# 9. Modul Numerik dan Matematika

Modul-modul yang diuraikan dalam bab ini menyediakan fungsi-fungsi dan tipe data yang berkaitan dengan angka dan matematika. Modul `numbers` mendefinisikan hirarki abstrak tipe numerik. Modul `math` dan `cmath` berisi berbagai fungsi matematika untuk angka-angka pecahan floating-point dan kompleks. Modul `decimal` mendukung representasi tepat angka desimal, menggunakan presisi aritmatika yang berubah-ubah arbitrary.

Modul-modul berikut didokumentasikan dalam bab ini:

- 9.1. `numbers` --- Numeric abstract base classes
  - 9.1.1. The numeric tower
  - 9.1.2. Notes for type implementors
    - 9.1.2.1. Adding More Numeric ABCs
    - 9.1.2.2. Implementing the arithmetic operations
- 9.2. `math` --- Mathematical functions
  - 9.2.1. Number-theoretic and representation functions
  - 9.2.2. Power and logarithmic functions
  - 9.2.3. Trigonometric functions
  - 9.2.4. Angular conversion
  - 9.2.5. Hyperbolic functions
  - 9.2.6. Special functions
  - 9.2.7. Konstanta
- 9.3. `cmath` --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
  - 9.3.1. Conversions to and from polar coordinates
  - 9.3.2. Power and logarithmic functions
  - 9.3.3. Trigonometric functions
  - 9.3.4. Hyperbolic functions
  - 9.3.5. Classification functions
  - 9.3.6. Konstanta
- 9.4. `decimal` --- Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
  - 9.4.1. Quick-start Tutorial
  - 9.4.2. Decimal objects
    - 9.4.2.1. Logical operands
  - 9.4.3. Context objects
  - 9.4.4. Konstanta
  - 9.4.5. Rounding modes
  - 9.4.6. Signals
  - 9.4.7. Floating Point Notes
    - 9.4.7.1. Mitigating round-off error with increased precision
    - 9.4.7.2. Special values
  - 9.4.8. Working with threads
  - 9.4.9. Recipes
  - 9.4.10. Decimal FAQ
- 9.5. `fractions` --- Rational numbers
- 9.6. `random` --- Generate pseudo-random numbers
  - 9.6.1. Bookkeeping functions
  - 9.6.2. Functions for integers
  - 9.6.3. Functions for sequences
  - 9.6.4. Real-valued distributions
  - 9.6.5. Alternative Generator
  - 9.6.6. Notes on Reproducibility
  - 9.6.7. Examples and Recipes
- 9.7. `statistics` --- Mathematical statistics functions
  - 9.7.1. Averages and measures of central location
  - 9.7.2. Measures of spread
  - 9.7.3. Function details
  - 9.7.4. Pengecualian