"warnings" --- Warning control
******************************

**Source code:** Lib/warnings.py

======================================================================

Warning messages are typically issued in situations where it is useful
to alert the user of some condition in a program, where that condition
(normally) doesn't warrant raising an exception and terminating the
program.  For example, one might want to issue a warning when a
program uses an obsolete module.

Python programmers issue warnings by calling the "warn()" function
defined in this module.  (C programmers use "PyErr_WarnEx()"; see
Exception Handling for details).

Warning messages are normally written to "sys.stderr", but their
disposition can be changed flexibly, from ignoring all warnings to
turning them into exceptions.  The disposition of warnings can vary
based on the warning category, the text of the warning message, and
the source location where it is issued.  Repetitions of a particular
warning for the same source location are typically suppressed.

There are two stages in warning control: first, each time a warning is
issued, a determination is made whether a message should be issued or
not; next, if a message is to be issued, it is formatted and printed
using a user-settable hook.

The determination whether to issue a warning message is controlled by
the warning filter, which is a sequence of matching rules and actions.
Rules can be added to the filter by calling "filterwarnings()" and
reset to its default state by calling "resetwarnings()".

The printing of warning messages is done by calling "showwarning()",
which may be overridden; the default implementation of this function
formats the message by calling "formatwarning()", which is also
available for use by custom implementations.

Vedi anche:

  "logging.captureWarnings()" allows you to handle all warnings with
  the standard logging infrastructure.


Warning Categories
==================

There are a number of built-in exceptions that represent warning
categories. This categorization is useful to be able to filter out
groups of warnings.

While these are technically built-in exceptions, they are documented
here, because conceptually they belong to the warnings mechanism.

User code can define additional warning categories by subclassing one
of the standard warning categories.  A warning category must always be
a subclass of the "Warning" class.

The following warnings category classes are currently defined:

+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Class                              | Description                                     |
|====================================|=================================================|
| "Warning"                          | This is the base class of all warning category  |
|                                    | classes.  It is a subclass of "Exception".      |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "UserWarning"                      | The default category for "warn()".              |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "DeprecationWarning"               | Base category for warnings about deprecated     |
|                                    | features when those warnings are intended for   |
|                                    | other Python developers (ignored by default,    |
|                                    | unless triggered by code in "__main__").        |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "SyntaxWarning"                    | Base category for warnings about dubious        |
|                                    | syntactic features.                             |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "RuntimeWarning"                   | Base category for warnings about dubious        |
|                                    | runtime features.                               |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "FutureWarning"                    | Base category for warnings about deprecated     |
|                                    | features when those warnings are intended for   |
|                                    | end users of applications that are written in   |
|                                    | Python.                                         |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "PendingDeprecationWarning"        | Base category for warnings about features that  |
|                                    | will be deprecated in the future (ignored by    |
|                                    | default).                                       |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "ImportWarning"                    | Base category for warnings triggered during the |
|                                    | process of importing a module (ignored by       |
|                                    | default).                                       |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "UnicodeWarning"                   | Base category for warnings related to Unicode.  |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "BytesWarning"                     | Base category for warnings related to "bytes"   |
|                                    | and "bytearray".                                |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| "ResourceWarning"                  | Base category for warnings related to resource  |
|                                    | usage (ignored by default).                     |
+------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: Previously "DeprecationWarning" and
"FutureWarning" were distinguished based on whether a feature was
being removed entirely or changing its behaviour. They are now
distinguished based on their intended audience and the way they're
handled by the default warnings filters.


The Warnings Filter
===================

The warnings filter controls whether warnings are ignored, displayed,
or turned into errors (raising an exception).

Conceptually, the warnings filter maintains an ordered list of filter
specifications; any specific warning is matched against each filter
specification in the list in turn until a match is found; the filter
determines the disposition of the match.  Each entry is a tuple of the
form (*action*, *message*, *category*, *module*, *lineno*), where:

* *action* is one of the following strings:

  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | Value           | Disposition                                    |
  |=================|================================================|
  | ""default""     | print the first occurrence of matching         |
  |                 | warnings for each location (module + line      |
  |                 | number) where the warning is issued            |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""error""       | turn matching warnings into exceptions         |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""ignore""      | never print matching warnings                  |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""always""      | always print matching warnings                 |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""module""      | print the first occurrence of matching         |
  |                 | warnings for each module where the warning is  |
  |                 | issued (regardless of line number)             |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+
  | ""once""        | print only the first occurrence of matching    |
  |                 | warnings, regardless of location               |
  +-----------------+------------------------------------------------+

* *message* is a string containing a regular expression that the start
  of the warning message must match, case-insensitively.  In "-W" and
  "PYTHONWARNINGS", *message* is a literal string that the start of
  the warning message must contain (case-insensitively), ignoring any
  whitespace at the start or end of *message*.

* *category* is a class (a subclass of "Warning") of which the warning
  category must be a subclass in order to match.

* *module* is a string containing a regular expression that the start
  of the fully qualified module name must match, case-sensitively.  In
  "-W" and "PYTHONWARNINGS", *module* is a literal string that the
  fully qualified module name must be equal to (case-sensitively),
  ignoring any whitespace at the start or end of *module*.

* *lineno* is an integer that the line number where the warning
  occurred must match, or "0" to match all line numbers.

Since the "Warning" class is derived from the built-in "Exception"
class, to turn a warning into an error we simply raise
"category(message)".

If a warning is reported and doesn't match any registered filter then
the "default" action is applied (hence its name).


Describing Warning Filters
--------------------------

The warnings filter is initialized by "-W" options passed to the
Python interpreter command line and the "PYTHONWARNINGS" environment
variable. The interpreter saves the arguments for all supplied entries
without interpretation in "sys.warnoptions"; the "warnings" module
parses these when it is first imported (invalid options are ignored,
after printing a message to "sys.stderr").

Individual warnings filters are specified as a sequence of fields
separated by colons:

   action:message:category:module:line

The meaning of each of these fields is as described in The Warnings
Filter. When listing multiple filters on a single line (as for
"PYTHONWARNINGS"), the individual filters are separated by commas and
the filters listed later take precedence over those listed before them
(as they're applied left-to-right, and the most recently applied
filters take precedence over earlier ones).

Commonly used warning filters apply to either all warnings, warnings
in a particular category, or warnings raised by particular modules or
packages. Some examples:

   default                      # Show all warnings (even those ignored by default)
   ignore                       # Ignore all warnings
   error                        # Convert all warnings to errors
   error::ResourceWarning       # Treat ResourceWarning messages as errors
   default::DeprecationWarning  # Show DeprecationWarning messages
   ignore,default:::mymodule    # Only report warnings triggered by "mymodule"
   error:::mymodule             # Convert warnings to errors in "mymodule"


Default Warning Filter
----------------------

By default, Python installs several warning filters, which can be
overridden by the "-W" command-line option, the "PYTHONWARNINGS"
environment variable and calls to "filterwarnings()".

In regular release builds, the default warning filter has the
following entries (in order of precedence):

   default::DeprecationWarning:__main__
   ignore::DeprecationWarning
   ignore::PendingDeprecationWarning
   ignore::ImportWarning
   ignore::ResourceWarning

In a debug build, the list of default warning filters is empty.

Cambiato nella versione 3.2: "DeprecationWarning" is now ignored by
default in addition to "PendingDeprecationWarning".

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: "DeprecationWarning" is once again shown
by default when triggered directly by code in "__main__".

Cambiato nella versione 3.7: "BytesWarning" no longer appears in the
default filter list and is instead configured via "sys.warnoptions"
when "-b" is specified twice.


Overriding the default filter
-----------------------------

Developers of applications written in Python may wish to hide *all*
Python level warnings from their users by default, and only display
them when running tests or otherwise working on the application. The
"sys.warnoptions" attribute used to pass filter configurations to the
interpreter can be used as a marker to indicate whether or not
warnings should be disabled:

   import sys

   if not sys.warnoptions:
       import warnings
       warnings.simplefilter("ignore")

Developers of test runners for Python code are advised to instead
ensure that *all* warnings are displayed by default for the code under
test, using code like:

   import sys

   if not sys.warnoptions:
       import os, warnings
       warnings.simplefilter("default") # Change the filter in this process
       os.environ["PYTHONWARNINGS"] = "default" # Also affect subprocesses

Finally, developers of interactive shells that run user code in a
namespace other than "__main__" are advised to ensure that
"DeprecationWarning" messages are made visible by default, using code
like the following (where "user_ns" is the module used to execute code
entered interactively):

   import warnings
   warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=DeprecationWarning,
                                      module=user_ns.get("__name__"))


Temporarily Suppressing Warnings
================================

If you are using code that you know will raise a warning, such as a
deprecated function, but do not want to see the warning (even when
warnings have been explicitly configured via the command line), then
it is possible to suppress the warning using the "catch_warnings"
context manager:

   import warnings

   def fxn():
       warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning)

   with warnings.catch_warnings():
       warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
       fxn()

While within the context manager all warnings will simply be ignored.
This allows you to use known-deprecated code without having to see the
warning while not suppressing the warning for other code that might
not be aware of its use of deprecated code.  Note: this can only be
guaranteed in a single-threaded application. If two or more threads
use the "catch_warnings" context manager at the same time, the
behavior is undefined.


Testing Warnings
================

To test warnings raised by code, use the "catch_warnings" context
manager. With it you can temporarily mutate the warnings filter to
facilitate your testing. For instance, do the following to capture all
raised warnings to check:

   import warnings

   def fxn():
       warnings.warn("deprecated", DeprecationWarning)

   with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
       # Cause all warnings to always be triggered.
       warnings.simplefilter("always")
       # Trigger a warning.
       fxn()
       # Verify some things
       assert len(w) == 1
       assert issubclass(w[-1].category, DeprecationWarning)
       assert "deprecated" in str(w[-1].message)

One can also cause all warnings to be exceptions by using "error"
instead of "always". One thing to be aware of is that if a warning has
already been raised because of a "once"/"default" rule, then no matter
what filters are set the warning will not be seen again unless the
warnings registry related to the warning has been cleared.

Once the context manager exits, the warnings filter is restored to its
state when the context was entered. This prevents tests from changing
the warnings filter in unexpected ways between tests and leading to
indeterminate test results. The "showwarning()" function in the module
is also restored to its original value.  Note: this can only be
guaranteed in a single-threaded application. If two or more threads
use the "catch_warnings" context manager at the same time, the
behavior is undefined.

When testing multiple operations that raise the same kind of warning,
it is important to test them in a manner that confirms each operation
is raising a new warning (e.g. set warnings to be raised as exceptions
and check the operations raise exceptions, check that the length of
the warning list continues to increase after each operation, or else
delete the previous entries from the warnings list before each new
operation).


Updating Code For New Versions of Dependencies
==============================================

Warning categories that are primarily of interest to Python developers
(rather than end users of applications written in Python) are ignored
by default.

Notably, this "ignored by default" list includes "DeprecationWarning"
(for every module except "__main__"), which means developers should
make sure to test their code with typically ignored warnings made
visible in order to receive timely notifications of future breaking
API changes (whether in the standard library or third party packages).

In the ideal case, the code will have a suitable test suite, and the
test runner will take care of implicitly enabling all warnings when
running tests (the test runner provided by the "unittest" module does
this).

In less ideal cases, applications can be checked for use of deprecated
interfaces by passing "-Wd" to the Python interpreter (this is
shorthand for "-W default") or setting "PYTHONWARNINGS=default" in the
environment. This enables default handling for all warnings, including
those that are ignored by default. To change what action is taken for
encountered warnings you can change what argument is passed to "-W"
(e.g. "-W error"). See the "-W" flag for more details on what is
possible.


Available Functions
===================

warnings.warn(message, category=None, stacklevel=1, source=None)

   Issue a warning, or maybe ignore it or raise an exception.  The
   *category* argument, if given, must be a warning category class; it
   defaults to "UserWarning".  Alternatively, *message* can be a
   "Warning" instance, in which case *category* will be ignored and
   "message.__class__" will be used. In this case, the message text
   will be "str(message)". This function raises an exception if the
   particular warning issued is changed into an error by the warnings
   filter.  The *stacklevel* argument can be used by wrapper functions
   written in Python, like this:

      def deprecation(message):
          warnings.warn(message, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)

   This makes the warning refer to "deprecation()"'s caller, rather
   than to the source of "deprecation()" itself (since the latter
   would defeat the purpose of the warning message).

   *source*, if supplied, is the destroyed object which emitted a
   "ResourceWarning".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: Added *source* parameter.

warnings.warn_explicit(message, category, filename, lineno, module=None, registry=None, module_globals=None, source=None)

   This is a low-level interface to the functionality of "warn()",
   passing in explicitly the message, category, filename and line
   number, and optionally the module name and the registry (which
   should be the "__warningregistry__" dictionary of the module).  The
   module name defaults to the filename with ".py" stripped; if no
   registry is passed, the warning is never suppressed. *message* must
   be a string and *category* a subclass of "Warning" or *message* may
   be a "Warning" instance, in which case *category* will be ignored.

   *module_globals*, if supplied, should be the global namespace in
   use by the code for which the warning is issued.  (This argument is
   used to support displaying source for modules found in zipfiles or
   other non-filesystem import sources).

   *source*, if supplied, is the destroyed object which emitted a
   "ResourceWarning".

   Cambiato nella versione 3.6: Add the *source* parameter.

warnings.showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None)

   Write a warning to a file.  The default implementation calls
   "formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line)" and
   writes the resulting string to *file*, which defaults to
   "sys.stderr".  You may replace this function with any callable by
   assigning to "warnings.showwarning". *line* is a line of source
   code to be included in the warning message; if *line* is not
   supplied, "showwarning()" will try to read the line specified by
   *filename* and *lineno*.

warnings.formatwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, line=None)

   Format a warning the standard way.  This returns a string which may
   contain embedded newlines and ends in a newline.  *line* is a line
   of source code to be included in the warning message; if *line* is
   not supplied, "formatwarning()" will try to read the line specified
   by *filename* and *lineno*.

warnings.filterwarnings(action, message='', category=Warning, module='', lineno=0, append=False)

   Insert an entry into the list of warnings filter specifications.
   The entry is inserted at the front by default; if *append* is true,
   it is inserted at the end.  This checks the types of the arguments,
   compiles the *message* and *module* regular expressions, and
   inserts them as a tuple in the list of warnings filters.  Entries
   closer to the front of the list override entries later in the list,
   if both match a particular warning.  Omitted arguments default to a
   value that matches everything.

warnings.simplefilter(action, category=Warning, lineno=0, append=False)

   Insert a simple entry into the list of warnings filter
   specifications.  The meaning of the function parameters is as for
   "filterwarnings()", but regular expressions are not needed as the
   filter inserted always matches any message in any module as long as
   the category and line number match.

warnings.resetwarnings()

   Reset the warnings filter.  This discards the effect of all
   previous calls to "filterwarnings()", including that of the "-W"
   command line options and calls to "simplefilter()".


Available Context Managers
==========================

class warnings.catch_warnings(*, record=False, module=None)

   A context manager that copies and, upon exit, restores the warnings
   filter and the "showwarning()" function. If the *record* argument
   is "False" (the default) the context manager returns "None" on
   entry. If *record* is "True", a list is returned that is
   progressively populated with objects as seen by a custom
   "showwarning()" function (which also suppresses output to
   "sys.stdout"). Each object in the list has attributes with the same
   names as the arguments to "showwarning()".

   The *module* argument takes a module that will be used instead of
   the module returned when you import "warnings" whose filter will be
   protected. This argument exists primarily for testing the
   "warnings" module itself.

   Nota:

     The "catch_warnings" manager works by replacing and then later
     restoring the module's "showwarning()" function and internal list
     of filter specifications.  This means the context manager is
     modifying global state and therefore is not thread-safe.
