Layanan Sistem Operasi Generik

Modul yang dijelaskan dalam bab ini menyediakan antarmuka untuk fitur sistem operasi yang tersedia pada (hampir) semua sistem operasi, seperti file dan jam. Antarmuka umumnya dimodelkan setelah antarmuka Unix atau C, tetapi mereka tersedia di sebagian besar sistem lain juga. Berikut ini ikhtisar:

• os --- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
  • error
  • name
  • Nama Berkas, Argumen Command Line, dan Variabel Lingkungan
  • Python UTF-8 Mode
  • Process Parameters
    • ctermid()
    • environ
    • environb
    • fsencode()
    • fsdecode()
    • fspath()
    • PathLike
      • __fspath__()
    • getenv()
    • getenvb()
    • get_exec_path()
    • getegid()
    • geteuid()
    • getgid()
    • getgrouplist()
    • getgroups()
    • getlogin()
    • getpgid()
    • getpgrp()
    • getpid()
    • getppid()
    • getpriority()
    • PRIO_PROCESS
    • PRIO_PGRP
    • PRIO_USER
    • PRIO_DARWIN_THREAD
    • PRIO_DARWIN_PROCESS
    • PRIO_DARWIN_BG
    • PRIO_DARWIN_NONUI
    • getresuid()
    • getresgid()
    • getuid()
    • initgroups()
    • putenv()
    • setegid()
    • seteuid()
    • setgid()
    • setgroups()
    • setns()
    • setpgrp()
    • setpgid()
    • setpriority()
    • setregid()
    • setresgid()
    • setresuid()
    • setreuid()
    • getsid()
    • setsid()
    • setuid()
    • strerror()
    • supports_bytes_environ
    • umask()
    • uname()
    • unsetenv()
    • unshare()
    • CLONE_FILES
    • CLONE_FS
    • CLONE_NEWCGROUP
    • CLONE_NEWIPC
    • CLONE_NEWNET
    • CLONE_NEWNS
    • CLONE_NEWPID
    • CLONE_NEWTIME
    • CLONE_NEWUSER
    • CLONE_NEWUTS
    • CLONE_SIGHAND
    • CLONE_SYSVSEM
    • CLONE_THREAD
    • CLONE_VM
  • Pembuatan Objek Berkas
    • fdopen()
  • File Descriptor Operations
    • close()
    • closerange()
    • copy_file_range()
    • device_encoding()
    • dup()
    • dup2()
    • fchmod()
    • fchown()
    • fdatasync()
    • fpathconf()
    • fstat()
    • fstatvfs()
    • fsync()
    • ftruncate()
    • get_blocking()
    • grantpt()
    • isatty()
    • lockf()
    • F_LOCK
    • F_TLOCK
    • F_ULOCK
    • F_TEST
    • login_tty()
    • lseek()
    • SEEK_SET
    • SEEK_CUR
    • SEEK_END
    • SEEK_HOLE
    • SEEK_DATA
    • open()
    • O_RDONLY
    • O_WRONLY
    • O_RDWR
    • O_APPEND
    • O_CREAT
    • O_EXCL
    • O_TRUNC
    • O_DSYNC
    • O_RSYNC
    • O_SYNC
    • O_NDELAY
    • O_NONBLOCK
    • O_NOCTTY
    • O_CLOEXEC
    • O_BINARY
    • O_NOINHERIT
    • O_SHORT_LIVED
    • O_TEMPORARY
    • O_RANDOM
    • O_SEQUENTIAL
    • O_TEXT
    • O_EVTONLY
    • O_FSYNC
    • O_SYMLINK
    • O_NOFOLLOW_ANY
    • O_ASYNC
    • O_DIRECT
    • O_DIRECTORY
    • O_NOFOLLOW
    • O_NOATIME
    • O_PATH
    • O_TMPFILE
    • O_SHLOCK
    • O_EXLOCK
    • openpty()
    • pipe()
    • pipe2()
    • posix_fallocate()
    • posix_fadvise()
    • POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
    • POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
    • POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
    • POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
    • POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
    • POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
    • pread()
    • posix_openpt()
    • preadv()
    • RWF_NOWAIT
    • RWF_HIPRI
    • ptsname()
    • pwrite()
    • pwritev()
    • RWF_DSYNC
    • RWF_SYNC
    • RWF_APPEND
    • read()
    • sendfile()
    • SF_NODISKIO
    • SF_MNOWAIT
    • SF_SYNC
    • SF_NOCACHE
    • set_blocking()
    • splice()
    • SPLICE_F_MOVE
    • SPLICE_F_NONBLOCK
    • SPLICE_F_MORE
    • readv()
    • tcgetpgrp()
    • tcsetpgrp()
    • ttyname()
    • unlockpt()
    • write()
    • writev()
    • Querying the size of a terminal
      • get_terminal_size()
      • terminal_size
        • columns
        • lines
    • Inheritance of File Descriptors
      • get_inheritable()
      • set_inheritable()
      • get_handle_inheritable()
      • set_handle_inheritable()
  • Files and Directories
    • access()
    • F_OK
    • R_OK
    • W_OK
    • X_OK
    • chdir()
    • chflags()
    • chmod()
    • chown()
    • chroot()
    • fchdir()
    • getcwd()
    • getcwdb()
    • lchflags()
    • lchmod()
    • lchown()
    • link()
    • listdir()
    • listdrives()
    • listmounts()
    • listvolumes()
    • lstat()
    • mkdir()
    • makedirs()
    • mkfifo()
    • mknod()
    • major()
    • minor()
    • makedev()
    • pathconf()
    • pathconf_names
    • readlink()
    • remove()
    • removedirs()
    • rename()
    • renames()
    • replace()
    • rmdir()
    • scandir()
      • close()
    • DirEntry
      • name
      • path
      • inode()
      • is_dir()
      • is_file()
      • is_symlink()
      • is_junction()
      • stat()
    • stat()
    • stat_result
      • st_mode
      • st_ino
      • st_dev
      • st_nlink
      • st_uid
      • st_gid
      • st_size
      • st_atime
      • st_mtime
      • st_ctime
      • st_atime_ns
      • st_mtime_ns
      • st_ctime_ns
      • st_birthtime
      • st_birthtime_ns
      • st_blocks
      • st_blksize
      • st_rdev
      • st_flags
      • st_gen
      • st_fstype
      • st_rsize
      • st_creator
      • st_type
      • st_file_attributes
      • st_reparse_tag
    • statvfs()
    • supports_dir_fd
    • supports_effective_ids
    • supports_fd
    • supports_follow_symlinks
    • symlink()
    • sync()
    • truncate()
    • unlink()
    • utime()
    • walk()
    • fwalk()
    • memfd_create()
    • MFD_CLOEXEC
    • MFD_ALLOW_SEALING
    • MFD_HUGETLB
    • MFD_HUGE_SHIFT
    • MFD_HUGE_MASK
    • MFD_HUGE_64KB
    • MFD_HUGE_512KB
    • MFD_HUGE_1MB
    • MFD_HUGE_2MB
    • MFD_HUGE_8MB
    • MFD_HUGE_16MB
    • MFD_HUGE_32MB
    • MFD_HUGE_256MB
    • MFD_HUGE_512MB
    • MFD_HUGE_1GB
    • MFD_HUGE_2GB
    • MFD_HUGE_16GB
    • eventfd()
    • eventfd_read()
    • eventfd_write()
    • EFD_CLOEXEC
    • EFD_NONBLOCK
    • EFD_SEMAPHORE
    • Timer File Descriptors
      • timerfd_create()
      • timerfd_settime()
      • timerfd_settime_ns()
      • timerfd_gettime()
      • timerfd_gettime_ns()
      • TFD_NONBLOCK
      • TFD_CLOEXEC
      • TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME
      • TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET
    • Linux extended attributes
      • getxattr()
      • listxattr()
      • removexattr()
      • setxattr()
      • XATTR_SIZE_MAX
      • XATTR_CREATE
      • XATTR_REPLACE
  • Process Management
    • abort()
    • add_dll_directory()
    • execl()
    • execle()
    • execlp()
    • execlpe()
    • execv()
    • execve()
    • execvp()
    • execvpe()
    • _exit()
    • EX_OK
    • EX_USAGE
    • EX_DATAERR
    • EX_NOINPUT
    • EX_NOUSER
    • EX_NOHOST
    • EX_UNAVAILABLE
    • EX_SOFTWARE
    • EX_OSERR
    • EX_OSFILE
    • EX_CANTCREAT
    • EX_IOERR
    • EX_TEMPFAIL
    • EX_PROTOCOL
    • EX_NOPERM
    • EX_CONFIG
    • EX_NOTFOUND
    • fork()
    • forkpty()
    • kill()
    • killpg()
    • nice()
    • pidfd_open()
      • PIDFD_NONBLOCK
    • plock()
    • popen()
    • posix_spawn()
      • POSIX_SPAWN_OPEN
      • POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSE
      • POSIX_SPAWN_DUP2
      • POSIX_SPAWN_CLOSEFROM
    • posix_spawnp()
    • register_at_fork()
    • spawnl()
    • spawnle()
    • spawnlp()
    • spawnlpe()
    • spawnv()
    • spawnve()
    • spawnvp()
    • spawnvpe()
    • P_NOWAIT
    • P_NOWAITO
    • P_WAIT
    • P_DETACH
    • P_OVERLAY
    • startfile()
    • system()
    • times()
    • wait()
    • waitid()
    • waitpid()
    • wait3()
    • wait4()
    • P_PID
    • P_PGID
    • P_ALL
    • P_PIDFD
    • WCONTINUED
    • WEXITED
    • WSTOPPED
    • WUNTRACED
    • WNOHANG
    • WNOWAIT
    • CLD_EXITED
    • CLD_KILLED
    • CLD_DUMPED
    • CLD_TRAPPED
    • CLD_STOPPED
    • CLD_CONTINUED
    • waitstatus_to_exitcode()
    • WCOREDUMP()
    • WIFCONTINUED()
    • WIFSTOPPED()
    • WIFSIGNALED()
    • WIFEXITED()
    • WEXITSTATUS()
    • WSTOPSIG()
    • WTERMSIG()
  • Interface to the scheduler
    • SCHED_OTHER
    • SCHED_BATCH
    • SCHED_IDLE
    • SCHED_SPORADIC
    • SCHED_FIFO
    • SCHED_RR
    • SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
    • sched_param
      • sched_priority
    • sched_get_priority_min()
    • sched_get_priority_max()
    • sched_setscheduler()
    • sched_getscheduler()
    • sched_setparam()
    • sched_getparam()
    • sched_rr_get_interval()
    • sched_yield()
    • sched_setaffinity()
    • sched_getaffinity()
  • Miscellaneous System Information
    • confstr()
    • confstr_names
    • cpu_count()
    • getloadavg()
    • process_cpu_count()
    • sysconf()
    • sysconf_names
    • curdir
    • pardir
    • sep
    • altsep
    • extsep
    • pathsep
    • defpath
    • linesep
    • devnull
    • RTLD_LAZY
    • RTLD_NOW
    • RTLD_GLOBAL
    • RTLD_LOCAL
    • RTLD_NODELETE
    • RTLD_NOLOAD
    • RTLD_DEEPBIND
  • Random numbers
    • getrandom()
    • urandom()
    • GRND_NONBLOCK
    • GRND_RANDOM
• io --- Core tools for working with streams
  • Overview
    • Text I/O
    • Binary I/O
    • Raw I/O
  • Text Encoding
    • Opt-in EncodingWarning
  • High-level Module Interface
    • DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
    • open()
    • open_code()
    • text_encoding()
    • BlockingIOError
    • UnsupportedOperation
  • Class hierarchy
    • I/O Base Classes
      • IOBase
        • close()
        • closed
        • fileno()
        • flush()
        • isatty()
        • readable()
        • readline()
        • readlines()
        • seek()
        • seekable()
        • tell()
        • truncate()
        • writable()
        • writelines()
        • __del__()
      • RawIOBase
        • read()
        • readall()
        • readinto()
        • write()
      • BufferedIOBase
        • raw
        • detach()
        • read()
        • read1()
        • readinto()
        • readinto1()
        • write()
    • Raw File I/O
      • FileIO
        • mode
        • name
    • Buffered Streams
      • BytesIO
        • getbuffer()
        • getvalue()
        • read1()
        • readinto1()
      • BufferedReader
        • peek()
        • read()
        • read1()
      • BufferedWriter
        • flush()
        • write()
      • BufferedRandom
      • BufferedRWPair
    • Text I/O
      • TextIOBase
        • encoding
        • errors
        • newlines
        • buffer
        • detach()
        • read()
        • readline()
        • seek()
        • tell()
        • write()
      • TextIOWrapper
        • line_buffering
        • write_through
        • reconfigure()
        • seek()
        • tell()
      • StringIO
        • getvalue()
      • IncrementalNewlineDecoder
  • Performa
    • Binary I/O
    • Text I/O
    • Multi-threading
    • Reentrancy
• time --- Time access and conversions
  • Fungsi-Fungsi
    • asctime()
    • pthread_getcpuclockid()
    • clock_getres()
    • clock_gettime()
    • clock_gettime_ns()
    • clock_settime()
    • clock_settime_ns()
    • ctime()
    • get_clock_info()
    • gmtime()
    • localtime()
    • mktime()
    • monotonic()
    • monotonic_ns()
    • perf_counter()
    • perf_counter_ns()
    • process_time()
    • process_time_ns()
    • sleep()
    • strftime()
    • strptime()
    • struct_time
      • tm_year
      • tm_mon
      • tm_mday
      • tm_hour
      • tm_min
      • tm_sec
      • tm_wday
      • tm_yday
      • tm_isdst
      • tm_zone
      • tm_gmtoff
    • time()
    • time_ns()
    • thread_time()
    • thread_time_ns()
    • tzset()
  • Clock ID Constants
    • CLOCK_BOOTTIME
    • CLOCK_HIGHRES
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW
    • CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW_APPROX
    • CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
    • CLOCK_PROF
    • CLOCK_TAI
    • CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
    • CLOCK_UPTIME
    • CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW
    • CLOCK_UPTIME_RAW_APPROX
    • CLOCK_REALTIME
  • Timezone Constants
    • altzone
    • daylight
    • timezone
    • tzname
• argparse --- Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands
  • Objek ArgumentParser
    • ArgumentParser
    • prog
    • penggunaan
    • deskripsi
    • epilog
    • parents
    • formatter_class
      • RawDescriptionHelpFormatter
      • RawTextHelpFormatter
      • ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter
      • MetavarTypeHelpFormatter
    • prefix_chars
    • fromfile_prefix_chars
    • argument_default
    • allow_abbrev
    • conflict_handler
    • add_help
    • exit_on_error
  • Metode add_argument()
    • add_argument()
    • name or flags
    • aksi
      • BooleanOptionalAction
    • nargs
    • const
    • bawaan
    • tipe
    • pilihan
    • required
    • help
    • metavar
    • dest
    • deprecated
    • Action classes
      • Action
        • __call__()
        • format_usage()
  • The parse_args() method
    • parse_args()
    • Option value syntax
    • Invalid arguments
    • Arguments containing -
    • Argument abbreviations (prefix matching)
    • Beyond sys.argv
    • The Namespace object
      • Namespace
  • Other utilities
    • Sub-commands
      • add_subparsers()
    • FileType objects
      • FileType
    • Argument groups
      • add_argument_group()
    • Mutual exclusion
      • add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    • Parser defaults
      • set_defaults()
      • get_default()
    • Printing help
      • print_usage()
      • print_help()
      • format_usage()
      • format_help()
    • Partial parsing
      • parse_known_args()
    • Customizing file parsing
      • convert_arg_line_to_args()
    • Exiting methods
      • exit()
      • error()
    • Intermixed parsing
      • parse_intermixed_args()
      • parse_known_intermixed_args()
    • Registering custom types or actions
      • register()
  • Exceptions
    • ArgumentError
    • ArgumentTypeError
    • Argparse Tutorial
      • Concepts
      • The basics
      • Introducing Positional arguments
      • Introducing Optional arguments
        • Short options
      • Combining Positional and Optional arguments
      • Getting a little more advanced
        • Specifying ambiguous arguments
        • Conflicting options
      • How to translate the argparse output
      • Custom type converters
      • Conclusion
    • Upgrading optparse code
• logging --- Logging facility for Python
  • Logger Objects
    • Logger
      • name
      • level
      • parent
      • propagate
      • handlers
      • disabled
      • setLevel()
      • isEnabledFor()
      • getEffectiveLevel()
      • getChild()
      • getChildren()
      • debug()
      • info()
      • warning()
      • error()
      • critical()
      • log()
      • exception()
      • addFilter()
      • removeFilter()
      • filter()
      • addHandler()
      • removeHandler()
      • findCaller()
      • handle()
      • makeRecord()
      • hasHandlers()
  • Logging Levels
    • NOTSET
    • DEBUG
    • INFO
    • WARNING
    • ERROR
    • CRITICAL
  • Handler Objects
    • Handler
      • __init__()
      • createLock()
      • acquire()
      • release()
      • setLevel()
      • setFormatter()
      • addFilter()
      • removeFilter()
      • filter()
      • flush()
      • close()
      • handle()
      • handleError()
      • format()
      • emit()
  • Formatter Objects
    • Formatter
      • format()
      • formatTime()
      • formatException()
      • formatStack()
    • BufferingFormatter
      • formatHeader()
      • formatFooter()
      • format()
  • Filter Objects
    • Filter
      • filter()
  • LogRecord Objects
    • LogRecord
      • getMessage()
  • LogRecord attributes
  • LoggerAdapter Objects
    • LoggerAdapter
      • process()
      • manager
      • _log
  • Thread Safety
  • Module-Level Functions
    • getLogger()
    • getLoggerClass()
    • getLogRecordFactory()
    • debug()
    • info()
    • warning()
    • error()
    • critical()
    • exception()
    • log()
    • disable()
    • addLevelName()
    • getLevelNamesMapping()
    • getLevelName()
    • getHandlerByName()
    • getHandlerNames()
    • makeLogRecord()
    • basicConfig()
    • shutdown()
    • setLoggerClass()
    • setLogRecordFactory()
  • Module-Level Attributes
    • lastResort
    • raiseExceptions
  • Integration with the warnings module
    • captureWarnings()
• logging.config --- Logging configuration
  • Configuration functions
    • dictConfig()
    • fileConfig()
    • listen()
    • stopListening()
  • Security considerations
  • Configuration dictionary schema
    • Dictionary Schema Details
    • Incremental Configuration
    • Object connections
    • User-defined objects
    • Handler configuration order
    • Access to external objects
    • Access to internal objects
    • Import resolution and custom importers
    • Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener
  • Configuration file format
• logging.handlers --- Logging handlers
  • StreamHandler
    • StreamHandler
      • emit()
      • flush()
      • setStream()
      • terminator
  • FileHandler
    • FileHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
  • NullHandler
    • NullHandler
      • emit()
      • handle()
      • createLock()
  • WatchedFileHandler
    • WatchedFileHandler
      • reopenIfNeeded()
      • emit()
  • BaseRotatingHandler
    • BaseRotatingHandler
      • namer
      • rotator
      • rotation_filename()
      • rotate()
  • RotatingFileHandler
    • RotatingFileHandler
      • doRollover()
      • emit()
  • TimedRotatingFileHandler
    • TimedRotatingFileHandler
      • doRollover()
      • emit()
      • getFilesToDelete()
  • SocketHandler
    • SocketHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
      • handleError()
      • makeSocket()
      • makePickle()
      • send()
      • createSocket()
  • DatagramHandler
    • DatagramHandler
      • emit()
      • makeSocket()
      • send()
  • SysLogHandler
    • SysLogHandler
      • close()
      • createSocket()
      • emit()
      • encodePriority()
      • mapPriority()
  • NTEventLogHandler
    • NTEventLogHandler
      • close()
      • emit()
      • getEventCategory()
      • getEventType()
      • getMessageID()
  • SMTPHandler
    • SMTPHandler
      • emit()
      • getSubject()
  • MemoryHandler
    • BufferingHandler
      • emit()
      • flush()
      • shouldFlush()
    • MemoryHandler
      • close()
      • flush()
      • setTarget()
      • shouldFlush()
  • HTTPHandler
    • HTTPHandler
      • mapLogRecord()
      • emit()
  • QueueHandler
    • QueueHandler
      • emit()
      • prepare()
      • enqueue()
      • listener
  • QueueListener
    • QueueListener
      • dequeue()
      • prepare()
      • handle()
      • start()
      • stop()
      • enqueue_sentinel()
• getpass --- Portable password input
  • getpass()
  • GetPassWarning
  • getuser()
• curses --- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
  • Fungsi-Fungsi
    • error
    • baudrate()
    • beep()
    • can_change_color()
    • cbreak()
    • color_content()
    • color_pair()
    • curs_set()
    • def_prog_mode()
    • def_shell_mode()
    • delay_output()
    • doupdate()
    • echo()
    • endwin()
    • erasechar()
    • filter()
    • flash()
    • flushinp()
    • getmouse()
    • getsyx()
    • getwin()
    • has_colors()
    • has_extended_color_support()
    • has_ic()
    • has_il()
    • has_key()
    • halfdelay()
    • init_color()
    • init_pair()
    • initscr()
    • is_term_resized()
    • isendwin()
    • keyname()
    • killchar()
    • longname()
    • meta()
    • mouseinterval()
    • mousemask()
    • napms()
    • newpad()
    • newwin()
    • nl()
    • nocbreak()
    • noecho()
    • nonl()
    • noqiflush()
    • noraw()
    • pair_content()
    • pair_number()
    • putp()
    • qiflush()
    • raw()
    • reset_prog_mode()
    • reset_shell_mode()
    • resetty()
    • resize_term()
    • resizeterm()
    • savetty()
    • get_escdelay()
    • set_escdelay()
    • get_tabsize()
    • set_tabsize()
    • setsyx()
    • setupterm()
    • start_color()
    • termattrs()
    • termname()
    • tigetflag()
    • tigetnum()
    • tigetstr()
    • tparm()
    • typeahead()
    • unctrl()
    • ungetch()
    • update_lines_cols()
    • unget_wch()
    • ungetmouse()
    • use_env()
    • use_default_colors()
    • wrapper()
  • Objek Window
    • addch()
    • addnstr()
    • addstr()
    • attroff()
    • attron()
    • attrset()
    • bkgd()
    • bkgdset()
    • border()
    • box()
    • chgat()
    • clear()
    • clearok()
    • clrtobot()
    • clrtoeol()
    • cursyncup()
    • delch()
    • deleteln()
    • derwin()
    • echochar()
    • enclose()
    • encoding
    • erase()
    • getbegyx()
    • getbkgd()
    • getch()
    • get_wch()
    • getkey()
    • getmaxyx()
    • getparyx()
    • getstr()
    • getyx()
    • hline()
    • idcok()
    • idlok()
    • immedok()
    • inch()
    • insch()
    • insdelln()
    • insertln()
    • insnstr()
    • insstr()
    • instr()
    • is_linetouched()
    • is_wintouched()
    • keypad()
    • leaveok()
    • move()
    • mvderwin()
    • mvwin()
    • nodelay()
    • notimeout()
    • noutrefresh()
    • overlay()
    • overwrite()
    • putwin()
    • redrawln()
    • redrawwin()
    • refresh()
    • resize()
    • scroll()
    • scrollok()
    • setscrreg()
    • standend()
    • standout()
    • subpad()
    • subwin()
    • syncdown()
    • syncok()
    • syncup()
    • timeout()
    • touchline()
    • touchwin()
    • untouchwin()
    • vline()
  • Konstanta
    • ERR
    • OK
    • version
    • __version__
    • ncurses_version
    • COLORS
    • COLOR_PAIRS
    • COLS
    • LINES
    • A_ALTCHARSET
    • A_BLINK
    • A_BOLD
    • A_DIM
    • A_INVIS
    • A_ITALIC
    • A_NORMAL
    • A_PROTECT
    • A_REVERSE
    • A_STANDOUT
    • A_UNDERLINE
    • A_HORIZONTAL
    • A_LEFT
    • A_LOW
    • A_RIGHT
    • A_TOP
    • A_VERTICAL
    • A_ATTRIBUTES
    • A_CHARTEXT
    • A_COLOR
    • KEY_MIN
    • KEY_BREAK
    • KEY_DOWN
    • KEY_UP
    • KEY_LEFT
    • KEY_RIGHT
    • KEY_HOME
    • KEY_BACKSPACE
    • KEY_F0
    • KEY_Fn
    • KEY_DL
    • KEY_IL
    • KEY_DC
    • KEY_IC
    • KEY_EIC
    • KEY_CLEAR
    • KEY_EOS
    • KEY_EOL
    • KEY_SF
    • KEY_SR
    • KEY_NPAGE
    • KEY_PPAGE
    • KEY_STAB
    • KEY_CTAB
    • KEY_CATAB
    • KEY_ENTER
    • KEY_SRESET
    • KEY_RESET
    • KEY_PRINT
    • KEY_LL
    • KEY_A1
    • KEY_A3
    • KEY_B2
    • KEY_C1
    • KEY_C3
    • KEY_BTAB
    • KEY_BEG
    • KEY_CANCEL
    • KEY_CLOSE
    • KEY_COMMAND
    • KEY_COPY
    • KEY_CREATE
    • KEY_END
    • KEY_EXIT
    • KEY_FIND
    • KEY_HELP
    • KEY_MARK
    • KEY_MESSAGE
    • KEY_MOVE
    • KEY_NEXT
    • KEY_OPEN
    • KEY_OPTIONS
    • KEY_PREVIOUS
    • KEY_REDO
    • KEY_REFERENCE
    • KEY_REFRESH
    • KEY_REPLACE
    • KEY_RESTART
    • KEY_RESUME
    • KEY_SAVE
    • KEY_SBEG
    • KEY_SCANCEL
    • KEY_SCOMMAND
    • KEY_SCOPY
    • KEY_SCREATE
    • KEY_SDC
    • KEY_SDL
    • KEY_SELECT
    • KEY_SEND
    • KEY_SEOL
    • KEY_SEXIT
    • KEY_SFIND
    • KEY_SHELP
    • KEY_SHOME
    • KEY_SIC
    • KEY_SLEFT
    • KEY_SMESSAGE
    • KEY_SMOVE
    • KEY_SNEXT
    • KEY_SOPTIONS
    • KEY_SPREVIOUS
    • KEY_SPRINT
    • KEY_SREDO
    • KEY_SREPLACE
    • KEY_SRIGHT
    • KEY_SRSUME
    • KEY_SSAVE
    • KEY_SSUSPEND
    • KEY_SUNDO
    • KEY_SUSPEND
    • KEY_UNDO
    • KEY_MOUSE
    • KEY_RESIZE
    • KEY_MAX
    • ACS_BBSS
    • ACS_BLOCK
    • ACS_BOARD
    • ACS_BSBS
    • ACS_BSSB
    • ACS_BSSS
    • ACS_BTEE
    • ACS_BULLET
    • ACS_CKBOARD
    • ACS_DARROW
    • ACS_DEGREE
    • ACS_DIAMOND
    • ACS_GEQUAL
    • ACS_HLINE
    • ACS_LANTERN
    • ACS_LARROW
    • ACS_LEQUAL
    • ACS_LLCORNER
    • ACS_LRCORNER
    • ACS_LTEE
    • ACS_NEQUAL
    • ACS_PI
    • ACS_PLMINUS
    • ACS_PLUS
    • ACS_RARROW
    • ACS_RTEE
    • ACS_S1
    • ACS_S3
    • ACS_S7
    • ACS_S9
    • ACS_SBBS
    • ACS_SBSB
    • ACS_SBSS
    • ACS_SSBB
    • ACS_SSBS
    • ACS_SSSB
    • ACS_SSSS
    • ACS_STERLING
    • ACS_TTEE
    • ACS_UARROW
    • ACS_ULCORNER
    • ACS_URCORNER
    • ACS_VLINE
    • BUTTONn_PRESSED
    • BUTTONn_RELEASED
    • BUTTONn_CLICKED
    • BUTTONn_DOUBLE_CLICKED
    • BUTTONn_TRIPLE_CLICKED
    • BUTTON_SHIFT
    • BUTTON_CTRL
    • BUTTON_ALT
    • COLOR_BLACK
    • COLOR_BLUE
    • COLOR_CYAN
    • COLOR_GREEN
    • COLOR_MAGENTA
    • COLOR_RED
    • COLOR_WHITE
    • COLOR_YELLOW
• curses.textpad --- Text input widget for curses programs
  • rectangle()
  • Textbox objects
    • Textbox
      • edit()
      • do_command()
      • gather()
      • stripspaces
• curses.ascii --- Utilities for ASCII characters
  • NUL
  • SOH
  • STX
  • ETX
  • EOT
  • ENQ
  • ACK
  • BEL
  • BS
  • TAB
  • HT
  • LF
  • NL
  • VT
  • FF
  • CR
  • SO
  • SI
  • DLE
  • DC1
  • DC2
  • DC3
  • DC4
  • NAK
  • SYN
  • ETB
  • CAN
  • EM
  • SUB
  • ESC
  • FS
  • GS
  • RS
  • US
  • SP
  • DEL
  • isalnum()
  • isalpha()
  • isascii()
  • isblank()
  • iscntrl()
  • isdigit()
  • isgraph()
  • islower()
  • isprint()
  • ispunct()
  • isspace()
  • isupper()
  • isxdigit()
  • isctrl()
  • ismeta()
  • ascii()
  • ctrl()
  • alt()
  • unctrl()
  • controlnames
• curses.panel --- A panel stack extension for curses
  • Fungsi-Fungsi
    • bottom_panel()
    • new_panel()
    • top_panel()
    • update_panels()
  • Panel Objects
    • above()
    • below()
    • bottom()
    • hidden()
    • hide()
    • move()
    • replace()
    • set_userptr()
    • show()
    • top()
    • userptr()
    • window()
• platform --- Access to underlying platform's identifying data
  • Cross Platform
    • architecture()
    • machine()
    • node()
    • platform()
    • processor()
    • python_build()
    • python_compiler()
    • python_branch()
    • python_implementation()
    • python_revision()
    • python_version()
    • python_version_tuple()
    • release()
    • system()
    • system_alias()
    • version()
    • uname()
  • Java Platform
    • java_ver()
  • Windows Platform
    • win32_ver()
    • win32_edition()
    • win32_is_iot()
  • macOS Platform
    • mac_ver()
  • iOS Platform
    • ios_ver()
  • Unix Platforms
    • libc_ver()
  • Linux Platforms
    • freedesktop_os_release()
  • Android Platform
    • android_ver()
• errno --- Standard errno system symbols
  • errorcode
  • EPERM
  • ENOENT
  • ESRCH
  • EINTR
  • EIO
  • ENXIO
  • E2BIG
  • ENOEXEC
  • EBADF
  • ECHILD
  • EAGAIN
  • ENOMEM
  • EACCES
  • EFAULT
  • ENOTBLK
  • EBUSY
  • EEXIST
  • EXDEV
  • ENODEV
  • ENOTDIR
  • EISDIR
  • EINVAL
  • ENFILE
  • EMFILE
  • ENOTTY
  • ETXTBSY
  • EFBIG
  • ENOSPC
  • ESPIPE
  • EROFS
  • EMLINK
  • EPIPE
  • EDOM
  • ERANGE
  • EDEADLK
  • ENAMETOOLONG
  • ENOLCK
  • ENOSYS
  • ENOTEMPTY
  • ELOOP
  • EWOULDBLOCK
  • ENOMSG
  • EIDRM
  • ECHRNG
  • EL2NSYNC
  • EL3HLT
  • EL3RST
  • ELNRNG
  • EUNATCH
  • ENOCSI
  • EL2HLT
  • EBADE
  • EBADR
  • EXFULL
  • ENOANO
  • EBADRQC
  • EBADSLT
  • EDEADLOCK
  • EBFONT
  • ENOSTR
  • ENODATA
  • ETIME
  • ENOSR
  • ENONET
  • ENOPKG
  • EREMOTE
  • ENOLINK
  • EADV
  • ESRMNT
  • ECOMM
  • EPROTO
  • EMULTIHOP
  • EDOTDOT
  • EBADMSG
  • EOVERFLOW
  • ENOTUNIQ
  • EBADFD
  • EREMCHG
  • ELIBACC
  • ELIBBAD
  • ELIBSCN
  • ELIBMAX
  • ELIBEXEC
  • EILSEQ
  • ERESTART
  • ESTRPIPE
  • EUSERS
  • ENOTSOCK
  • EDESTADDRREQ
  • EMSGSIZE
  • EPROTOTYPE
  • ENOPROTOOPT
  • EPROTONOSUPPORT
  • ESOCKTNOSUPPORT
  • EOPNOTSUPP
  • ENOTSUP
  • EPFNOSUPPORT
  • EAFNOSUPPORT
  • EADDRINUSE
  • EADDRNOTAVAIL
  • ENETDOWN
  • ENETUNREACH
  • ENETRESET
  • ECONNABORTED
  • ECONNRESET
  • ENOBUFS
  • EISCONN
  • ENOTCONN
  • ESHUTDOWN
  • ETOOMANYREFS
  • ETIMEDOUT
  • ECONNREFUSED
  • EHOSTDOWN
  • EHOSTUNREACH
  • EALREADY
  • EINPROGRESS
  • ESTALE
  • EUCLEAN
  • ENOTNAM
  • ENAVAIL
  • EISNAM
  • EREMOTEIO
  • EDQUOT
  • EQFULL
  • ENOTCAPABLE
  • ECANCELED
  • EOWNERDEAD
  • ENOTRECOVERABLE
• ctypes --- A foreign function library for Python
  • ctypes tutorial
    • Loading dynamic link libraries
    • Accessing functions from loaded dlls
    • Calling functions
    • Fundamental data types
    • Calling functions, continued
    • Calling variadic functions
    • Calling functions with your own custom data types
    • Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)
    • Tipe kembalian
    • Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)
    • Structures and unions
    • Structure/union alignment and byte order
    • Bit fields in structures and unions
    • Arrays
    • Penunjuk Pointers
    • Type conversions
    • Incomplete Types
    • Callback functions
    • Accessing values exported from dlls
    • Surprises
    • Variable-sized data types
  • ctypes reference
    • Finding shared libraries
    • Loading shared libraries
      • CDLL
      • OleDLL
      • WinDLL
      • PyDLL
      • _handle
      • _name
      • LibraryLoader
        • LoadLibrary()
    • Foreign functions
      • _CFuncPtr
        • restype
        • argtypes
        • errcheck
      • ArgumentError
    • Function prototypes
      • CFUNCTYPE()
      • WINFUNCTYPE()
      • PYFUNCTYPE()
    • Utility functions
      • addressof()
      • alignment()
      • byref()
      • cast()
      • create_string_buffer()
      • create_unicode_buffer()
      • DllCanUnloadNow()
      • DllGetClassObject()
      • find_library()
      • find_msvcrt()
      • FormatError()
      • GetLastError()
      • get_errno()
      • get_last_error()
      • memmove()
      • memset()
      • POINTER()
      • pointer()
      • resize()
      • set_errno()
      • set_last_error()
      • sizeof()
      • string_at()
      • WinError()
      • wstring_at()
    • Data types
      • _CData
        • from_buffer()
        • from_buffer_copy()
        • from_address()
        • from_param()
        • in_dll()
        • _b_base_
        • _b_needsfree_
        • _objects
    • Fundamental data types
      • _SimpleCData
        • value
      • c_byte
      • c_char
      • c_char_p
      • c_double
      • c_longdouble
      • c_float
      • c_int
      • c_int8
      • c_int16
      • c_int32
      • c_int64
      • c_long
      • c_longlong
      • c_short
      • c_size_t
      • c_ssize_t
      • c_time_t
      • c_ubyte
      • c_uint
      • c_uint8
      • c_uint16
      • c_uint32
      • c_uint64
      • c_ulong
      • c_ulonglong
      • c_ushort
      • c_void_p
      • c_wchar
      • c_wchar_p
      • c_bool
      • HRESULT
      • py_object
    • Tipe data terstruktur
      • Union
      • BigEndianUnion
      • LittleEndianUnion
      • BigEndianStructure
      • LittleEndianStructure
      • Structure
        • _fields_
        • _pack_
        • _align_
        • _anonymous_
    • Arrays and pointers
      • Array
        • _length_
        • _type_
      • ARRAY()
      • _Pointer
        • _type_
        • contents