# Modul Numerik dan Matematika

Modul-modul yang diuraikan dalam bab ini menyediakan fungsi-fungsi dan tipe data yang berkaitan dengan angka dan matematika. Modul `numbers` mendefinisikan hirarki abstrak tipe numerik. Modul `math` dan `cmath` berisi berbagai fungsi matematika untuk angka-angka pecahan floating-point dan kompleks. Modul `decimal` mendukung representasi tepat angka desimal, menggunakan presisi aritmatika yang berubah-ubah arbitrary.

Modul-modul berikut didokumentasikan dalam bab ini:

- `numbers` --- Numeric abstract base classes
  - The numeric tower
  - Notes for type implementers
    - Adding More Numeric ABCs
    - Implementing the arithmetic operations
- `math` --- Mathematical functions
  - Number-theoretic functions
  - Floating point arithmetic
  - Floating point manipulation functions
  - Power, exponential and logarithmic functions
  - Summation and product functions
  - Angular conversion
  - Trigonometric functions
  - Hyperbolic functions
  - Special functions
  - Konstanta
- `cmath` --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  - Conversions to and from polar coordinates
  - Power and logarithmic functions
  - Trigonometric functions
  - Hyperbolic functions
  - Classification functions
  - Konstanta
- `decimal` --- Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic
  - Quick-start tutorial
  - Decimal objects
    - Logical operands
  - Context objects
  - Konstanta
  - Rounding modes
  - Signals
  - Floating-point notes
    - Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
    - Special values
  - Working with threads
  - Recipes
  - Decimal FAQ
- `fractions` --- Rational numbers
- `random` --- Generate pseudo-random numbers
  - Bookkeeping functions
  - Functions for bytes
  - Functions for integers
  - Functions for sequences
  - Discrete distributions
  - Real-valued distributions
  - Alternative Generator
  - Notes on Reproducibility
  - Contoh-contoh
  - Recipes
  - Command-line usage
  - Command-line example
- `statistics` --- Mathematical statistics functions
  - Averages and measures of central location
  - Measures of spread
  - Statistics for relations between two inputs
  - Function details
  - Pengecualian
  - `NormalDist` objects
  - Examples and Recipes
    - Classic probability problems
    - Monte Carlo inputs for simulations
    - Approximating binomial distributions
    - Naive bayesian classifier