spaces per level.  If *indent* is a string (such as ""\t""), that
   string is used to indent each level.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.2: Allow strings for *indent* in addition
   to integers.

   If specified, *separators* should be an "(item_separator,
   key_separator)" tuple.  The default is "(', ', ': ')" if *indent*
   is "None" and "(',', ': ')" otherwise.  To get the most compact
   JSON representation, you should specify "(',', ':')" to eliminate
   whitespace.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Use "(',', ': ')" as default if
   *indent* is not "None".

   If specified, *default* should be a function that gets called for
   objects that can't otherwise be serialized.  It should return a
   JSON encodable version of the object or raise a "TypeError".  If
   not specified, "TypeError" is raised.

   If *sort_keys* is true (default: "False"), then the output of
   dictionaries will be sorted by key.

   To use a custom "JSONEncoder" subclass (e.g. one that overrides the
   "default()" method to serialize additional types), specify it with
   the *cls* kwarg; otherwise "JSONEncoder" is used.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: All optional parameters are now
   keyword-only.

   Nota:

     Unlike "pickle" and "marshal", JSON is not a framed protocol, so
     trying to serialize multiple objects with repeated calls to
     "dump()" using the same *fp* will result in an invalid JSON file.

json.dumps(obj, *, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, cls=None, indent=None, separators=None, default=None, sort_keys=False, **kw)

   Serialize *obj* to a JSON formatted "str" using this conversion
   table.  The arguments have the same meaning as in "dump()".

   Nota:

     Keys in key/value pairs of JSON are always of the type "str".
     When a dictionary is converted into JSON, all the keys of the
     dictionary are coerced to strings. As a result of this, if a
     dictionary is converted into JSON and then back into a
     dictionary, the dictionary may not equal the original one. That
     is, "loads(dumps(x)) != x" if x has non-string keys.

json.load(fp, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)

   Deserialize *fp* (a ".read()"-supporting *text file* or *binary
   file* containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this
   conversion table.

   *object_hook* is an optional function that will be called with the
   result of any object literal decoded (a "dict").  The return value
   of *object_hook* will be used instead of the "dict".  This feature
   can be used to implement custom decoders (e.g. JSON-RPC class
   hinting).

   *object_pairs_hook* is an optional function that will be called
   with the result of any object literal decoded with an ordered list
   of pairs.  The return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used
   instead of the "dict".  This feature can be used to implement
   custom decoders. If *object_hook* is also defined, the
   *object_pairs_hook* takes priority.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.1: Added support for *object_pairs_hook*.

   *parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of
   every JSON float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to
   "float(num_str)". This can be used to use another datatype or
   parser for JSON floats (e.g. "decimal.Decimal").

   *parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
   JSON int to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to
   "int(num_str)".  This can be used to use another datatype or parser
   for JSON integers (e.g. "float").

   Cambiato nella versione 3.10.7: The default *parse_int* of "int()"
   now limits the maximum length of the integer string via the
   interpreter's integer string conversion length limitation to help
   avoid denial of service attacks.

   *parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
   following strings: "'-Infinity'", "'Infinity'", "'NaN'". This can
   be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
   encountered.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.1: *parse_constant* doesn't get called on
   'null', 'true', 'false' anymore.

   To use a custom "JSONDecoder" subclass, specify it with the "cls"
   kwarg; otherwise "JSONDecoder" is used.  Additional keyword
   arguments will be passed to the constructor of the class.

   If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
   "JSONDecodeError" will be raised.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: All optional parameters are now
   keyword-only.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: *fp* can now be a *binary file*. The
   input encoding should be UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32.

json.loads(s, *, cls=None, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, object_pairs_hook=None, **kw)

   Deserialize *s* (a "str", "bytes" or "bytearray" instance
   containing a JSON document) to a Python object using this
   conversion table.

   The other arguments have the same meaning as in "load()".

   If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
   "JSONDecodeError" will be raised.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: *s* can now be of type "bytes" or
   "bytearray". The input encoding should be UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.9: The keyword argument *encoding* has
   been removed.


Encoders and Decoders
=====================

class json.JSONDecoder(*, object_hook=None, parse_float=None, parse_int=None, parse_constant=None, strict=True, object_pairs_hook=None)

   Simple JSON decoder.

   Performs the following translations in decoding by default:

   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | JSON            | Python              |
   |=================|=====================|
   | object          | dict                |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | array           | list                |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | string          | str                 |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | number (int)    | int                 |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | number (real)   | float               |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | true            | True                |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | false           | False               |
   +-----------------+---------------------+
   | null            | None                |
   +-----------------+---------------------+

   It also understands "NaN", "Infinity", and "-Infinity" as their
   corresponding "float" values, which is outside the JSON spec.

   *object_hook*, if specified, will be called with the result of
   every JSON object decoded and its return value will be used in
   place of the given "dict".  This can be used to provide custom
   deserializations (e.g. to support JSON-RPC class hinting).

   *object_pairs_hook*, if specified will be called with the result of
   every JSON object decoded with an ordered list of pairs.  The
   return value of *object_pairs_hook* will be used instead of the
   "dict".  This feature can be used to implement custom decoders.  If
   *object_hook* is also defined, the *object_pairs_hook* takes
   priority.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.1: Added support for *object_pairs_hook*.

   *parse_float*, if specified, will be called with the string of
   every JSON float to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to
   "float(num_str)". This can be used to use another datatype or
   parser for JSON floats (e.g. "decimal.Decimal").

   *parse_int*, if specified, will be called with the string of every
   JSON int to be decoded.  By default, this is equivalent to
   "int(num_str)".  This can be used to use another datatype or parser
   for JSON integers (e.g. "float").

   *parse_constant*, if specified, will be called with one of the
   following strings: "'-Infinity'", "'Infinity'", "'NaN'". This can
   be used to raise an exception if invalid JSON numbers are
   encountered.

   If *strict* is false ("True" is the default), then control
   characters will be allowed inside strings.  Control characters in
   this context are those with character codes in the 0--31 range,
   including "'\t'" (tab), "'\n'", "'\r'" and "'\0'".

   If the data being deserialized is not a valid JSON document, a
   "JSONDecodeError" will be raised.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: All parameters are now keyword-only.

   decode(s)

      Return the Python representation of *s* (a "str" instance
      containing a JSON document).

      "JSONDecodeError" will be raised if the given JSON document is
      not valid.

   raw_decode(s)

      Decode a JSON document from *s* (a "str" beginning with a JSON
      document) and return a 2-tuple of the Python representation and
      the index in *s* where the document ended.

      This can be used to decode a JSON document from a string that
      may have extraneous data at the end.

class json.JSONEncoder(*, skipkeys=False, ensure_ascii=True, check_circular=True, allow_nan=True, sort_keys=False, indent=None, separators=None, default=None)

   Extensible JSON encoder for Python data structures.

   Supports the following objects and types by default:

   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | Python                                   | JSON            |
   |==========================================|=================|
   | dict                                     | object          |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | list, tuple                              | array           |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | str                                      | string          |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | int, float, int- & float-derived Enums   | number          |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | True                                     | true            |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | False                                    | false           |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+
   | None                                     | null            |
   +------------------------------------------+-----------------+

   Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Added support for int- and float-
   derived Enum classes.

   To extend this to recognize other objects, subclass and implement a
   "default()" method with another method that returns a serializable
   object for "o" if possible, otherwise it should call the superclass
   implementation (to raise "TypeError").

   If *skipkeys* is false (the default), a "TypeError" will be raised
   when trying to encode keys that are not "str", "int", "float" or
   "None".  If *skipkeys* is true, such items are simply skipped.

   If *ensure_ascii* is true (the default), the output is guaranteed
   to have all incoming non-ASCII characters escaped.  If
   *ensure_ascii* is false, these characters will be output as-is.

   If *check_circular* is true (the default), then lists, dicts, and
   custom encoded objects will be checked for circular references
   during encoding to prevent an infinite recursion (which would cause
   an "RecursionError"). Otherwise, no such check takes place.

   If *allow_nan* is true (the default), then "NaN", "Infinity", and
   "-Infinity" will be encoded as such.  This behavior is not JSON
   specification compliant, but is consistent with most JavaScript
   based encoders and decoders.  Otherwise, it will be a "ValueError"
   to encode such floats.

   If *sort_keys* is true (default: "False"), then the output of
   dictionaries will be sorted by key; this is useful for regression
   tests to ensure that JSON serializations can be compared on a day-
   to-day basis.

   If *indent* is a non-negative integer or string, then JSON array
   elements and object members will be pretty-printed with that indent
   level.  An indent level of 0, negative, or """" will only insert
   newlines.  "None" (the default) selects the most compact
   representation. Using a positive integer indent indents that many
   spaces per level.  If *indent* is a string (such as ""\t""), that
   string is used to indent each level.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.2: Allow strings for *indent* in addition
   to integers.

   If specified, *separators* should be an "(item_separator,
   key_separator)" tuple.  The default is "(', ', ': ')" if *indent*
   is "None" and "(',', ': ')" otherwise.  To get the most compact
   JSON representation, you should specify "(',', ':')" to eliminate
   whitespace.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.4: Use "(',', ': ')" as default if
   *indent* is not "None".

   If specified, *default* should be a function that gets called for
   objects that can't otherwise be serialized.  It should return a
   JSON encodable version of the object or raise a "TypeError".  If
   not specified, "TypeError" is raised.

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: All parameters are now keyword-only.

   default(o)

      Implement this method in a subclass such that it returns a
      serializable object for *o*, or calls the base implementation
      (to raise a "TypeError").

      For example, to support arbitrary iterators, you could implement
      "default()" like this:

         def default(self, o):
            try:
                iterable = iter(o)
            except TypeError:
                pass
            else:
                return list(iterable)
            # Let the base class default method raise the TypeError
            return json.JSONEncoder.default(self, o)

   encode(o)

      Return a JSON string representation of a Python data structure,
      *o*.  For example:

         >>> json.JSONEncoder().encode({"foo": ["bar", "baz"]})
         '{"foo": ["bar", "baz"]}'

   iterencode(o)

      Encode the given object, *o*, and yield each string
      representation as available.  For example:

         for chunk in json.JSONEncoder().iterencode(bigobject):
             mysocket.write(chunk)


Exceptions
==========

exception json.JSONDecodeError(msg, doc, pos)

   Subclass of "ValueError" with the following additional attributes:

   msg

      The unformatted error message.

   doc

      The JSON document being parsed.

   pos

      The start index of *doc* where parsing failed.

   lineno

      The line corresponding to *pos*.

   colno

      The column corresponding to *pos*.

   Nuovo nella versione 3.5.


Standard Compliance and Interoperability
========================================

The JSON format is specified by **RFC 7159** and by ECMA-404. This
section details this module's level of compliance with the RFC. For
simplicity, "JSONEncoder" and "JSONDecoder" subclasses, and parameters
other than those explicitly mentioned, are not considered.

This module does not comply with the RFC in a strict fashion,
implementing some extensions that are valid JavaScript but not valid
JSON.  In particular:

* Infinite and NaN number values are accepted and output;

* Repeated names within an object are accepted, and only the value of
  the last name-value pair is used.

Since the RFC permits RFC-compliant parsers to accept input texts that
are not RFC-compliant, this module's deserializer is technically RFC-
compliant under default settings.


Character Encodings
-------------------

The RFC requires that JSON be represented using either UTF-8, UTF-16,
or UTF-32, with UTF-8 being the recommended default for maximum
interoperability.

As permitted, though not required, by the RFC, this module's
serializer sets *ensure_ascii=True* by default, thus escaping the
output so that the resulting strings only contain ASCII characters.

Other than the *ensure_ascii* parameter, this module is defined
strictly in terms of conversion between Python objects and "Unicode
strings", and thus does not otherwise directly address the issue of
character encodings.

The RFC prohibits adding a byte order mark (BOM) to the start of a
JSON text, and this module's serializer does not add a BOM to its
output. The RFC permits, but does not require, JSON deserializers to
ignore an initial BOM in their input.  This module's deserializer
raises a "ValueError" when an initial BOM is present.

The RFC does not explicitly forbid JSON strings which contain byte
sequences that don't correspond to valid Unicode characters (e.g.
unpaired UTF-16 surrogates), but it does note that they may cause
interoperability problems. By default, this module accepts and outputs
(when present in the original "str") code points for such sequences.


Infinite and NaN Number Values
------------------------------

The RFC does not permit the representation of infinite or NaN number
values. Despite that, by default, this module accepts and outputs
"Infinity", "-Infinity", and "NaN" as if they were valid JSON number
literal values:

   >>> # Neither of these calls raises an exception, but the results are not valid JSON
   >>> json.dumps(float('-inf'))
   '-Infinity'
   >>> json.dumps(float('nan'))
   'NaN'
   >>> # Same when deserializing
   >>> json.loads('-Infinity')
   -inf
   >>> json.loads('NaN')
   nan

In the serializer, the *allow_nan* parameter can be used to alter this
behavior.  In the deserializer, the *parse_constant* parameter can be
used to alter this behavior.


Repeated Names Within an Object
-------------------------------

The RFC specifies that the names within a JSON object should be
unique, but does not mandate how repeated names in JSON objects should
be handled.  By default, this module does not raise an exception;
instead, it ignores all but the last name-value pair for a given name:

   >>> weird_json = '{"x": 1, "x": 2, "x": 3}'
   >>> json.loads(weird_json)
   {'x': 3}

The *object_pairs_hook* parameter can be used to alter this behavior.


Top-level Non-Object, Non-Array Values
--------------------------------------

The old version of JSON specified by the obsolete **RFC 4627**
required that the top-level value of a JSON text must be either a JSON
object or array (Python "dict" or "list"), and could not be a JSON
null, boolean, number, or string value.  **RFC 7159** removed that
restriction, and this module does not and has never implemented that
restriction in either its serializer or its deserializer.

Regardless, for maximum interoperability, you may wish to voluntarily
adhere to the restriction yourself.


Implementation Limitations
--------------------------

Some JSON deserializer implementations may set limits on:

* the size of accepted JSON texts

* the maximum level of nesting of JSON objects and arrays

* the range and precision of JSON numbers

* the content and maximum length of JSON strings

This module does not impose any such limits beyond those of the
relevant Python datatypes themselves or the Python interpreter itself.

When serializing to JSON, beware any such limitations in applications
that may consume your JSON.  In particular, it is common for JSON
numbers to be deserialized into IEEE 754 double precision numbers and
thus subject to that representation's range and precision limitations.
This is especially relevant when serializing Python "int" values of
extremely large magnitude, or when serializing instances of "exotic"
numerical types such as "decimal.Decimal".


Command Line Interface
======================

**Source code:** Lib/json/tool.py

======================================================================

The "json.tool" module provides a simple command line interface to
validate and pretty-print JSON objects.

If the optional "infile" and "outfile" arguments are not specified,
"sys.stdin" and "sys.stdout" will be used respectively:

   $ echo '{"json": "obj"}' | python -m json.tool
   {
       "json": "obj"
   }
   $ echo '{1.2:3.4}' | python -m json.tool
   Expecting property name enclosed in double quotes: line 1 column 2 (char 1)

Cambiato nella versione 3.5: The output is now in the same order as
the input. Use the "--sort-keys" option to sort the output of
dictionaries alphabetically by key.


Command line options
--------------------

infile

   The JSON file to be validated or pretty-printed:

      $ python -m json.tool mp_films.json
      [
          {
              "title": "And Now for Something Completely Different",
              "year": 1971
          },
          {
              "title": "Monty Python and the Holy Grail",
              "year": 1975
          }
      ]

   If *infile* is not specified, read from "sys.stdin".

outfile

   Write the output of the *infile* to the given *outfile*. Otherwise,
   write it to "sys.stdout".

--sort-keys

   Sort the output of dictionaries alphabetically by key.

   Nuovo nella versione 3.5.

--no-ensure-ascii

   Disable escaping of non-ascii characters, see "json.dumps()" for
   more information.

   Nuovo nella versione 3.9.

--json-lines

   Parse every input line as separate JSON object.

   Nuovo nella versione 3.8.

--indent, --tab, --no-indent, --compact

   Mutually exclusive options for whitespace control.

   Nuovo nella versione 3.9.

-h, --help

   Show the help message.

-[ Footnotes ]-

[1] As noted in the errata for RFC 7159, JSON permits literal U+2028
    (LINE SEPARATOR) and U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) characters in
    strings, whereas JavaScript (as of ECMAScript Edition 5.1) does
    not.
