"dis" --- Disassembler for Python bytecode
******************************************

**Source code:** Lib/dis.py

======================================================================

The "dis" module supports the analysis of CPython *bytecode* by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an
input is defined in the file "Include/opcode.h" and used by the
compiler and the interpreter.

**CPython implementation detail:** Bytecode is an implementation
detail of the CPython interpreter.  No guarantees are made that
bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed between versions of
Python.  Use of this module should not be considered to work across
Python VMs or Python releases.

Berubah pada versi 3.6: Use 2 bytes for each instruction. Previously
the number of bytes varied by instruction.

Berubah pada versi 3.10: The argument of jump, exception handling and
loop instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the byte
offset.

Berubah pada versi 3.11: Some instructions are accompanied by one or
more inline cache entries, which take the form of "CACHE"
instructions. These instructions are hidden by default, but can be
shown by passing "show_caches=True" to any "dis" utility. Furthermore,
the interpreter now adapts the bytecode to specialize it for different
runtime conditions. The adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing
"adaptive=True".

Berubah pada versi 3.12: The argument of a jump is the offset of the
target instruction relative to the instruction that appears
immediately after the jump instruction's "CACHE" entries.As a
consequence, the presence of the "CACHE" instructions is transparent
for forward jumps but needs to be taken into account when reasoning
about backward jumps.

Berubah pada versi 3.13: The output shows logical labels rather than
instruction offsets for jump targets and exception handlers. The "-O"
command line option and the "show_offsets" argument were added.

Berubah pada versi 3.14: The "-P" command-line option and the
"show_positions" argument were added.The "-S" command-line option is
added.

Example: Given the function "myfunc()":

   def myfunc(alist):
       return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
"myfunc()":

   >>> dis.dis(myfunc)
     2           RESUME                   0

     3           LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (len + NULL)
                 LOAD_FAST_BORROW         0 (alist)
                 CALL                     1
                 RETURN_VALUE

(The "2" is a line number).


Command-line interface
======================

The "dis" module can be invoked as a script from the command line:

   python -m dis [-h] [-C] [-O] [-P] [-S] [infile]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help

   Display usage and exit.

-C, --show-caches

   Show inline caches.

   Added in version 3.13.

-O, --show-offsets

   Show offsets of instructions.

   Added in version 3.13.

-P, --show-positions

   Show positions of instructions in the source code.

   Added in version 3.14.

-S, --specialized

   Show specialized bytecode.

   Added in version 3.14.

If "infile" is specified, its disassembled code will be written to
stdout. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code
received from stdin.


Bytecode analysis
=================

Added in version 3.4.

The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped
in a "Bytecode" object that provides easy access to details of the
compiled code.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator,
   asynchronous generator, coroutine, method, string of source code,
   or a code object (as returned by "compile()").

   This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed
   below, most notably "get_instructions()", as iterating over a
   "Bytecode" instance yields the bytecode operations as "Instruction"
   instances.

   If *first_line* is not "None", it indicates the line number that
   should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled
   code.  Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken
   directly from the disassembled code object.

   If *current_offset* is not "None", it refers to an instruction
   offset in the disassembled code. Setting this means "dis()" will
   display a "current instruction" marker against the specified
   opcode.

   If *show_caches* is "True", "dis()" will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", "dis()" will display specialized bytecode
   that may be different from the original bytecode.

   If *show_offsets* is "True", "dis()" will include instruction
   offsets in the output.

   If *show_positions* is "True", "dis()" will include instruction
   source code positions in the output.

   classmethod from_traceback(tb, *, show_caches=False)

      Construct a "Bytecode" instance from the given traceback,
      setting *current_offset* to the instruction responsible for the
      exception.

   codeobj

      The compiled code object.

   first_line

      The first source line of the code object (if available)

   dis()

      Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as
      printed by "dis.dis()", but returned as a multi-line string).

   info()

      Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information
      about the code object, like "code_info()".

   Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and
   asynchronous generator objects.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and *adaptive*
   parameters.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Added the *show_offsets* parameter

   Berubah pada versi 3.14: Added the *show_positions* parameter.

Example:

   >>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
   >>> for instr in bytecode:
   ...     print(instr.opname)
   ...
   RESUME
   LOAD_GLOBAL
   LOAD_FAST_BORROW
   CALL
   RETURN_VALUE


Analysis functions
==================

The "dis" module also defines the following analysis functions that
convert the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful
if only a single operation is being performed, so the intermediate
analysis object isn't useful:

dis.code_info(x)

   Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object
   information for the supplied function, generator, asynchronous
   generator, coroutine, method, source code string or code object.

   Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly
   implementation dependent and they may change arbitrarily across
   Python VMs or Python releases.

   Added in version 3.2.

   Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and
   asynchronous generator objects.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)

   Print detailed code object information for the supplied function,
   method, source code string or code object to *file* (or
   "sys.stdout" if *file* is not specified).

   This is a convenient shorthand for "print(code_info(x),
   file=file)", intended for interactive exploration at the
   interpreter prompt.

   Added in version 3.2.

   Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added *file* parameter.

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble the *x* object.  *x* can denote either a module, a
   class, a method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous
   generator, a coroutine, a code object, a string of source code or a
   byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all
   functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including
   class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw
   bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. It also
   recursively disassembles nested code objects. These can include
   generator expressions, nested functions, the bodies of nested
   classes, and the code objects used for annotation scopes. Strings
   are first compiled to code objects with the "compile()" built-in
   function before being disassembled.  If no object is provided, this
   function disassembles the last traceback.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   The maximal depth of recursion is limited by *depth* unless it is
   "None". "depth=0" means no recursion.

   If *show_caches* is "True", this function will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", this function will display specialized
   bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

   Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added *file* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.7: Implemented recursive disassembling and
   added *depth* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.7: This can now handle coroutine and
   asynchronous generator objects.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and *adaptive*
   parameters.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Added the *show_offsets* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.14: Added the *show_positions* parameter.

dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offset=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the
   last traceback if none was passed.  The instruction causing the
   exception is indicated.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added *file* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and *adaptive*
   parameters.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Added the *show_offsets* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.14: Added the *show_positions* parameter.

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)
dis.disco(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False, show_offsets=False, show_positions=False)

   Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if
   *lasti* was provided.  The output is divided in the following
   columns:

   1. the source code location of the instruction. Complete location
      information is shown if *show_positions* is true. Otherwise (the
      default) only the line number is displayed.

   2. the current instruction, indicated as "-->",

   3. a labelled instruction, indicated with ">>",

   4. the address of the instruction,

   5. the operation code name,

   6. operation parameters, and

   7. interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.

   The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable
   names, constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.

   The disassembly is written as text to the supplied *file* argument
   if provided and to "sys.stdout" otherwise.

   Berubah pada versi 3.4: Added *file* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and *adaptive*
   parameters.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Added the *show_offsets* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.14: Added the *show_positions* parameter.

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function,
   method, source code string or code object.

   The iterator generates a series of "Instruction" named tuples
   giving the details of each operation in the supplied code.

   If *first_line* is not "None", it indicates the line number that
   should be reported for the first source line in the disassembled
   code.  Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken
   directly from the disassembled code object.

   The *adaptive* parameter works as it does in "dis()".

   Added in version 3.4.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and *adaptive*
   parameters.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: The *show_caches* parameter is deprecated
   and has no effect. The iterator generates the "Instruction"
   instances with the *cache_info* field populated (regardless of the
   value of *show_caches*) and it no longer generates separate items
   for the cache entries.

dis.findlinestarts(code)

   This generator function uses the "co_lines()" method of the code
   object *code* to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the
   source code.  They are generated as "(offset, lineno)" pairs.

   Berubah pada versi 3.6: Line numbers can be decreasing. Before,
   they were always increasing.

   Berubah pada versi 3.10: The **PEP 626** "co_lines()" method is
   used instead of the "co_firstlineno" and "co_lnotab" attributes of
   the code object.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Line numbers can be "None" for bytecode
   that does not map to source lines.

dis.findlabels(code)

   Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string *code* which
   are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)

   Compute the stack effect of *opcode* with argument *oparg*.

   If the code has a jump target and *jump* is "True",
   "stack_effect()" will return the stack effect of jumping.  If
   *jump* is "False", it will return the stack effect of not jumping.
   And if *jump* is "None" (default), it will return the maximal stack
   effect of both cases.

   Added in version 3.4.

   Berubah pada versi 3.8: Added *jump* parameter.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: If "oparg" is omitted (or "None"), the
   stack effect is now returned for "oparg=0". Previously this was an
   error for opcodes that use their arg. It is also no longer an error
   to pass an integer "oparg" when the "opcode" does not use it; the
   "oparg" in this case is ignored.


Python Bytecode Instructions
============================

The "get_instructions()" function and "Bytecode" class provide details
of bytecode instructions as "Instruction" instances:

class dis.Instruction

   Details for a bytecode operation

   opcode

      numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values
      listed below and the bytecode values in the Opcode collections.

   opname

      human readable name for operation

   baseopcode

      numeric code for the base operation if operation is specialized;
      otherwise equal to "opcode"

   baseopname

      human readable name for the base operation if operation is
      specialized; otherwise equal to "opname"

   arg

      numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise "None"

   oparg

      alias for "arg"

   argval

      resolved arg value (if any), otherwise "None"

   argrepr

      human readable description of operation argument (if any),
      otherwise an empty string.

   offset

      start index of operation within bytecode sequence

   start_offset

      start index of operation within bytecode sequence, including
      prefixed "EXTENDED_ARG" operations if present; otherwise equal
      to "offset"

   cache_offset

      start index of the cache entries following the operation

   end_offset

      end index of the cache entries following the operation

   starts_line

      "True" if this opcode starts a source line, otherwise "False"

   line_number

      source line number associated with this opcode (if any),
      otherwise "None"

   is_jump_target

      "True" if other code jumps to here, otherwise "False"

   jump_target

      bytecode index of the jump target if this is a jump operation,
      otherwise "None"

   positions

      "dis.Positions" object holding the start and end locations that
      are covered by this instruction.

   cache_info

      Information about the cache entries of this instruction, as
      triplets of the form "(name, size, data)", where the "name" and
      "size" describe the cache format and data is the contents of the
      cache. "cache_info" is "None" if the instruction does not have
      caches.

   Added in version 3.4.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Field "positions" is added.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Changed field "starts_line".Added fields
   "start_offset", "cache_offset", "end_offset", "baseopname",
   "baseopcode", "jump_target", "oparg", "line_number" and
   "cache_info".

class dis.Positions

   In case the information is not available, some fields might be
   "None".

   lineno

   end_lineno

   col_offset

   end_col_offset

   Added in version 3.11.

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode
instructions.

**General instructions**

In the following, We will refer to the interpreter stack as "STACK"
and describe operations on it as if it was a Python list. The top of
the stack corresponds to "STACK[-1]" in this language.

NOP

   Do nothing code.  Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer,
   and to generate line tracing events.

POP_TOP

   Removes the top-of-stack item:

      STACK.pop()

END_FOR

   Removes the top-of-stack item. Equivalent to "POP_TOP". Used to
   clean up at the end of loops, hence the name.

   Added in version 3.12.

END_SEND

   Implements "del STACK[-2]". Used to clean up when a generator
   exits.

   Added in version 3.12.

COPY(i)

   Push the i-th item to the top of the stack without removing it from
   its original location:

      assert i > 0
      STACK.append(STACK[-i])

   Added in version 3.11.

SWAP(i)

   Swap the top of the stack with the i-th element:

      STACK[-i], STACK[-1] = STACK[-1], STACK[-i]

   Added in version 3.11.

CACHE

   Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to
   mark extra space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly
   in the bytecode itself. It is automatically hidden by all "dis"
   utilities, but can be viewed with "show_caches=True".

   Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many
   opcodes expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and
   will instruct the interpreter to skip over them at runtime.

   Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great
   care should be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive
   bytecode containing quickened data.

   Added in version 3.11.

**Unary operations**

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and
push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_NEGATIVE

   Implements "STACK[-1] = -STACK[-1]".

UNARY_NOT

   Implements "STACK[-1] = not STACK[-1]".

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: This instruction now requires an exact
   "bool" operand.

UNARY_INVERT

   Implements "STACK[-1] = ~STACK[-1]".

GET_ITER

   Implements "STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1])".

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER

   If "STACK[-1]" is a *generator iterator* or *coroutine* object it
   is left as is.  Otherwise, implements "STACK[-1] =
   iter(STACK[-1])".

   Added in version 3.5.

TO_BOOL

   Implements "STACK[-1] = bool(STACK[-1])".

   Added in version 3.13.

**Binary and in-place operations**

Binary operations remove the top two items from the stack ("STACK[-1]"
and "STACK[-2]"). They perform the operation, then put the result back
on the stack.

In-place operations are like binary operations, but the operation is
done in-place when "STACK[-2]" supports it, and the resulting
"STACK[-1]" may be (but does not have to be) the original "STACK[-2]".

BINARY_OP(op)

   Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the
   value of *op*):

      rhs = STACK.pop()
      lhs = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(lhs op rhs)

   Added in version 3.11.

   Berubah pada versi 3.14: With oparg :"NB_SUBSCR", implements binary
   subscript (replaces opcode "BINARY_SUBSCR")

STORE_SUBSCR

   Implements:

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      container[key] = value

DELETE_SUBSCR

   Implements:

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      del container[key]

BINARY_SLICE

   Implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(container[start:end])

   Added in version 3.12.

STORE_SLICE

   Implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      values = STACK.pop()
      container[start:end] = value

   Added in version 3.12.

**Coroutine opcodes**

GET_AWAITABLE(where)

   Implements "STACK[-1] = get_awaitable(STACK[-1])", where
   "get_awaitable(o)" returns "o" if "o" is a coroutine object or a
   generator object with the "CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE" flag, or resolves
   "o.__await__".

      If the "where" operand is nonzero, it indicates where the
      instruction occurs:

      * "1": After a call to "__aenter__"

      * "2": After a call to "__aexit__"

   Added in version 3.5.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Previously, this instruction did not have
   an oparg.

GET_AITER

   Implements "STACK[-1] = STACK[-1].__aiter__()".

   Added in version 3.5.

   Berubah pada versi 3.7: Returning awaitable objects from
   "__aiter__" is no longer supported.

GET_ANEXT

   Implement "STACK.append(get_awaitable(STACK[-1].__anext__()))" to
   the stack. See "GET_AWAITABLE" for details about "get_awaitable".

   Added in version 3.5.

END_ASYNC_FOR

   Terminates an "async for" loop.  Handles an exception raised when
   awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in
   "STACK[-2]" and the raised exception in "STACK[-1]". Both are
   popped. If the exception is not "StopAsyncIteration", it is re-
   raised.

   Added in version 3.8.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now
   consist of one, not three, items.

CLEANUP_THROW

   Handles an exception raised during a "throw()" or "close()" call
   through the current frame.  If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of
   "StopIteration", pop three values from the stack and push its
   "value" member.  Otherwise, re-raise "STACK[-1]".

   Added in version 3.12.

**Miscellaneous opcodes**

SET_ADD(i)

   Implements:

      item = STACK.pop()
      set.add(STACK[-i], item)

   Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)

   Implements:

      item = STACK.pop()
      list.append(STACK[-i], item)

   Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)

   Implements:

      value = STACK.pop()
      key = STACK.pop()
      dict.__setitem__(STACK[-i], key, value)

   Used to implement dict comprehensions.

   Added in version 3.1.

   Berubah pada versi 3.8: Map value is "STACK[-1]" and map key is
   "STACK[-2]". Before, those were reversed.

For all of the "SET_ADD", "LIST_APPEND" and "MAP_ADD" instructions,
while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container
object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE

   Returns with "STACK[-1]" to the caller of the function.

YIELD_VALUE

   Yields "STACK.pop()" from a *generator*.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: oparg set to be the stack depth.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: oparg set to be the exception block depth,
   for efficient closing of generators.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: oparg is "1" if this instruction is part
   of a yield-from or await, and "0" otherwise.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS

   Checks whether "__annotations__" is defined in "locals()", if not
   it is set up to an empty "dict". This opcode is only emitted if a
   class or module body contains *variable annotations* statically.

   Added in version 3.6.

POP_EXCEPT

   Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception
   state.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now
   consist of one, not three, items.

RERAISE

   Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is
   non-zero, pops an additional value from the stack which is used to
   set "f_lasti" of the current frame.

   Added in version 3.9.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now
   consist of one, not three, items.

PUSH_EXC_INFO

   Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the
   top of the stack. Pushes the value originally popped back to the
   stack. Used in exception handlers.

   Added in version 3.11.

CHECK_EXC_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except". Tests whether the
   "STACK[-2]" is an exception matching "STACK[-1]". Pops "STACK[-1]"
   and pushes the boolean result of the test.

   Added in version 3.11.

CHECK_EG_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except*". Applies
   "split(STACK[-1])" on the exception group representing "STACK[-2]".

   In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the
   non-matching subgroup ("None" in case of full match) followed by
   the matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the
   match type) and pushes "None".

   Added in version 3.11.

WITH_EXCEPT_START

   Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type,
   val, tb) representing the exception at the top of the stack. Used
   to implement the call "context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())" when
   an exception has occurred in a "with" statement.

   Added in version 3.9.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: The "__exit__" function is in position 4
   of the stack rather than 7. Exception representation on the stack
   now consist of one, not three, items.

LOAD_COMMON_CONSTANT

   Pushes a common constant onto the stack. The interpreter contains a
   hardcoded list of constants supported by this instruction.  Used by
   the "assert" statement to load "AssertionError".

   Added in version 3.14.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS

   Pushes "builtins.__build_class__()" onto the stack.  It is later
   called to construct a class.

GET_LEN

   Perform "STACK.append(len(STACK[-1]))". Used in "match" statements
   where comparison with structure of pattern is needed.

   Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_MAPPING

   If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of "collections.abc.Mapping" (or,
   more technically: if it has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" flag set in
   its "tp_flags"), push "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push
   "False".

   Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_SEQUENCE

   If "STACK[-1]" is an instance of "collections.abc.Sequence" and is
   *not* an instance of "str"/"bytes"/"bytearray" (or, more
   technically: if it has the "Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" flag set in its
   "tp_flags"), push "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push "False".

   Added in version 3.10.

MATCH_KEYS

   "STACK[-1]" is a tuple of mapping keys, and "STACK[-2]" is the
   match subject. If "STACK[-2]" contains all of the keys in
   "STACK[-1]", push a "tuple" containing the corresponding values.
   Otherwise, push "None".

   Added in version 3.10.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Previously, this instruction also pushed a
   boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure ("False").

STORE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "name = STACK.pop()". *namei* is the index of *name* in
   the attribute "co_names" of the code object. The compiler tries to
   use "STORE_FAST" or "STORE_GLOBAL" if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "del name", where *namei* is the index into "co_names"
   attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)

   Unpacks "STACK[-1]" into *count* individual values, which are put
   onto the stack right-to-left. Require there to be exactly *count*
   values.:

      assert(len(STACK[-1]) == count)
      STACK.extend(STACK.pop()[:-count-1:-1])

UNPACK_EX(counts)

   Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in
   "STACK[-1]" into individual values, where the total number of
   values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one
   of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

   The number of values before and after the list value is limited to
   255.

   The number of values before the list value is encoded in the
   argument of the opcode. The number of values after the list if any
   is encoded using an "EXTENDED_ARG". As a consequence, the argument
   can be seen as a two bytes values where the low byte of *counts* is
   the number of values before the list value, the high byte of
   *counts* the number of values after it.

   The extracted values are put onto the stack right-to-left, i.e. "a,
   *b, c = d" will be stored after execution as "STACK.extend((a, b,
   c))".

STORE_ATTR(namei)

   Implements:

      obj = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      obj.name = value

   where *namei* is the index of name in "co_names" of the code
   object.

DELETE_ATTR(namei)

   Implements:

      obj = STACK.pop()
      del obj.name

   where *namei* is the index of name into "co_names" of the code
   object.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "STORE_NAME", but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "DELETE_NAME", but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST(consti)

   Pushes "co_consts[consti]" onto the stack.

LOAD_SMALL_INT(i)

   Pushes the integer "i" onto the stack. "i" must be in "range(256)"

   Added in version 3.14.

LOAD_NAME(namei)

   Pushes the value associated with "co_names[namei]" onto the stack.
   The name is looked up within the locals, then the globals, then the
   builtins.

LOAD_LOCALS

   Pushes a reference to the locals dictionary onto the stack.  This
   is used to prepare namespace dictionaries for
   "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF" and "LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS".

   Added in version 3.12.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS(i)

   Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the value for
   "co_names[namei]". If the name is not found there, looks it up in
   the globals and then the builtins, similar to "LOAD_GLOBAL". This
   is used for loading global variables in annotation scopes within
   class bodies.

   Added in version 3.12.

BUILD_TEMPLATE

   Constructs a new "Template" from a tuple of strings and a tuple of
   interpolations and pushes the resulting instance onto the stack:

      interpolations = STACK.pop()
      strings = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(_build_template(strings, interpolations))

   Added in version 3.14.

BUILD_INTERPOLATION(format)

   Constructs a new "Interpolation" from a value and its source
   expression and pushes the resulting instance onto the stack.

   If no conversion or format specification is present, "format" is
   set to "2".

   If the low bit of "format" is set, it indicates that the
   interpolation contains a format specification.

   If "format >> 2" is non-zero, it indicates that the interpolation
   contains a conversion. The value of "format >> 2" is the conversion
   type ("0" for no conversion, "1" for "!s", "2" for "!r", and "3"
   for "!a"):

      conversion = format >> 2
      if format & 1:
          format_spec = STACK.pop()
      else:
          format_spec = None
      expression = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(_build_interpolation(value, expression, conversion, format_spec))

   Added in version 3.14.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)

   Creates a tuple consuming *count* items from the stack, and pushes
   the resulting tuple onto the stack:

      if count == 0:
          value = ()
      else:
          value = tuple(STACK[-count:])
          STACK = STACK[:-count]

      STACK.append(value)

BUILD_LIST(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a list.

BUILD_SET(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP(count)

   Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack.  Pops "2 * count"
   items so that the dictionary holds *count* entries: "{...,
   STACK[-4]: STACK[-3], STACK[-2]: STACK[-1]}".

   Berubah pada versi 3.5: The dictionary is created from stack items
   instead of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold *count*
   items.

BUILD_STRING(count)

   Concatenates *count* strings from the stack and pushes the
   resulting string onto the stack.

   Added in version 3.6.

LIST_EXTEND(i)

   Implements:

      seq = STACK.pop()
      list.extend(STACK[-i], seq)

   Used to build lists.

   Added in version 3.9.

SET_UPDATE(i)

   Implements:

      seq = STACK.pop()
      set.update(STACK[-i], seq)

   Used to build sets.

   Added in version 3.9.

DICT_UPDATE(i)

   Implements:

      map = STACK.pop()
      dict.update(STACK[-i], map)

   Used to build dicts.

   Added in version 3.9.

DICT_MERGE(i)

   Like "DICT_UPDATE" but raises an exception for duplicate keys.

   Added in version 3.9.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)

   If the low bit of "namei" is not set, this replaces "STACK[-1]"
   with "getattr(STACK[-1], co_names[namei>>1])".

   If the low bit of "namei" is set, this will attempt to load a
   method named "co_names[namei>>1]" from the "STACK[-1]" object.
   "STACK[-1]" is popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if
   "STACK[-1]" has a method with the correct name, the bytecode pushes
   the unbound method and "STACK[-1]". "STACK[-1]" will be used as the
   first argument ("self") by "CALL" or "CALL_KW" when calling the
   unbound method. Otherwise, "NULL" and the object returned by the
   attribute lookup are pushed.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: If the low bit of "namei" is set, then a
   "NULL" or "self" is pushed to the stack before the attribute or
   unbound method respectively.

LOAD_SUPER_ATTR(namei)

   This opcode implements "super()", both in its zero-argument and
   two-argument forms (e.g. "super().method()", "super().attr" and
   "super(cls, self).method()", "super(cls, self).attr").

   It pops three values from the stack (from top of stack down):

   * "self": the first argument to the current method

   * "cls": the class within which the current method was defined

   * the global "super"

   With respect to its argument, it works similarly to "LOAD_ATTR",
   except that "namei" is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1.

   The low bit of "namei" signals to attempt a method load, as with
   "LOAD_ATTR", which results in pushing "NULL" and the loaded method.
   When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack.

   The second-low bit of "namei", if set, means that this was a two-
   argument call to "super()" (unset means zero-argument).

   Added in version 3.12.

COMPARE_OP(opname)

   Performs a Boolean operation.  The operation name can be found in
   "cmp_op[opname >> 5]". If the fifth-lowest bit of "opname" is set
   ("opname & 16"), the result should be coerced to "bool".

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: The fifth-lowest bit of the oparg now
   indicates a forced conversion to "bool".

IS_OP(invert)

   Performs "is" comparison, or "is not" if "invert" is 1.

   Added in version 3.9.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)

   Performs "in" comparison, or "not in" if "invert" is 1.

   Added in version 3.9.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)

   Imports the module "co_names[namei]".  "STACK[-1]" and "STACK[-2]"
   are popped and provide the *fromlist* and *level* arguments of
   "__import__()". The module object is pushed onto the stack.  The
   current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a
   subsequent "STORE_FAST" instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)

   Loads the attribute "co_names[namei]" from the module found in
   "STACK[-1]". The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be
   subsequently stored by a "STORE_FAST" instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)

   Increments bytecode counter by *delta*.

JUMP_BACKWARD(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Checks for interrupts.

   Added in version 3.11.

JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Does not check for
   interrupts.

   Added in version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is true, increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.
   "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta rather
   than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction,
   replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions
   (forward/backward).

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: This instruction now requires an exact
   "bool" operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is false, increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta rather
   than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction,
   replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions
   (forward/backward).

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: This instruction now requires an exact
   "bool" operand.

POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is not "None", increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   Added in version 3.11.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_NONE(delta)

   If "STACK[-1]" is "None", increments the bytecode counter by
   *delta*. "STACK[-1]" is popped.

   Added in version 3.11.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

FOR_ITER(delta)

   "STACK[-1]" is an *iterator*.  Call its "__next__()" method. If
   this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator
   below it).  If the iterator indicates it is exhausted then the byte
   code counter is incremented by *delta*.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: Up until 3.11 the iterator was popped when
   it was exhausted.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)

   Loads the global named "co_names[namei>>1]" onto the stack.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: If the low bit of "namei" is set, then a
   "NULL" is pushed to the stack before the global variable.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: This opcode is now only used in situations
   where the local variable is guaranteed to be initialized. It cannot
   raise "UnboundLocalError".

LOAD_FAST_BORROW(var_num)

   Pushes a borrowed reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]"
   onto the stack.

   Added in version 3.14.

LOAD_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)

   Pushes references to "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]" onto the stack.

   Added in version 3.13.

LOAD_FAST_BORROW_LOAD_FAST_BORROW(var_nums)

   Pushes borrowed references to "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]" onto the stack.

   Added in version 3.14.

LOAD_FAST_CHECK(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack, raising an "UnboundLocalError" if the local variable has not
   been initialized.

   Added in version 3.12.

LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack (or pushes "NULL" onto the stack if the local variable has
   not been initialized) and sets "co_varnames[var_num]" to "NULL".

   Added in version 3.12.

STORE_FAST(var_num)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the local "co_varnames[var_num]".

STORE_FAST_STORE_FAST(var_nums)

   Stores "STACK[-1]" into "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]" and
   "STACK[-2]" into "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]".

   Added in version 3.13.

STORE_FAST_LOAD_FAST(var_nums)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the local "co_varnames[var_nums >> 4]"
   and pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_nums & 15]"
   onto the stack.

   Added in version 3.13.

DELETE_FAST(var_num)

   Deletes local "co_varnames[var_num]".

MAKE_CELL(i)

   Creates a new cell in slot "i".  If that slot is nonempty then that
   value is stored into the new cell.

   Added in version 3.11.

LOAD_DEREF(i)

   Loads the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals" storage.
   Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF(i)

   Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the name associated with
   slot "i" of the "fast locals" storage in this mapping. If the name
   is not found there, loads it from the cell contained in slot "i",
   similar to "LOAD_DEREF". This is used for loading *closure
   variables* in class bodies (which previously used
   "LOAD_CLASSDEREF") and in annotation scopes within class bodies.

   Added in version 3.12.

STORE_DEREF(i)

   Stores "STACK.pop()" into the cell contained in slot "i" of the
   "fast locals" storage.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

DELETE_DEREF(i)

   Empties the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals"
   storage. Used by the "del" statement.

   Added in version 3.2.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length of
   "co_varnames".

COPY_FREE_VARS(n)

   Copies the "n" *free (closure) variables* from the closure into the
   frame. Removes the need for special code on the caller's side when
   calling closures.

   Added in version 3.11.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)

   Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the "raise"
   statement, depending on the value of *argc*:

   * 0: "raise" (re-raise previous exception)

   * 1: "raise STACK[-1]" (raise exception instance or type at
     "STACK[-1]")

   * 2: "raise STACK[-2] from STACK[-1]" (raise exception instance or
     type at "STACK[-2]" with "__cause__" set to "STACK[-1]")

CALL(argc)

   Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by
   "argc". On the stack are (in ascending order):

   * The callable

   * "self" or "NULL"

   * The remaining positional arguments

   "argc" is the total of the positional arguments, excluding "self".

   "CALL" pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
   calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the
   return value returned by the callable object.

   Added in version 3.11.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: The callable now always appears at the
   same position on the stack.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Calls with keyword arguments are now
   handled by "CALL_KW".

CALL_KW(argc)

   Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by
   "argc", including one or more named arguments. On the stack are (in
   ascending order):

   * The callable

   * "self" or "NULL"

   * The remaining positional arguments

   * The named arguments

   * A "tuple" of keyword argument names

   "argc" is the total of the positional and named arguments,
   excluding "self". The length of the tuple of keyword argument names
   is the number of named arguments.

   "CALL_KW" pops all arguments, the keyword names, and the callable
   object off the stack, calls the callable object with those
   arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable
   object.

   Added in version 3.13.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)

   Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword
   arguments.  If the lowest bit of *flags* is set, the top of the
   stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword
   arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and
   iterable object are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as
   keyword and positional arguments respectively. "CALL_FUNCTION_EX"
   pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the
   callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
   returned by the callable object.

   Added in version 3.6.

PUSH_NULL

   Pushes a "NULL" to the stack. Used in the call sequence to match
   the "NULL" pushed by "LOAD_METHOD" for non-method calls.

   Added in version 3.11.

MAKE_FUNCTION

   Pushes a new function object on the stack built from the code
   object at "STACK[-1]".

   Berubah pada versi 3.10: Flag value "0x04" is a tuple of strings
   instead of dictionary

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Qualified name at "STACK[-1]" was removed.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: Extra function attributes on the stack,
   signaled by oparg flags, were removed. They now use
   "SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE".

SET_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTE(flag)

   Sets an attribute on a function object. Expects the function at
   "STACK[-1]" and the attribute value to set at "STACK[-2]"; consumes
   both and leaves the function at "STACK[-1]". The flag determines
   which attribute to set:

   * "0x01" a tuple of default values for positional-only and
     positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

   * "0x02" a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

   * "0x04" a tuple of strings containing parameters' annotations

   * "0x08" a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a
     closure

   Added in version 3.13.

BUILD_SLICE(argc)

   Pushes a slice object on the stack.  *argc* must be 2 or 3.  If it
   is 2, implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, end))

   if it is 3, implements:

      step = STACK.pop()
      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, end, step))

   See the "slice()" built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)

   Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the
   default one byte. *ext* holds an additional byte which act as
   higher bits in the argument. For each opcode, at most three
   prefixal "EXTENDED_ARG" are allowed, forming an argument from two-
   byte to four-byte.

CONVERT_VALUE(oparg)

   Convert value to a string, depending on "oparg":

      value = STACK.pop()
      result = func(value)
      STACK.append(result)

   * "oparg == 1": call "str()" on *value*

   * "oparg == 2": call "repr()" on *value*

   * "oparg == 3": call "ascii()" on *value*

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   Added in version 3.13.

FORMAT_SIMPLE

   Formats the value on top of stack:

      value = STACK.pop()
      result = value.__format__("")
      STACK.append(result)

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   Added in version 3.13.

FORMAT_WITH_SPEC

   Formats the given value with the given format spec:

      spec = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      result = value.__format__(spec)
      STACK.append(result)

   Used for implementing formatted string literals (f-strings).

   Added in version 3.13.

MATCH_CLASS(count)

   "STACK[-1]" is a tuple of keyword attribute names, "STACK[-2]" is
   the class being matched against, and "STACK[-3]" is the match
   subject.  *count* is the number of positional sub-patterns.

   Pop "STACK[-1]", "STACK[-2]", and "STACK[-3]". If "STACK[-3]" is an
   instance of "STACK[-2]" and has the positional and keyword
   attributes required by *count* and "STACK[-1]", push a tuple of
   extracted attributes. Otherwise, push "None".

   Added in version 3.10.

   Berubah pada versi 3.11: Previously, this instruction also pushed a
   boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure ("False").

RESUME(context)

   A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization
   checks.

   The "context" operand consists of two parts. The lowest two bits
   indicate where the "RESUME" occurs:

   * "0" The start of a function, which is neither a generator,
     coroutine nor an async generator

   * "1" After a "yield" expression

   * "2" After a "yield from" expression

   * "3" After an "await" expression

   The next bit is "1" if the RESUME is at except-depth "1", and "0"
   otherwise.

   Added in version 3.11.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: The oparg value changed to include
   information about except-depth

RETURN_GENERATOR

   Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current
   frame. Used as first opcode of in code object for the above
   mentioned callables. Clear the current frame and return the newly
   created generator.

   Added in version 3.11.

SEND(delta)

   Equivalent to "STACK[-1] = STACK[-2].send(STACK[-1])". Used in
   "yield from" and "await" statements.

   If the call raises "StopIteration", pop the top value from the
   stack, push the exception's "value" attribute, and increment the
   bytecode counter by *delta*.

   Added in version 3.11.

HAVE_ARGUMENT

   This is not really an opcode.  It identifies the dividing line
   between opcodes in the range [0,255] which don't use their argument
   and those that do ("< HAVE_ARGUMENT" and ">= HAVE_ARGUMENT",
   respectively).

   If your application uses pseudo instructions or specialized
   instructions, use the "hasarg" collection instead.

   Berubah pada versi 3.6: Now every instruction has an argument, but
   opcodes "< HAVE_ARGUMENT" ignore it. Before, only opcodes ">=
   HAVE_ARGUMENT" had an argument.

   Berubah pada versi 3.12: Pseudo instructions were added to the
   "dis" module, and for them it is not true that comparison with
   "HAVE_ARGUMENT" indicates whether they use their arg.

   Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.13: Use "hasarg" instead.

CALL_INTRINSIC_1

   Calls an intrinsic function with one argument. Passes "STACK[-1]"
   as the argument and sets "STACK[-1]" to the result. Used to
   implement functionality that is not performance critical.

   The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | Operand                             | Description                         |
   |=====================================|=====================================|
   | "INTRINSIC_1_INVALID"               | Not valid                           |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PRINT"                   | Prints the argument to standard     |
   |                                     | out. Used in the REPL.              |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR"             | Performs "import *" for the named   |
   |                                     | module.                             |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR"     | Extracts the return value from a    |
   |                                     | "StopIteration" exception.          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP"          | Wraps an async generator value      |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE"          | Performs the unary "+" operation    |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE"           | Converts a list to a tuple          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR"                 | Creates a "typing.TypeVar"          |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC"               | Creates a "typing.ParamSpec"        |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE"            | Creates a "typing.TypeVarTuple"     |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC"       | Returns "typing.Generic"            |
   |                                     | subscripted with the argument       |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS"               | Creates a "typing.TypeAliasType";   |
   |                                     | used in the "type" statement. The   |
   |                                     | argument is a tuple of the type     |
   |                                     | alias's name, type parameters, and  |
   |                                     | value.                              |
   +-------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

   Added in version 3.12.

CALL_INTRINSIC_2

   Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments. Used to implement
   functionality that is not performance critical:

      arg2 = STACK.pop()
      arg1 = STACK.pop()
      result = intrinsic2(arg1, arg2)
      STACK.append(result)

   The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | Operand                                  | Description                         |
   |==========================================|=====================================|
   | "INTRINSIC_2_INVALID"                    | Not valid                           |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR"            | Calculates the "ExceptionGroup" to  |
   |                                          | raise from a "try-except*".         |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND"           | Creates a "typing.TypeVar" with a   |
   |                                          | bound.                              |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS"     | Creates a "typing.TypeVar" with     |
   |                                          | constraints.                        |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
   | "INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS"     | Sets the "__type_params__"          |
   |                                          | attribute of a function.            |
   +------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

   Added in version 3.12.

LOAD_SPECIAL

   Performs special method lookup on "STACK[-1]". If
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__" is a method, leave
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__; STACK[-1]" on the stack. If
   "type(STACK[-1]).__xxx__" is not a method, leave
   "STACK[-1].__xxx__; NULL" on the stack.

   Added in version 3.14.

**Pseudo-instructions**

These opcodes do not appear in Python bytecode. They are used by the
compiler but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode
is generated.

SETUP_FINALLY(target)

   Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an
   exception occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current
   state and control is transferred to the exception handler at
   "target".

SETUP_CLEANUP(target)

   Like "SETUP_FINALLY", but in case of an exception also pushes the
   last instruction ("lasti") to the stack so that "RERAISE" can
   restore it. If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the
   last instruction on the frame are restored to their current state,
   and control is transferred to the exception handler at "target".

SETUP_WITH(target)

   Like "SETUP_CLEANUP", but in case of an exception one more item is
   popped from the stack before control is transferred to the
   exception handler at "target".

   This variant is used in "with" and "async with" constructs, which
   push the return value of the context manager's "__enter__()" or
   "__aenter__()" to the stack.

POP_BLOCK

   Marks the end of the code block associated with the last
   "SETUP_FINALLY", "SETUP_CLEANUP" or "SETUP_WITH".

JUMP

JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT

   Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their
   directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.

JUMP_IF_TRUE

JUMP_IF_FALSE

   Conditional jumps which do not impact the stack. Replaced by the
   sequence "COPY 1", "TO_BOOL", "POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE/FALSE".

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)

   Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast
   locals" storage.

   Note that "LOAD_CLOSURE" is replaced with "LOAD_FAST" in the
   assembler.

   Berubah pada versi 3.13: This opcode is now a pseudo-instruction.

LOAD_METHOD

   Optimized unbound method lookup. Emitted as a "LOAD_ATTR" opcode
   with a flag set in the arg.


Opcode collections
==================

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:

Berubah pada versi 3.12: The collections now contain pseudo
instructions and instrumented instructions as well. These are opcodes
with values ">= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE" and ">= MIN_INSTRUMENTED_OPCODE".

dis.opname

   Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis.opmap

   Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis.cmp_op

   Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis.hasarg

   Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.

   Added in version 3.12.

dis.hasconst

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis.hasfree

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a *free (closure) variable*.
   'free' in this context refers to names in the current scope that
   are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are
   referenced from this scope.  It does *not* include references to
   global or builtin scopes.

dis.hasname

   Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis.hasjump

   Sequence of bytecodes that have a jump target. All jumps are
   relative.

   Added in version 3.13.

dis.haslocal

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis.hascompare

   Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.

dis.hasexc

   Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.

   Added in version 3.12.

dis.hasjrel

   Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

   Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.13: All jumps are now relative. Use
   "hasjump".

dis.hasjabs

   Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

   Ditinggalkan sejak versi 3.13: All jumps are now relative. This
   list is empty.
