HOWTO Pemrograman Soket¶
- Penulis
Gordon McMillan
Abstrak
Soket digunakan hampir di mana-mana, tetapi merupakan salah satu teknologi yang paling disalahpahami. Ini adalah gambaran soket dari 10.000 kaki. Ini sebenarnya bukan tutorial - Anda masih memiliki pekerjaan yang harus dilakukan agar segala sesuatunya beroperasi. Itu tidak mencakup poin-poin penting (dan ada banyak di antaranya), tetapi saya berharap ini akan memberi Anda latar belakang yang cukup untuk mulai menggunakannya dengan baik.
Soket¶
I'm only going to talk about INET (i.e. IPv4) sockets, but they account for at least 99% of the sockets in use. And I'll only talk about STREAM (i.e. TCP) sockets - unless you really know what you're doing (in which case this HOWTO isn't for you!), you'll get better behavior and performance from a STREAM socket than anything else. I will try to clear up the mystery of what a socket is, as well as some hints on how to work with blocking and non-blocking sockets. But I'll start by talking about blocking sockets. You'll need to know how they work before dealing with non-blocking sockets.
Part of the trouble with understanding these things is that "socket" can mean a number of subtly different things, depending on context. So first, let's make a distinction between a "client" socket - an endpoint of a conversation, and a "server" socket, which is more like a switchboard operator. The client application (your browser, for example) uses "client" sockets exclusively; the web server it's talking to uses both "server" sockets and "client" sockets.
Sejarah¶
Of the various forms of IPC, sockets are by far the most popular. On any given platform, there are likely to be other forms of IPC that are faster, but for cross-platform communication, sockets are about the only game in town.
They were invented in Berkeley as part of the BSD flavor of Unix. They spread like wildfire with the Internet. With good reason --- the combination of sockets with INET makes talking to arbitrary machines around the world unbelievably easy (at least compared to other schemes).
Membuat sebuah Soket¶
Secara kasar, ketika Anda mengklik tautan yang membawa Anda ke halaman ini, browser Anda melakukan sesuatu seperti berikut:
# create an INET, STREAMing socket
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# now connect to the web server on port 80 - the normal http port
s.connect(("www.python.org", 80))
When the connect
completes, the socket s
can be used to send
in a request for the text of the page. The same socket will read the
reply, and then be destroyed. That's right, destroyed. Client sockets
are normally only used for one exchange (or a small set of sequential
exchanges).
Apa yang terjadi di server web sedikit lebih kompleks. Pertama, server web membuat "soket server":
# create an INET, STREAMing socket
serversocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
# bind the socket to a public host, and a well-known port
serversocket.bind((socket.gethostname(), 80))
# become a server socket
serversocket.listen(5)
A couple things to notice: we used socket.gethostname()
so that the socket
would be visible to the outside world. If we had used s.bind(('localhost',
80))
or s.bind(('127.0.0.1', 80))
we would still have a "server" socket,
but one that was only visible within the same machine. s.bind(('', 80))
specifies that the socket is reachable by any address the machine happens to
have.
A second thing to note: low number ports are usually reserved for "well known" services (HTTP, SNMP etc). If you're playing around, use a nice high number (4 digits).
Finally, the argument to listen
tells the socket library that we want it to
queue up as many as 5 connect requests (the normal max) before refusing outside
connections. If the rest of the code is written properly, that should be plenty.
Sekarang kita memiliki soket "server", mendengarkan pada port 80, kita dapat masuk ke mainloop server web:
while True:
# accept connections from outside
(clientsocket, address) = serversocket.accept()
# now do something with the clientsocket
# in this case, we'll pretend this is a threaded server
ct = client_thread(clientsocket)
ct.run()
There's actually 3 general ways in which this loop could work - dispatching a
thread to handle clientsocket
, create a new process to handle
clientsocket
, or restructure this app to use non-blocking sockets, and
multiplex between our "server" socket and any active clientsocket
s using
select
. More about that later. The important thing to understand now is
this: this is all a "server" socket does. It doesn't send any data. It doesn't
receive any data. It just produces "client" sockets. Each clientsocket
is
created in response to some other "client" socket doing a connect()
to the
host and port we're bound to. As soon as we've created that clientsocket
, we
go back to listening for more connections. The two "clients" are free to chat it
up - they are using some dynamically allocated port which will be recycled when
the conversation ends.
IPC¶
If you need fast IPC between two processes on one machine, you should look into
pipes or shared memory. If you do decide to use AF_INET sockets, bind the
"server" socket to 'localhost'
. On most platforms, this will take a
shortcut around a couple of layers of network code and be quite a bit faster.
Lihat juga
The multiprocessing
mengintegrasikan IPC lintas platform ke dalam API tingkat yang lebih tinggi.
Menggunakan sebuah Soket¶
The first thing to note, is that the web browser's "client" socket and the web
server's "client" socket are identical beasts. That is, this is a "peer to peer"
conversation. Or to put it another way, as the designer, you will have to
decide what the rules of etiquette are for a conversation. Normally, the
connect
ing socket starts the conversation, by sending in a request, or
perhaps a signon. But that's a design decision - it's not a rule of sockets.
Now there are two sets of verbs to use for communication. You can use send
and recv
, or you can transform your client socket into a file-like beast and
use read
and write
. The latter is the way Java presents its sockets.
I'm not going to talk about it here, except to warn you that you need to use
flush
on sockets. These are buffered "files", and a common mistake is to
write
something, and then read
for a reply. Without a flush
in
there, you may wait forever for the reply, because the request may still be in
your output buffer.
Now we come to the major stumbling block of sockets - send
and recv
operate
on the network buffers. They do not necessarily handle all the bytes you hand
them (or expect from them), because their major focus is handling the network
buffers. In general, they return when the associated network buffers have been
filled (send
) or emptied (recv
). They then tell you how many bytes they
handled. It is your responsibility to call them again until your message has
been completely dealt with.
When a recv
returns 0 bytes, it means the other side has closed (or is in
the process of closing) the connection. You will not receive any more data on
this connection. Ever. You may be able to send data successfully; I'll talk
more about this later.
Protokol seperti HTTP menggunakan soket hanya untuk satu transfer. Klien mengirim permintaan, lalu membaca balasan. Hanya itu. Soket ditinggalkan. Artinya, klien dapat mendeteksi akhir balasan dengan menerima 0 byte.
But if you plan to reuse your socket for further transfers, you need to realize
that there is no EOT on a socket. I repeat: if a socket
send
or recv
returns after handling 0 bytes, the connection has been
broken. If the connection has not been broken, you may wait on a recv
forever, because the socket will not tell you that there's nothing more to
read (for now). Now if you think about that a bit, you'll come to realize a
fundamental truth of sockets: messages must either be fixed length (yuck), or
be delimited (shrug), or indicate how long they are (much better), or end by
shutting down the connection. The choice is entirely yours, (but some ways are
righter than others).
Dengan asumsi Anda tidak ingin mengakhiri koneksi, solusi paling sederhana adalah pesan dengan panjang tetap:
class MySocket:
"""demonstration class only
- coded for clarity, not efficiency
"""
def __init__(self, sock=None):
if sock is None:
self.sock = socket.socket(
socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
else:
self.sock = sock
def connect(self, host, port):
self.sock.connect((host, port))
def mysend(self, msg):
totalsent = 0
while totalsent < MSGLEN:
sent = self.sock.send(msg[totalsent:])
if sent == 0:
raise RuntimeError("socket connection broken")
totalsent = totalsent + sent
def myreceive(self):
chunks = []
bytes_recd = 0
while bytes_recd < MSGLEN:
chunk = self.sock.recv(min(MSGLEN - bytes_recd, 2048))
if chunk == b'':
raise RuntimeError("socket connection broken")
chunks.append(chunk)
bytes_recd = bytes_recd + len(chunk)
return b''.join(chunks)
The sending code here is usable for almost any messaging scheme - in Python you
send strings, and you can use len()
to determine its length (even if it has
embedded \0
characters). It's mostly the receiving code that gets more
complex. (And in C, it's not much worse, except you can't use strlen
if the
message has embedded \0
s.)
The easiest enhancement is to make the first character of the message an
indicator of message type, and have the type determine the length. Now you have
two recv
s - the first to get (at least) that first character so you can
look up the length, and the second in a loop to get the rest. If you decide to
go the delimited route, you'll be receiving in some arbitrary chunk size, (4096
or 8192 is frequently a good match for network buffer sizes), and scanning what
you've received for a delimiter.
One complication to be aware of: if your conversational protocol allows multiple
messages to be sent back to back (without some kind of reply), and you pass
recv
an arbitrary chunk size, you may end up reading the start of a
following message. You'll need to put that aside and hold onto it, until it's
needed.
Prefixing the message with its length (say, as 5 numeric characters) gets more
complex, because (believe it or not), you may not get all 5 characters in one
recv
. In playing around, you'll get away with it; but in high network loads,
your code will very quickly break unless you use two recv
loops - the first
to determine the length, the second to get the data part of the message. Nasty.
This is also when you'll discover that send
does not always manage to get
rid of everything in one pass. And despite having read this, you will eventually
get bit by it!
Untuk kepentingan ruang, membangun karakter Anda, (dan mempertahankan posisi kompetitif saya), peningkatan ini dibiarkan sebagai latihan bagi pembaca. Mari kita lanjutkan ke pembersihan.
Data Biner¶
It is perfectly possible to send binary data over a socket. The major problem is
that not all machines use the same formats for binary data. For example, a
Motorola chip will represent a 16 bit integer with the value 1 as the two hex
bytes 00 01. Intel and DEC, however, are byte-reversed - that same 1 is 01 00.
Socket libraries have calls for converting 16 and 32 bit integers - ntohl,
htonl, ntohs, htons
where "n" means network and "h" means host, "s" means
short and "l" means long. Where network order is host order, these do
nothing, but where the machine is byte-reversed, these swap the bytes around
appropriately.
In these days of 32 bit machines, the ascii representation of binary data is frequently smaller than the binary representation. That's because a surprising amount of the time, all those longs have the value 0, or maybe 1. The string "0" would be two bytes, while binary is four. Of course, this doesn't fit well with fixed-length messages. Decisions, decisions.
Pemutusan¶
Strictly speaking, you're supposed to use shutdown
on a socket before you
close
it. The shutdown
is an advisory to the socket at the other end.
Depending on the argument you pass it, it can mean "I'm not going to send
anymore, but I'll still listen", or "I'm not listening, good riddance!". Most
socket libraries, however, are so used to programmers neglecting to use this
piece of etiquette that normally a close
is the same as shutdown();
close()
. So in most situations, an explicit shutdown
is not needed.
One way to use shutdown
effectively is in an HTTP-like exchange. The client
sends a request and then does a shutdown(1)
. This tells the server "This
client is done sending, but can still receive." The server can detect "EOF" by
a receive of 0 bytes. It can assume it has the complete request. The server
sends a reply. If the send
completes successfully then, indeed, the client
was still receiving.
Python takes the automatic shutdown a step further, and says that when a socket
is garbage collected, it will automatically do a close
if it's needed. But
relying on this is a very bad habit. If your socket just disappears without
doing a close
, the socket at the other end may hang indefinitely, thinking
you're just being slow. Please close
your sockets when you're done.
Saat Soket Mati¶
Probably the worst thing about using blocking sockets is what happens when the
other side comes down hard (without doing a close
). Your socket is likely to
hang. TCP is a reliable protocol, and it will wait a long, long time
before giving up on a connection. If you're using threads, the entire thread is
essentially dead. There's not much you can do about it. As long as you aren't
doing something dumb, like holding a lock while doing a blocking read, the
thread isn't really consuming much in the way of resources. Do not try to kill
the thread - part of the reason that threads are more efficient than processes
is that they avoid the overhead associated with the automatic recycling of
resources. In other words, if you do manage to kill the thread, your whole
process is likely to be screwed up.
Soket Tidak-memblokir¶
If you've understood the preceding, you already know most of what you need to know about the mechanics of using sockets. You'll still use the same calls, in much the same ways. It's just that, if you do it right, your app will be almost inside-out.
In Python, you use socket.setblocking(0)
to make it non-blocking. In C, it's
more complex, (for one thing, you'll need to choose between the BSD flavor
O_NONBLOCK
and the almost indistinguishable Posix flavor O_NDELAY
, which
is completely different from TCP_NODELAY
), but it's the exact same idea. You
do this after creating the socket, but before using it. (Actually, if you're
nuts, you can switch back and forth.)
The major mechanical difference is that send
, recv
, connect
and
accept
can return without having done anything. You have (of course) a
number of choices. You can check return code and error codes and generally drive
yourself crazy. If you don't believe me, try it sometime. Your app will grow
large, buggy and suck CPU. So let's skip the brain-dead solutions and do it
right.
Menggunakan select
.
Di C, pengkodean select
cukup kompleks. Dengan Python, ini sangat mudah, tetapi cukup dekat dengan versi C sehingga jika Anda memahami select
dengan Python, Anda akan mengalami sedikit masalah dengan itu di C:
ready_to_read, ready_to_write, in_error = \
select.select(
potential_readers,
potential_writers,
potential_errs,
timeout)
You pass select
three lists: the first contains all sockets that you might
want to try reading; the second all the sockets you might want to try writing
to, and the last (normally left empty) those that you want to check for errors.
You should note that a socket can go into more than one list. The select
call is blocking, but you can give it a timeout. This is generally a sensible
thing to do - give it a nice long timeout (say a minute) unless you have good
reason to do otherwise.
Sebagai gantinya, Anda akan mendapatkan tiga daftar. Mereka berisi soket yang sebenarnya dapat dibaca, ditulis dan dalam kesalahan. Setiap daftar ini adalah subset (mungkin kosong) dari daftar terkait yang Anda berikan.
If a socket is in the output readable list, you can be
as-close-to-certain-as-we-ever-get-in-this-business that a recv
on that
socket will return something. Same idea for the writable list. You'll be able
to send something. Maybe not all you want to, but something is better than
nothing. (Actually, any reasonably healthy socket will return as writable - it
just means outbound network buffer space is available.)
If you have a "server" socket, put it in the potential_readers list. If it comes
out in the readable list, your accept
will (almost certainly) work. If you
have created a new socket to connect
to someone else, put it in the
potential_writers list. If it shows up in the writable list, you have a decent
chance that it has connected.
Actually, select
can be handy even with blocking sockets. It's one way of
determining whether you will block - the socket returns as readable when there's
something in the buffers. However, this still doesn't help with the problem of
determining whether the other end is done, or just busy with something else.
Portability alert: On Unix, select
works both with the sockets and
files. Don't try this on Windows. On Windows, select
works with sockets
only. Also note that in C, many of the more advanced socket options are done
differently on Windows. In fact, on Windows I usually use threads (which work
very, very well) with my sockets.