Modul Numerik dan Matematika
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Modul-modul yang diuraikan dalam bab ini menyediakan fungsi-fungsi dan
tipe data yang berkaitan dengan angka dan matematika. Modul "numbers"
mendefinisikan hirarki abstrak tipe numerik. Modul "math" dan "cmath"
berisi berbagai fungsi matematika untuk angka-angka pecahan *floating-
point* dan kompleks. Modul "decimal" mendukung representasi tepat
angka desimal, menggunakan presisi aritmatika yang berubah-ubah
*arbitrary*.

Modul-modul berikut didokumentasikan dalam bab ini:

* "numbers" --- Numeric abstract base classes

  * The numeric tower

  * Notes for type implementers

    * Adding More Numeric ABCs

    * Implementing the arithmetic operations

* "math" --- Mathematical functions

  * Number-theoretic and representation functions

  * Power and logarithmic functions

  * Trigonometric functions

  * Angular conversion

  * Hyperbolic functions

  * Special functions

  * Konstanta

* "cmath" --- Mathematical functions for complex numbers

  * Conversions to and from polar coordinates

  * Power and logarithmic functions

  * Trigonometric functions

  * Hyperbolic functions

  * Classification functions

  * Konstanta

* "decimal" --- Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic

  * Quick-start Tutorial

  * Decimal objects

    * Logical operands

  * Context objects

  * Konstanta

  * Rounding modes

  * Signals

  * Floating-Point Notes

    * Mitigating round-off error with increased precision

    * Special values

  * Working with threads

  * Recipes

  * Decimal FAQ

* "fractions" --- Rational numbers

* "random" --- Generate pseudo-random numbers

  * Bookkeeping functions

  * Functions for bytes

  * Functions for integers

  * Functions for sequences

  * Discrete distributions

  * Real-valued distributions

  * Alternative Generator

  * Notes on Reproducibility

  * Contoh-contoh

  * Recipes

* "statistics" --- Mathematical statistics functions

  * Averages and measures of central location

  * Measures of spread

  * Statistics for relations between two inputs

  * Function details

  * Pengecualian

  * "NormalDist" objects

  * Examples and Recipes

    * Classic probability problems

    * Monte Carlo inputs for simulations

    * Approximating binomial distributions

    * Naive bayesian classifier

    * Kernel density estimation
