2. Fungsi Bawaan
****************

The Python interpreter has a number of functions built into it that
are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.

+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
|                     |                   | Fungsi Bawaan      |                   |                      |
|=====================|===================|====================|===================|======================|
| "abs()"             | "divmod()"        | "input()"          | "open()"          | "staticmethod()"     |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "all()"             | "enumerate()"     | "int()"            | "ord()"           | "str()"              |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "any()"             | "eval()"          | "isinstance()"     | "pow()"           | "sum()"              |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "basestring()"      | "execfile()"      | "issubclass()"     | "print()"         | "super()"            |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "bin()"             | "file()"          | "iter()"           | "property()"      | "tuple()"            |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "bool()"            | "filter()"        | "len()"            | "range()"         | "type()"             |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "bytearray()"       | "float()"         | "list()"           | "raw_input()"     | "unichr()"           |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "callable()"        | "format()"        | "locals()"         | "reduce()"        | "unicode()"          |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "chr()"             | "frozenset()"     | "long()"           | "reload()"        | "vars()"             |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "classmethod()"     | "getattr()"       | "map()"            | "repr()"          | "xrange()"           |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "cmp()"             | "globals()"       | "max()"            | "reversed()"      | "zip()"              |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "compile()"         | "hasattr()"       | "memoryview()"     | "round()"         | "__import__()"       |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "complex()"         | "hash()"          | "min()"            | "set()"           |                      |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "delattr()"         | "help()"          | "next()"           | "setattr()"       |                      |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "dict()"            | "hex()"           | "object()"         | "slice()"         |                      |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+
| "dir()"             | "id()"            | "oct()"            | "sorted()"        |                      |
+---------------------+-------------------+--------------------+-------------------+----------------------+

In addition, there are other four built-in functions that are no
longer considered essential: "apply()", "buffer()", "coerce()", and
"intern()".  They are documented in the Non-essential Built-in
Functions section.

abs(x)

   Return the absolute value of a number.  The argument may be a plain
   or long integer or a floating point number.  If the argument is a
   complex number, its magnitude is returned.

all(iterable)

   Kembalikan "True" jika semua elemen dari *iterable* bernilai benar
   (atau jika *iterable* kosong). Setara dengan:

      def all(iterable):
          for element in iterable:
              if not element:
                  return False
          return True

   Baru pada versi 2.5.

any(iterable)

   Kembalikan "True" jika ada elemen dari *iterable* bernilai benar.
   Jika *iterable* kosong, kembalikan "False". Setara dengan:

      def any(iterable):
          for element in iterable:
              if element:
                  return True
          return False

   Baru pada versi 2.5.

basestring()

   This abstract type is the superclass for "str" and "unicode". It
   cannot be called or instantiated, but it can be used to test
   whether an object is an instance of "str" or "unicode".
   "isinstance(obj, basestring)" is equivalent to "isinstance(obj,
   (str, unicode))".

   Baru pada versi 2.3.

bin(x)

   Convert an integer number to a binary string. The result is a valid
   Python expression.  If *x* is not a Python "int" object, it has to
   define an "__index__()" method that returns an integer.

   Baru pada versi 2.6.

class bool([x])

   Return a Boolean value, i.e. one of "True" or "False".  *x* is
   converted using the standard truth testing procedure.  If *x* is
   false or omitted, this returns "False"; otherwise it returns
   "True". "bool" is also a class, which is a subclass of "int". Class
   "bool" cannot be subclassed further.  Its only instances are
   "False" and "True".

   Baru pada versi 2.2.1.

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: If no argument is given, this function
   returns "False".

class bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])

   Return a new array of bytes.  The "bytearray" class is a mutable
   sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256.  It has most of the
   usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence
   Types, as well as most methods that the "str" type has, see String
   Methods.

   Parameter opsional *source* dapat digunakan untuk menginisialisasi
   array dengan beberapa cara berbeda:

   * If it is *unicode*, you must also give the *encoding* (and
     optionally, *errors*) parameters; "bytearray()" then converts the
     unicode to bytes using "unicode.encode()".

   * Jika ini adalah *integer*, array akan memiliki ukuran itu dan
     akan diinisialisasi dengan *null bytes*.

   * Jika itu adalah objek yang sesuai dengan antarmuka *buffer*,
     sebuah penyangga baca-saja *read-only buffer* dari objek akan
     digunakan untuk menginisialisasi array byte.

   * Jika ini adalah *iterable*, itu harus iterable dari bilangan
     bulat dalam kisaran "0 <= x < 256", yang digunakan sebagai konten
     awal array.

   Tanpa argumen, dibuat array berukuran 0.

   Baru pada versi 2.6.

callable(object)

   Return "True" if the *object* argument appears callable, "False" if
   not.  If this returns true, it is still possible that a call fails,
   but if it is false, calling *object* will never succeed.  Note that
   classes are callable (calling a class returns a new instance);
   class instances are callable if they have a "__call__()" method.

chr(i)

   Return a string of one character whose ASCII code is the integer
   *i*.  For example, "chr(97)" returns the string "'a'". This is the
   inverse of "ord()".  The argument must be in the range [0..255],
   inclusive; "ValueError" will be raised if *i* is outside that
   range. See also "unichr()".

classmethod(function)

   Return a class method for *function*.

   Metode kelas atau *class method* menerima kelas sebagai argumen
   implisit pertama, seperti halnya metode *instance* menerima
   *instance*. Untuk mendeklarasikan metode kelas, gunakan idiom ini:

      class C(object):
          @classmethod
          def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...):
              ...

   Bentuk "@classmethod" adalah fungsi *decorator* -- lihat Definisi
   fungsi untuk detail.

   Metode kelas dapat dipanggil baik pada kelas (seperti "C.f()") atau
   pada *instance* (seperti "C().f()"). Instance diabaikan kecuali
   untuk kelasnya. Jika metode kelas dipanggil untuk kelas turunan,
   objek kelas turunan dilewatkan sebagai argumen pertama yang
   tersirat.

   Metode kelas atau *class methods* berbeda dari metode statis C++
   atau Java. Jika Anda menginginkannya, lihat "staticmethod()".

   Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang metode kelas, lihat The
   standard type hierarchy.

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: Function decorator syntax added.

cmp(x, y)

   Compare the two objects *x* and *y* and return an integer according
   to the outcome.  The return value is negative if "x < y", zero if
   "x == y" and strictly positive if "x > y".

compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]])

   Compile the *source* into a code or AST object.  Code objects can
   be executed by an "exec" statement or evaluated by a call to
   "eval()". *source* can either be a Unicode string, a *Latin-1*
   encoded string or an AST object. Refer to the "ast" module
   documentation for information on how to work with AST objects.

   Argumen *filename* harus memberikan berkas dari mana kode dibaca;
   berikan nilai yang dapat dikenali jika tidak dibaca dari berkas
   ("'<string>'" biasa digunakan).

   Argumen *mode* menentukan jenis kode apa yang harus dikompilasi;
   itu bisa "'exec'" jika *source* terdiri dari urutan pernyataan,
   "'eval'" jika terdiri dari satu ekspresi, atau "'single'" jika
   terdiri dari satu pernyataan interaktif (dalam kasus terakhir,
   pernyataan ekspresi yang mengevaluasi sesuatu selain "None" akan
   dicetak).

   The optional arguments *flags* and *dont_inherit* control which
   future statements (see **PEP 236**) affect the compilation of
   *source*.  If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is
   compiled with those future statements that are in effect in the
   code that is calling "compile()".  If the *flags* argument is given
   and *dont_inherit* is not (or is zero) then the future statements
   specified by the *flags* argument are used in addition to those
   that would be used anyway. If *dont_inherit* is a non-zero integer
   then the *flags* argument is it -- the future statements in effect
   around the call to compile are ignored.

   *future statements* ditentukan oleh bit yang dapat dilakukan
   *bitwise OR* bersama-sama untuk menentukan sejumlah pernyataan.
   *Bitfield* yang diperlukan untuk menentukan fitur yang diberikan
   dapat ditemukan sebagai atribut "compiler_flag" pada "_instance"
   contoh dalam :mod: *__future__* modul.

   This function raises "SyntaxError" if the compiled source is
   invalid, and "TypeError" if the source contains null bytes.

   Jika Anda ingin mengurai kode Python ke dalam representasi AST-nya,
   lihat "ast.parse()".

   Catatan: Ketika mengkompilasi string dengan kode multi-baris
     dalam mode "'single'" atau "'eval'", masukan harus diakhiri oleh
     setidaknya satu karakter baris baru. Ini untuk memudahkan deteksi
     pernyataan tidak lengkap dan lengkap dalam modul "code".

   Peringatan: Dimungkinkan untuk membuat *crash* *interpreter*
     Python dengan string yang cukup besar/kompleks ketika dikompilasi
     ke objek AST karena batasan kedalaman tumpukan dalam kompiler AST
     Python.

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: The *flags* and *dont_inherit* arguments
   were added.

   Berubah pada versi 2.6: Support for compiling AST objects.

   Berubah pada versi 2.7: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines.
   Also input in "'exec'" mode does not have to end in a newline
   anymore.

class complex([real[, imag]])

   Return a complex number with the value *real* + *imag**1j or
   convert a string or number to a complex number.  If the first
   parameter is a string, it will be interpreted as a complex number
   and the function must be called without a second parameter.  The
   second parameter can never be a string. Each argument may be any
   numeric type (including complex). If *imag* is omitted, it defaults
   to zero and the function serves as a numeric conversion function
   like "int()", "long()" and "float()".  If both arguments are
   omitted, returns "0j".

   Catatan: Saat mengkonversi dari string, string tidak boleh berisi
     spasi *whitespace* di sekitar operator "+" atau "-" pusat.
     Misalnya, "complex('1+2j')" baik-baik saja, tetapi "complex('1 +
     2j')" menimbulkan "ValueError".

   Tipe kompleks dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long,
   complex.

delattr(object, name)

   Ini adalah kerabat *relative* dari "setattr()". Argumen adalah
   objek dan string. String haruslah nama dari salah satu atribut
   objek. Fungsi menghapus atribut bernama, asalkan objek
   memperbolehkannya. Misalnya, "delattr(x, 'foobar')" setara dengan
   "del x.foobar".

class dict(**kwarg)
class dict(mapping, **kwarg)
class dict(iterable, **kwarg)

   Buat *dictionary* baru. Objek "dict" adalah kelas kamus
   *dictionary*. Lihat "dict" dan Mapping Types --- dict untuk
   dokumentasi tentang kelas ini.

   Untuk wadah *containers* lain, lihat kelas-kelas bawaan :class:
   *list*, "set", dan "tuple", dan juga modul "collections".

dir([object])

   Tanpa argumen, kembalikan daftar *list* nama dalam lingkup lokal
   saat ini. Dengan argumen, mencoba untuk mengembalikan daftar *list*
   atribut yang valid untuk objek itu.

   Jika objek memiliki metode bernama "__dir__()", metode ini akan
   dipanggil dan harus mengembalikan daftar atribut. Ini memungkinkan
   objek yang mengimplementasikan fungsi alihsuai *custom*
   "__getattr__()" atau "__getattribute__()" untuk menyesuaikan cara
   "dir()" melaporkan atributnya.

   Jika objek tidak menyediakan :meth: *__dir__*, fungsi mencoba yang
   terbaik untuk mengumpulkan informasi dari atribut objek "__dict__",
   jika ditentukan, dan dari objek tipenya. Daftar yang dihasilkan
   belum tentu lengkap, dan mungkin tidak akurat ketika objek memiliki
   alihsuai *custom* "__getattr__()".

   Mekanisme bawaan "dir()" berperilaku berbeda dengan berbagai jenis
   objek, karena berusaha menghasilkan informasi yang paling relevan,
   dibanding lengkap,:

   * Jika objek adalah objek modul, daftar berisi nama-nama atribut
     modul.

   * Jika objek adalah tipe atau objek kelas, daftar berisi nama
     atributnya, dan secara rekursif atribut dari basisnya.

   * Jika tidak, daftar berisi nama atribut objek, nama atribut
     kelasnya, dan secara rekursif atribut dari kelas dasar kelasnya.

   Daftar yang dihasilkan diurutkan berdasarkan abjad.  Sebagai
   contoh:

   >>> import struct
   >>> dir()   # show the names in the module namespace
   ['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__name__', 'struct']
   >>> dir(struct)   # show the names in the struct module
   ['Struct', '__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__',
    '__package__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'pack', 'pack_into',
    'unpack', 'unpack_from']
   >>> class Shape(object):
           def __dir__(self):
               return ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']
   >>> s = Shape()
   >>> dir(s)
   ['area', 'perimeter', 'location']

   Catatan: Karena "dir()" disediakan terutama sebagai kenyamanan
     untuk digunakan pada prompt interaktif, ia mencoba untuk memasok
     sekumpulan nama yang menarik lebih dari sekedar untuk menyediakan
     sekumpulan nama yang didefinisikan secara ketat atau konsisten,
     dan perilakunya yang terperinci dapat berubah lintas rilis.
     Misalnya, atribut metaclass tidak ada dalam daftar hasil ketika
     argumennya adalah kelas.

divmod(a, b)

   Take two (non complex) numbers as arguments and return a pair of
   numbers consisting of their quotient and remainder when using long
   division.  With mixed operand types, the rules for binary
   arithmetic operators apply.  For plain and long integers, the
   result is the same as "(a // b, a % b)". For floating point numbers
   the result is "(q, a % b)", where *q* is usually "math.floor(a /
   b)" but may be 1 less than that.  In any case "q * b + a % b" is
   very close to *a*, if "a % b" is non-zero it has the same sign as
   *b*, and "0 <= abs(a % b) < abs(b)".

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: Using "divmod()" with complex numbers is
   deprecated.

enumerate(sequence, start=0)

   Return an enumerate object. *sequence* must be a sequence, an
   *iterator*, or some other object which supports iteration.  The
   "next()" method of the iterator returned by "enumerate()" returns a
   tuple containing a count (from *start* which defaults to 0) and the
   values obtained from iterating over *sequence*:

      >>> seasons = ['Spring', 'Summer', 'Fall', 'Winter']
      >>> list(enumerate(seasons))
      [(0, 'Spring'), (1, 'Summer'), (2, 'Fall'), (3, 'Winter')]
      >>> list(enumerate(seasons, start=1))
      [(1, 'Spring'), (2, 'Summer'), (3, 'Fall'), (4, 'Winter')]

   Setara dengan:

      def enumerate(sequence, start=0):
          n = start
          for elem in sequence:
              yield n, elem
              n += 1

   Baru pada versi 2.3.

   Berubah pada versi 2.6: The *start* parameter was added.

eval(expression[, globals[, locals]])

   The arguments are a Unicode or *Latin-1* encoded string and
   optional globals and locals.  If provided, *globals* must be a
   dictionary. If provided, *locals* can be any mapping object.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: formerly *locals* was required to be a
   dictionary.

   The *expression* argument is parsed and evaluated as a Python
   expression (technically speaking, a condition list) using the
   *globals* and *locals* dictionaries as global and local namespace.
   If the *globals* dictionary is present and lacks '__builtins__',
   the current globals are copied into *globals* before *expression*
   is parsed.  This means that *expression* normally has full access
   to the standard "__builtin__" module and restricted environments
   are propagated.  If the *locals* dictionary is omitted it defaults
   to the *globals* dictionary.  If both dictionaries are omitted, the
   expression is executed in the environment where "eval()" is called.
   The return value is the result of the evaluated expression. Syntax
   errors are reported as exceptions.  Example:

   >>> x = 1
   >>> print eval('x+1')
   2

   Fungsi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mengeksekusi objek kode
   *arbitrary* (seperti yang dibuat oleh "compile()"). Dalam hal ini,
   berikan objek kode alih-alih string. Jika objek kode telah
   dikompilasi dengan "'exec'" sebagai argumen *mode*, "eval()" nilai
   kembaliannya akan menjadi "None".

   Hints: dynamic execution of statements is supported by the "exec"
   statement.  Execution of statements from a file is supported by the
   "execfile()" function.  The "globals()" and "locals()" functions
   returns the current global and local dictionary, respectively,
   which may be useful to pass around for use by "eval()" or
   "execfile()".

   Lihat "ast.literal_eval()" untuk fungsi yang dapat dengan aman
   mengevaluasi string dengan ekspresi yang hanya mengandung literal.

execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]])

   This function is similar to the "exec" statement, but parses a file
   instead of a string.  It is different from the "import" statement
   in that it does not use the module administration --- it reads the
   file unconditionally and does not create a new module. [1]

   The arguments are a file name and two optional dictionaries.  The
   file is parsed and evaluated as a sequence of Python statements
   (similarly to a module) using the *globals* and *locals*
   dictionaries as global and local namespace. If provided, *locals*
   can be any mapping object.  Remember that at module level, globals
   and locals are the same dictionary. If two separate objects are
   passed as *globals* and *locals*, the code will be executed as if
   it were embedded in a class definition.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: formerly *locals* was required to be a
   dictionary.

   If the *locals* dictionary is omitted it defaults to the *globals*
   dictionary. If both dictionaries are omitted, the expression is
   executed in the environment where "execfile()" is called.  The
   return value is "None".

   Catatan: The default *locals* act as described for function
     "locals()" below: modifications to the default *locals*
     dictionary should not be attempted.  Pass an explicit *locals*
     dictionary if you need to see effects of the code on *locals*
     after function "execfile()" returns.  "execfile()" cannot be used
     reliably to modify a function's locals.

file(name[, mode[, buffering]])

   Constructor function for the "file" type, described further in
   section File Objects.  The constructor's arguments are the same as
   those of the "open()" built-in function described below.

   When opening a file, it's preferable to use "open()" instead of
   invoking this constructor directly.  "file" is more suited to type
   testing (for example, writing "isinstance(f, file)").

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

filter(function, iterable)

   Construct a list from those elements of *iterable* for which
   *function* returns true.  *iterable* may be either a sequence, a
   container which supports iteration, or an iterator.  If *iterable*
   is a string or a tuple, the result also has that type; otherwise it
   is always a list.  If *function* is "None", the identity function
   is assumed, that is, all elements of *iterable* that are false are
   removed.

   Note that "filter(function, iterable)" is equivalent to "[item for
   item in iterable if function(item)]" if function is not "None" and
   "[item for item in iterable if item]" if function is "None".

   See "itertools.ifilter()" and "itertools.ifilterfalse()" for
   iterator versions of this function, including a variation that
   filters for elements where the *function* returns false.

class float([x])

   Kembalikan angka pecahan *floating point* yang dibangun dari angka
   atau string *x*.

   If the argument is a string, it must contain a possibly signed
   decimal or floating point number, possibly embedded in whitespace.
   The argument may also be [+|-]nan or [+|-]inf. Otherwise, the
   argument may be a plain or long integer or a floating point number,
   and a floating point number with the same value (within Python's
   floating point precision) is returned.  If no argument is given,
   returns "0.0".

   Catatan: When passing in a string, values for NaN and Infinity
     may be returned, depending on the underlying C library.  Float
     accepts the strings nan, inf and -inf for NaN and positive or
     negative infinity. The case and a leading + are ignored as well
     as a leading - is ignored for NaN. Float always represents NaN
     and infinity as nan, inf or -inf.

   Tipe float dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long,
   complex.

format(value[, format_spec])

   Konversi *value* ke representasi "formatted", sebagaimana
   dikendalikan oleh *format_spec*. Interpretasi *format_spec* akan
   tergantung pada jenis argumen *value*, namun ada sintaks
   pemformatan standar yang digunakan oleh sebagian besar tipe bawaan:
   *formatpec*.

   Catatan: "format(value, format_spec)" merely calls
     "value.__format__(format_spec)".

   Baru pada versi 2.6.

class frozenset([iterable])

   Kembalikan objek baru "frozenset", secara opsional dengan elemen
   yang diambil dari *iterable*. "frozenset" adalah kelas bawaan.
   Lihat "frozenset" dan Set Types --- set, frozenset untuk
   dokumentasi tentang kelas ini.

   Untuk wadah *containers* lain lihat kelas-kelas bawaan "set",
   "list",: class: *tuple*, dan "dict", serta modul "collections".

   Baru pada versi 2.4.

getattr(object, name[, default])

   Kembalikan nilai atribut bernama dari *object*. *name* harus berupa
   string. Jika string adalah nama salah satu atribut objek, hasilnya
   adalah nilai atribut itu. Misalnya, "getattr(x, 'foobar')" setara
   dengan "x.foobar". Jika atribut yang disebutkan tidak ada,
   *default* dikembalikan jika disediakan, jika tidak "AttributeError"
   dimunculkan.

globals()

   Kembalikan dictionary yang mewakili tabel simbol global saat ini.
   Ini selalu merupakan dictionary dari modul saat ini (di dalam suatu
   fungsi atau metode, ini adalah modul di mana ia didefinisikan,
   bukan modul dari mana ia dipanggil).

hasattr(object, name)

   The arguments are an object and a string.  The result is "True" if
   the string is the name of one of the object's attributes, "False"
   if not. (This is implemented by calling "getattr(object, name)" and
   seeing whether it raises an exception or not.)

hash(object)

   Return the hash value of the object (if it has one).  Hash values
   are integers. They are used to quickly compare dictionary keys
   during a dictionary lookup. Numeric values that compare equal have
   the same hash value (even if they are of different types, as is the
   case for 1 and 1.0).

help([object])

   Meminta sistem bantuan bawaan. (Fungsi ini dimaksudkan untuk
   penggunaan interaktif.) Jika tidak ada argumen yang diberikan,
   sistem bantuan interaktif dimulai pada konsol interpreter. Jika
   argumennya adalah string, maka string tersebut dicari sebagai nama
   modul, fungsi, kelas, metode, kata kunci, atau topik dokumentasi,
   dan halaman bantuan dicetak pada konsol. Jika argumennya adalah
   objek jenis apa pun, halaman bantuan tentang objek tersebut
   dihasilkan.

   Fungsi ini ditambahkan ke *namespace* bawaan dengan modul "site".

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

hex(x)

   Convert an integer number (of any size) to a lowercase hexadecimal
   string prefixed with "0x", for example:

   >>> hex(255)
   '0xff'
   >>> hex(-42)
   '-0x2a'
   >>> hex(1L)
   '0x1L'

   If x is not a Python "int" or "long" object, it has to define a
   __hex__() method that returns a string.

   Lihat juga "int()" untuk mengonversi string heksadesimal menjadi
   integer menggunakan basis 16.

   Catatan: Untuk mendapatkan representasi string heksadesimal untuk
     float, gunakan metode "float.hex()".

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly only returned an unsigned literal.

id(object)

   Return the "identity" of an object.  This is an integer (or long
   integer) which is guaranteed to be unique and constant for this
   object during its lifetime. Two objects with non-overlapping
   lifetimes may have the same "id()" value.

   **CPython implementation detail:** This is the address of the
   object in memory.

input([prompt])

   Equivalent to "eval(raw_input(prompt))".

   This function does not catch user errors. If the input is not
   syntactically valid, a "SyntaxError" will be raised. Other
   exceptions may be raised if there is an error during evaluation.

   Jika modul "readline" dimuat, maka "input()" akan menggunakannya
   untuk menyediakan fitur pengeditan baris dan riwayat.

   Consider using the "raw_input()" function for general input from
   users.

class int(x=0)
class int(x, base=10)

   Return an integer object constructed from a number or string *x*,
   or return "0" if no arguments are given.  If *x* is a number, it
   can be a plain integer, a long integer, or a floating point number.
   If *x* is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero.
   If the argument is outside the integer range, the function returns
   a long object instead.

   If *x* is not a number or if *base* is given, then *x* must be a
   string or Unicode object representing an integer literal in radix
   *base*.  Optionally, the literal can be preceded by "+" or "-"
   (with no space in between) and surrounded by whitespace.  A base-n
   literal consists of the digits 0 to n-1, with "a" to "z" (or "A" to
   "Z") having values 10 to 35.  The default *base* is 10. The allowed
   values are 0 and 2--36. Base-2, -8, and -16 literals can be
   optionally prefixed with "0b"/"0B", "0o"/"0O"/"0", or "0x"/"0X", as
   with integer literals in code. Base 0 means to interpret the string
   exactly as an integer literal, so that the actual base is 2, 8, 10,
   or 16.

   Tipe integer dijelaskan dalam Numeric Types --- int, float, long,
   complex.

isinstance(object, classinfo)

   Return true if the *object* argument is an instance of the
   *classinfo* argument, or of a (direct, indirect or *virtual*)
   subclass thereof.  Also return true if *classinfo* is a type object
   (new-style class) and *object* is an object of that type or of a
   (direct, indirect or *virtual*) subclass thereof.  If *object* is
   not a class instance or an object of the given type, the function
   always returns false. If *classinfo* is a tuple of class or type
   objects (or recursively, other such tuples), return true if
   *object* is an instance of any of the classes or types.  If
   *classinfo* is not a class, type, or tuple of classes, types, and
   such tuples, a "TypeError" exception is raised.

   Berubah pada versi 2.2: Support for a tuple of type information was
   added.

issubclass(class, classinfo)

   Kembalikan true jika *class* adalah sebuah subkelas (*direct*,
   *indirect* atau *virtual*) dari *classinfo*. Kelas dianggap sebagai
   subkelas dari dirinya sendiri. *classinfo* mungkin *tuple* objek
   kelas, dalam hal ini setiap entri dalam *classinfo* akan diperiksa.
   Dalam kasus lain, pengecualian "TypeError" dimunculkan.

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: Support for a tuple of type information was
   added.

iter(o[, sentinel])

   Return an *iterator* object.  The first argument is interpreted
   very differently depending on the presence of the second argument.
   Without a second argument, *o* must be a collection object which
   supports the iteration protocol (the "__iter__()" method), or it
   must support the sequence protocol (the "__getitem__()" method with
   integer arguments starting at "0").  If it does not support either
   of those protocols, "TypeError" is raised. If the second argument,
   *sentinel*, is given, then *o* must be a callable object.  The
   iterator created in this case will call *o* with no arguments for
   each call to its "next()" method; if the value returned is equal to
   *sentinel*, "StopIteration" will be raised, otherwise the value
   will be returned.

   One useful application of the second form of "iter()" is to read
   lines of a file until a certain line is reached.  The following
   example reads a file until the "readline()" method returns an empty
   string:

      with open('mydata.txt') as fp:
          for line in iter(fp.readline, ''):
              process_line(line)

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

len(s)

   Mengembalikan panjang (jumlah item) suatu objek. Argumennya bisa
   berupa urutan (seperti string, byte, *tuple*, *list*, atau *range*)
   atau koleksi (seperti *dictionary*, set, atau *frozen set*).

class list([iterable])

   Return a list whose items are the same and in the same order as
   *iterable*'s items.  *iterable* may be either a sequence, a
   container that supports iteration, or an iterator object.  If
   *iterable* is already a list, a copy is made and returned, similar
   to "iterable[:]".  For instance, "list('abc')" returns "['a', 'b',
   'c']" and "list( (1, 2, 3) )" returns "[1, 2, 3]".  If no argument
   is given, returns a new empty list, "[]".

   "list" is a mutable sequence type, as documented in Sequence Types
   --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange. For other
   containers see the built in "dict", "set", and "tuple" classes, and
   the "collections" module.

locals()

   Update and return a dictionary representing the current local
   symbol table. Free variables are returned by "locals()" when it is
   called in function blocks, but not in class blocks.

   Catatan: Isi *dictionary* ini tidak boleh dimodifikasi; perubahan
     mungkin tidak mempengaruhi nilai variabel lokal dan bebas yang
     digunakan oleh interpreter.

class long(x=0)
class long(x, base=10)

   Return a long integer object constructed from a string or number
   *x*. If the argument is a string, it must contain a possibly signed
   number of arbitrary size, possibly embedded in whitespace. The
   *base* argument is interpreted in the same way as for "int()", and
   may only be given when *x* is a string. Otherwise, the argument may
   be a plain or long integer or a floating point number, and a long
   integer with the same value is returned.    Conversion of floating
   point numbers to integers truncates (towards zero).  If no
   arguments are given, returns "0L".

   The long type is described in Numeric Types --- int, float, long,
   complex.

map(function, iterable, ...)

   Apply *function* to every item of *iterable* and return a list of
   the results. If additional *iterable* arguments are passed,
   *function* must take that many arguments and is applied to the
   items from all iterables in parallel.  If one iterable is shorter
   than another it is assumed to be extended with "None" items.  If
   *function* is "None", the identity function is assumed; if there
   are multiple arguments, "map()" returns a list consisting of tuples
   containing the corresponding items from all iterables (a kind of
   transpose operation).  The *iterable* arguments may be a sequence
   or any iterable object; the result is always a list.

max(iterable[, key])
max(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

   Kembalikan item terbesar dalam iterable atau yang terbesar dari dua
   atau lebih argumen.

   If one positional argument is provided, *iterable* must be a non-
   empty iterable (such as a non-empty string, tuple or list).  The
   largest item in the iterable is returned.  If two or more
   positional arguments are provided, the largest of the positional
   arguments is returned.

   The optional *key* argument specifies a one-argument ordering
   function like that used for "list.sort()".  The *key* argument, if
   supplied, must be in keyword form (for example,
   "max(a,b,c,key=func)").

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: Added support for the optional *key*
   argument.

memoryview(obj)

   Kembalikan objek "memory view" yang dibuat dari argumen yang
   diberikan. Lihat memoryview type untuk informasi lebih lanjut.

min(iterable[, key])
min(arg1, arg2, *args[, key])

   Kembalikan item terkecil dalam *iterable* atau terkecil dari dua
   atau lebih argumen.

   If one positional argument is provided, *iterable* must be a non-
   empty iterable (such as a non-empty string, tuple or list).  The
   smallest item in the iterable is returned.  If two or more
   positional arguments are provided, the smallest of the positional
   arguments is returned.

   The optional *key* argument specifies a one-argument ordering
   function like that used for "list.sort()".  The *key* argument, if
   supplied, must be in keyword form (for example,
   "min(a,b,c,key=func)").

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: Added support for the optional *key*
   argument.

next(iterator[, default])

   Retrieve the next item from the *iterator* by calling its "next()"
   method.  If *default* is given, it is returned if the iterator is
   exhausted, otherwise "StopIteration" is raised.

   Baru pada versi 2.6.

class object

   Return a new featureless object.  "object" is a base for all new
   style classes.  It has the methods that are common to all instances
   of new style classes.

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: This function does not accept any
   arguments. Formerly, it accepted arguments but ignored them.

oct(x)

   Convert an integer number (of any size) to an octal string.  The
   result is a valid Python expression.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly only returned an unsigned literal.

open(name[, mode[, buffering]])

   Open a file, returning an object of the "file" type described in
   section File Objects.  If the file cannot be opened, "IOError" is
   raised.  When opening a file, it's preferable to use "open()"
   instead of invoking the "file" constructor directly.

   The first two arguments are the same as for "stdio"'s "fopen()":
   *name* is the file name to be opened, and *mode* is a string
   indicating how the file is to be opened.

   The most commonly-used values of *mode* are "'r'" for reading,
   "'w'" for writing (truncating the file if it already exists), and
   "'a'" for appending (which on *some* Unix systems means that *all*
   writes append to the end of the file regardless of the current seek
   position).  If *mode* is omitted, it defaults to "'r'".  The
   default is to use text mode, which may convert "'\n'" characters to
   a platform-specific representation on writing and back on reading.
   Thus, when opening a binary file, you should append "'b'" to the
   *mode* value to open the file in binary mode, which will improve
   portability.  (Appending "'b'" is useful even on systems that don't
   treat binary and text files differently, where it serves as
   documentation.)  See below for more possible values of *mode*.

   The optional *buffering* argument specifies the file's desired
   buffer size: 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, any other
   positive value means use a buffer of (approximately) that size (in
   bytes).  A negative *buffering* means to use the system default,
   which is usually line buffered for tty devices and fully buffered
   for other files.  If omitted, the system default is used. [2]

   Modes "'r+'", "'w+'" and "'a+'" open the file for updating (reading
   and writing); note that "'w+'" truncates the file.  Append "'b'" to
   the mode to open the file in binary mode, on systems that
   differentiate between binary and text files; on systems that don't
   have this distinction, adding the "'b'" has no effect.

   In addition to the standard "fopen()" values *mode* may be "'U'" or
   "'rU'".  Python is usually built with *universal newlines* support;
   supplying "'U'" opens the file as a text file, but lines may be
   terminated by any of the following: the Unix end-of-line convention
   "'\n'",  the Macintosh convention "'\r'", or the Windows convention
   "'\r\n'". All of these external representations are seen as "'\n'"
   by the Python program. If Python is built without universal
   newlines support a *mode* with "'U'" is the same as normal text
   mode.  Note that file objects so opened also have an attribute
   called "newlines" which has a value of "None" (if no newlines have
   yet been seen), "'\n'", "'\r'", "'\r\n'", or a tuple containing all
   the newline types seen.

   Python enforces that the mode, after stripping "'U'", begins with
   "'r'", "'w'" or "'a'".

   Python provides many file handling modules including "fileinput",
   "os", "os.path", "tempfile", and "shutil".

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: Restriction on first letter of mode string
   introduced.

ord(c)

   Given a string of length one, return an integer representing the
   Unicode code point of the character when the argument is a unicode
   object, or the value of the byte when the argument is an 8-bit
   string. For example, "ord('a')" returns the integer "97",
   "ord(u'\u2020')" returns "8224".  This is the inverse of "chr()"
   for 8-bit strings and of "unichr()" for unicode objects.  If a
   unicode argument is given and Python was built with UCS2 Unicode,
   then the character's code point must be in the range [0..65535]
   inclusive; otherwise the string length is two, and a "TypeError"
   will be raised.

pow(x, y[, z])

   Return *x* to the power *y*; if *z* is present, return *x* to the
   power *y*, modulo *z* (computed more efficiently than "pow(x, y) %
   z"). The two-argument form "pow(x, y)" is equivalent to using the
   power operator: "x**y".

   The arguments must have numeric types.  With mixed operand types,
   the coercion rules for binary arithmetic operators apply.  For int
   and long int operands, the result has the same type as the operands
   (after coercion) unless the second argument is negative; in that
   case, all arguments are converted to float and a float result is
   delivered.  For example, "10**2" returns "100", but "10**-2"
   returns "0.01".  (This last feature was added in Python 2.2.  In
   Python 2.1 and before, if both arguments were of integer types and
   the second argument was negative, an exception was raised.) If the
   second argument is negative, the third argument must be omitted. If
   *z* is present, *x* and *y* must be of integer types, and *y* must
   be non-negative.  (This restriction was added in Python 2.2.  In
   Python 2.1 and before, floating 3-argument "pow()" returned
   platform-dependent results depending on floating-point rounding
   accidents.)

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout)

   Print *objects* to the stream *file*, separated by *sep* and
   followed by *end*.  *sep*, *end* and *file*, if present, must be
   given as keyword arguments.

   Semua argumen non-kata kunci dikonversi ke string seperti "str()"
   dan ditulis ke aliran *stream*, dipisahkan oleh *sep* dan diikuti
   oleh *end*. Baik *sep* dan *end* harus berupa string; mereka juga
   bisa "None", yang berarti menggunakan nilai bawaan. Jika tidak ada
   *objects* yang diberikan, "print()" hanya akan menulis *end*.

   The *file* argument must be an object with a "write(string)"
   method; if it is not present or "None", "sys.stdout" will be used.
   Output buffering is determined by *file*.  Use "file.flush()" to
   ensure, for instance, immediate appearance on a screen.

   Catatan: This function is not normally available as a built-in
     since the name "print" is recognized as the "print" statement.
     To disable the statement and use the "print()" function, use this
     future statement at the top of your module:

        from __future__ import print_function

   Baru pada versi 2.6.

class property([fget[, fset[, fdel[, doc]]]])

   Return a property attribute for *new-style class*es (classes that
   derive from "object").

   *fget* adalah fungsi untuk mendapatkan nilai atribut. *fset* adalah
   fungsi untuk mengatur nilai atribut. *fdel* adalah fungsi untuk
   menghapus nilai atribut. Dan *doc* membuat docstring untuk atribut.

   Penggunaan khasnya untuk mendefinisikan atribut yang dikelola "x":

      class C(object):
          def __init__(self):
              self._x = None

          def getx(self):
              return self._x

          def setx(self, value):
              self._x = value

          def delx(self):
              del self._x

          x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")

   Jika *c* adalah *instance* dari *C*, "c.x" akan memanggil *getter*,
   "c.x = value" akan memanggil *setter* dan "del c.x" memanggil
   deleter.

   Jika diberikan, *doc* akan menjadi *docstring* dari atribut
   properti. Jika tidak, properti akan menyalin *docstring* dari
   *fget* (jika ada). Ini memungkinkan untuk membuat properti baca-
   saja *read-only* dengan mudah menggunakan "property()" sebagai
   *decorator*:

      class Parrot(object):
          def __init__(self):
              self._voltage = 100000

          @property
          def voltage(self):
              """Get the current voltage."""
              return self._voltage

   *Decorator* "@property" mengubah metode "voltage()" menjadi
   "getter" untuk atribut baca-saja *read-only* dengan nama yang sama,
   dan mengatur *docstring* untuk *voltage* menjadi "Get the current
   voltage."

   Properti dari objek memiliki: attr:*~property.getter*, "setter",
   dan "deleter" metode yang dapat digunakan sebagai dekorator yang
   membuat salinan properti dengan fungsi *accessor* yang sesuai.
   diatur ke fungsi yang didekorasi. Ini paling baik dijelaskan dengan
   contoh:

      class C(object):
          def __init__(self):
              self._x = None

          @property
          def x(self):
              """I'm the 'x' property."""
              return self._x

          @x.setter
          def x(self, value):
              self._x = value

          @x.deleter
          def x(self):
              del self._x

   Kode ini persis sama dengan contoh pertama. Pastikan untuk memberi
   fungsi tambahan nama yang sama dengan properti asli ("x" dalam
   kasus ini.)

   Properti dari objek yang dikembalikan juga memiliki atribut "fget",
   "fset", dan "fdel" yang sesuai dengan argumen pembangun
   *constructor*.

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: Use *fget*'s docstring if no *doc* given.

   Berubah pada versi 2.6: The "getter", "setter", and "deleter"
   attributes were added.

range(stop)
range(start, stop[, step])

   This is a versatile function to create lists containing arithmetic
   progressions. It is most often used in "for" loops.  The arguments
   must be plain integers.  If the *step* argument is omitted, it
   defaults to "1".  If the *start* argument is omitted, it defaults
   to "0".  The full form returns a list of plain integers "[start,
   start + step, start + 2 * step, ...]".  If *step* is positive, the
   last element is the largest "start + i * step" less than *stop*; if
   *step* is negative, the last element is the smallest "start + i *
   step" greater than *stop*.  *step* must not be zero (or else
   "ValueError" is raised).  Example:

   >>> range(10)
   [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
   >>> range(1, 11)
   [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
   >>> range(0, 30, 5)
   [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
   >>> range(0, 10, 3)
   [0, 3, 6, 9]
   >>> range(0, -10, -1)
   [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
   >>> range(0)
   []
   >>> range(1, 0)
   []

raw_input([prompt])

   If the *prompt* argument is present, it is written to standard
   output without a trailing newline.  The function then reads a line
   from input, converts it to a string (stripping a trailing newline),
   and returns that. When EOF is read, "EOFError" is raised. Example:

      >>> s = raw_input('--> ')
      --> Monty Python's Flying Circus
      >>> s
      "Monty Python's Flying Circus"

   If the "readline" module was loaded, then "raw_input()" will use it
   to provide elaborate line editing and history features.

reduce(function, iterable[, initializer])

   Apply *function* of two arguments cumulatively to the items of
   *iterable*, from left to right, so as to reduce the iterable to a
   single value.  For example, "reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4,
   5])" calculates "((((1+2)+3)+4)+5)". The left argument, *x*, is the
   accumulated value and the right argument, *y*, is the update value
   from the *iterable*.  If the optional *initializer* is present, it
   is placed before the items of the iterable in the calculation, and
   serves as a default when the iterable is empty.  If *initializer*
   is not given and *iterable* contains only one item, the first item
   is returned. Roughly equivalent to:

      def reduce(function, iterable, initializer=None):
          it = iter(iterable)
          if initializer is None:
              try:
                  initializer = next(it)
              except StopIteration:
                  raise TypeError('reduce() of empty sequence with no initial value')
          accum_value = initializer
          for x in it:
              accum_value = function(accum_value, x)
          return accum_value

reload(module)

   Reload a previously imported *module*.  The argument must be a
   module object, so it must have been successfully imported before.
   This is useful if you have edited the module source file using an
   external editor and want to try out the new version without leaving
   the Python interpreter.  The return value is the module object (the
   same as the *module* argument).

   When "reload(module)" is executed:

   * Python modules' code is recompiled and the module-level code
     reexecuted, defining a new set of objects which are bound to
     names in the module's dictionary.  The "init" function of
     extension modules is not called a second time.

   * As with all other objects in Python the old objects are only
     reclaimed after their reference counts drop to zero.

   * The names in the module namespace are updated to point to any
     new or changed objects.

   * Other references to the old objects (such as names external to
     the module) are not rebound to refer to the new objects and must
     be updated in each namespace where they occur if that is desired.

   There are a number of other caveats:

   When a module is reloaded, its dictionary (containing the module's
   global variables) is retained.  Redefinitions of names will
   override the old definitions, so this is generally not a problem.
   If the new version of a module does not define a name that was
   defined by the old version, the old definition remains.  This
   feature can be used to the module's advantage if it maintains a
   global table or cache of objects --- with a "try" statement it can
   test for the table's presence and skip its initialization if
   desired:

      try:
          cache
      except NameError:
          cache = {}

   It is generally not very useful to reload built-in or dynamically
   loaded modules.  Reloading "sys", "__main__", "builtins" and other
   key modules is not recommended.  In many cases extension modules
   are not designed to be initialized more than once, and may fail in
   arbitrary ways when reloaded.

   If a module imports objects from another module using "from" ...
   "import" ..., calling "reload()" for the other module does not
   redefine the objects imported from it --- one way around this is to
   re-execute the "from" statement, another is to use "import" and
   qualified names (*module*.*name*) instead.

   If a module instantiates instances of a class, reloading the module
   that defines the class does not affect the method definitions of
   the instances --- they continue to use the old class definition.
   The same is true for derived classes.

repr(object)

   Return a string containing a printable representation of an object.
   This is the same value yielded by conversions (reverse quotes).  It
   is sometimes useful to be able to access this operation as an
   ordinary function.  For many types, this function makes an attempt
   to return a string that would yield an object with the same value
   when passed to "eval()", otherwise the representation is a string
   enclosed in angle brackets that contains the name of the type of
   the object together with additional information often including the
   name and address of the object.  A class can control what this
   function returns for its instances by defining a "__repr__()"
   method.

reversed(seq)

   Kembalikan kebalikan dari *iterator*. *seq* harus berupa objek yang
   memiliki "__reversed__()" metode atau dukungan protokol urutan
   (metode "__len__()" dan metode "__getitem__()" dengan argumen
   integer mulai dari "0" ).

   Baru pada versi 2.4.

   Berubah pada versi 2.6: Added the possibility to write a custom
   "__reversed__()" method.

round(number[, ndigits])

   Return the floating point value *number* rounded to *ndigits*
   digits after the decimal point.  If *ndigits* is omitted, it
   defaults to zero. The result is a floating point number.  Values
   are rounded to the closest multiple of 10 to the power minus
   *ndigits*; if two multiples are equally close, rounding is done
   away from 0 (so, for example, "round(0.5)" is "1.0" and
   "round(-0.5)" is "-1.0").

   Catatan: Perilaku "round()" untuk pecahan *floats* bisa
     mengejutkan: misalnya, "round(2.675, 2)" memberikan "2.67" alih-
     alih yang diharapkan "2.68". Ini bukan bug: ini adalah hasil dari
     fakta bahwa sebagian besar pecahan desimal tidak dapat diwakili
     persis seperti pelampung *float*. Lihat Aritmatika Pecahan
     Floating Point: Masalah dan Keterbatasan untuk informasi lebih
     lanjut.

class set([iterable])

   Kembalikan objek baru "set", secara opsional dengan elemen yang
   diambil dari *iterable*. "set" adalah kelas bawaan. Lihat:
   class:*set* dan Set Types --- set, frozenset untuk dokumentasi
   tentang kelas ini.

   Untuk wadah *containers* lain lihat kelas-kelas bawaan "frozenset",
   "list", "tuple", dan "dict", juga modul "collections".

   Baru pada versi 2.4.

setattr(object, name, value)

   Ini adalah bagian dari "getattr()". Argumen adalah objek, string
   dan nilai yang berubah-ubah *arbitrary*. String dapat memberi nama
   atribut yang ada atau atribut baru. Fungsi memberikan nilai ke
   atribut, asalkan objek memungkinkannya. Misalnya, "setattr(x,
   'foobar', 123)" setara dengan "x.foobar = 123".

class slice(stop)
class slice(start, stop[, step])

   Kembali sebuah objek *slice* yang mewakili sekumpulan indeks yang
   ditentukan oleh "range(start, stop, step)". The *start* dan *step*
   argumen bawaannya "None". Objek Slice memiliki atribut data hanya
   baca *read-only* "start", "stop" dan "step" yang hanya
   mengembalikan nilai argumen (atau bawaannya). Mereka tidak memiliki
   fungsi eksplisit lainnya; namun mereka digunakan oleh Numerical
   Python dan ekstensi pihak ketiga lainnya. Objek slice juga
   dihasilkan ketika sintaks pengindeksan yang diperbesar digunakan.
   Misalnya: "a[start:stop:step]" atau "a[start:stop, i]". Lihat
   "itertools.islice()" untuk versi alternatif yang mengembalikan
   sebuah *iterator*.

sorted(iterable[, cmp[, key[, reverse]]])

   Kembalikan daftar baru yang diurutkan dari item di *iterable*.

   The optional arguments *cmp*, *key*, and *reverse* have the same
   meaning as those for the "list.sort()" method (described in section
   Mutable Sequence Types).

   *cmp* specifies a custom comparison function of two arguments
   (iterable elements) which should return a negative, zero or
   positive number depending on whether the first argument is
   considered smaller than, equal to, or larger than the second
   argument: "cmp=lambda x,y: cmp(x.lower(), y.lower())".  The default
   value is "None".

   *key* specifies a function of one argument that is used to extract
   a comparison key from each list element: "key=str.lower".  The
   default value is "None" (compare the elements directly).

   *reverse* adalah nilai *boolean*. Jika diatur ke "True", maka
   elemen list atau daftar diurutkan seolah-olah setiap perbandingan
   dibalik.

   In general, the *key* and *reverse* conversion processes are much
   faster than specifying an equivalent *cmp* function.  This is
   because *cmp* is called multiple times for each list element while
   *key* and *reverse* touch each element only once.  Use
   "functools.cmp_to_key()" to convert an old-style *cmp* function to
   a *key* function.

   Fungsi bawaan "sorted()" dijamin stabil. Semacam stabil jika
   menjamin tidak mengubah urutan relatif elemen yang membandingkan
   kesamaan --- ini berguna untuk menyortir dalam beberapa langkah
   (misalnya, urutkan berdasarkan departemen, lalu dengan tingkat
   gaji).

   Untuk contoh pengurutan dan tutorial singkat pengurutan, lihat
   :ref: *sortinghowto*.

   Baru pada versi 2.4.

staticmethod(function)

   Return a static method for *function*.

   Metode statis tidak menerima argumen implisit pertama. Untuk
   mendeklarasikan metode statis, gunakan idiom ini:

      class C(object):
          @staticmethod
          def f(arg1, arg2, ...):
              ...

   Bentuk "@staticmethod" adalah fungsi *decorator* -- lihat Definisi
   fungsi untuk detail.

   Metode statis dapat dipanggil baik di kelas (seperti "C.f()") atau
   pada instance (seperti "C().f()").

   Metode statis di Python mirip dengan yang ditemukan di Java atau
   C++. Juga lihat "classmethod()" untuk varian yang berguna untuk
   membuat konstruktor kelas alternatif.

   Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang metode statis, lihat The
   standard type hierarchy.

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: Function decorator syntax added.

class str(object='')

   Return a string containing a nicely printable representation of an
   object.  For strings, this returns the string itself.  The
   difference with "repr(object)" is that "str(object)" does not
   always attempt to return a string that is acceptable to "eval()";
   its goal is to return a printable string.  If no argument is given,
   returns the empty string, "''".

   For more information on strings see Sequence Types --- str,
   unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange which describes
   sequence functionality (strings are sequences), and also the
   string-specific methods described in the String Methods section. To
   output formatted strings use template strings or the "%" operator
   described in the String Formatting Operations section. In addition
   see the String Services section. See also "unicode()".

sum(iterable[, start])

   Sums *start* and the items of an *iterable* from left to right and
   returns the total.  *start* defaults to "0". The *iterable*'s items
   are normally numbers, and the start value is not allowed to be a
   string.

   Untuk beberapa kasus penggunaan, ada alternatif yang baik untuk
   "sum()". Cara yang disukai dan cepat untuk menggabungkan rangkaian
   string adalah dengan memanggil "''.join(sequence)". Untuk
   menambahkan nilai pecahan *floating point* dengan presisi yang
   diperluas, lihat "math.fsum()". Untuk menggabungkan serangkaian
   iterables, coba gunakan "itertools.chain()".

   Baru pada versi 2.3.

super(type[, object-or-type])

   Return a proxy object that delegates method calls to a parent or
   sibling class of *type*.  This is useful for accessing inherited
   methods that have been overridden in a class. The search order is
   same as that used by "getattr()" except that the *type* itself is
   skipped.

   The "__mro__" attribute of the *type* lists the method resolution
   search order used by both "getattr()" and "super()".  The attribute
   is dynamic and can change whenever the inheritance hierarchy is
   updated.

   Jika argumen kedua dihilangkan, objek super yang dikembalikan tidak
   terikat *unbound*. Jika argumen kedua adalah objek,
   "isinstance(obj, type)" harus benar. Jika argumen kedua adalah
   tipe, "issubclass(type2, type)" harus benar (ini berguna untuk
   metode-metode kelas).

   Catatan: "super()" only works for *new-style class*es.

   Ada dua kasus penggunaan khas untuk *super*. Dalam hierarki kelas
   dengan pewarisan tunggal *single inheritance*, *super* dapat
   digunakan untuk merujuk ke kelas induk tanpa menyebutkannya secara
   eksplisit, sehingga membuat kode lebih mudah dikelola. Penggunaan
   ini sangat mirip dengan penggunaan *super* dalam bahasa pemrograman
   lain.

   Kasus penggunaan kedua adalah untuk mendukung *multiple
   inheritance* kooperatif dalam lingkungan eksekusi yang dinamis.
   Kasus penggunaan ini unik untuk Python dan tidak ditemukan dalam
   bahasa yang dikompilasi secara statis atau bahasa yang hanya
   mendukung pewarisan tunggal *single inheritance*.  Ini memungkinkan
   untuk mengimplementasikan "diagram berlian" di mana beberapa kelas
   dasar menerapkan metode yang sama. Desain yang baik menentukan
   bahwa metode ini memiliki tanda tangan *signature* panggilan yang
   sama dalam setiap kasus (karena urutan panggilan ditentukan pada
   saat *runtime*, karena urutan itu menyesuaikan dengan perubahan
   dalam hierarki kelas, dan karena urutan itu dapat mencakup kelas
   saudara yang tidak diketahui sebelum *runtime*).

   Untuk kedua kasus penggunaan, pemanggilan *superclass* yang khas
   terlihat seperti ini:

      class C(B):
          def method(self, arg):
              super(C, self).method(arg)

   Perhatikan bahwa "super()" diimplementasikan sebagai bagian dari
   proses pengikatan *binding* untuk pencarian atribut eksplisit
   bertitik *dotted* seperti "super().__getitem__(name)". Itu
   melakukannya dengan menerapkan sendiri metode "__getattribute__()"
   untuk mencari kelas dalam urutan terprediksi yang mendukung
   *multiple inheritance* kooperatif. Dengan demikian, "super()" tidak
   ditentukan untuk pencarian implisit menggunakan pernyataan atau
   operator seperti "super()[name]".

   Also note that "super()" is not limited to use inside methods.  The
   two argument form specifies the arguments exactly and makes the
   appropriate references.

   Untuk saran praktis tentang bagaimana merancang kelas kooperatif
   menggunakan "super()", lihat guide to using super().

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

tuple([iterable])

   Return a tuple whose items are the same and in the same order as
   *iterable*'s items.  *iterable* may be a sequence, a container that
   supports iteration, or an iterator object. If *iterable* is already
   a tuple, it is returned unchanged. For instance, "tuple('abc')"
   returns "('a', 'b', 'c')" and "tuple([1, 2, 3])" returns "(1, 2,
   3)".  If no argument is given, returns a new empty tuple, "()".

   "tuple" is an immutable sequence type, as documented in Sequence
   Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange. For
   other containers see the built in "dict", "list", and "set"
   classes, and the "collections" module.

class type(object)
class type(name, bases, dict)

   With one argument, return the type of an *object*.  The return
   value is a type object.  The "isinstance()" built-in function is
   recommended for testing the type of an object.

   With three arguments, return a new type object.  This is
   essentially a dynamic form of the "class" statement. The *name*
   string is the class name and becomes the "__name__" attribute; the
   *bases* tuple itemizes the base classes and becomes the "__bases__"
   attribute; and the *dict* dictionary is the namespace containing
   definitions for class body and becomes the "__dict__"  attribute.
   For example, the following two statements create identical "type"
   objects:

   >>> class X(object):
   ...     a = 1
   ...
   >>> X = type('X', (object,), dict(a=1))

   Baru pada versi 2.2.

unichr(i)

   Return the Unicode string of one character whose Unicode code is
   the integer *i*.  For example, "unichr(97)" returns the string
   "u'a'".  This is the inverse of "ord()" for Unicode strings.  The
   valid range for the argument depends how Python was configured --
   it may be either UCS2 [0..0xFFFF] or UCS4 [0..0x10FFFF].
   "ValueError" is raised otherwise. For ASCII and 8-bit strings see
   "chr()".

   Baru pada versi 2.0.

unicode(object='')
unicode(object[, encoding[, errors]])

   Return the Unicode string version of *object* using one of the
   following modes:

   If *encoding* and/or *errors* are given, "unicode()" will decode
   the object which can either be an 8-bit string or a character
   buffer using the codec for *encoding*. The *encoding* parameter is
   a string giving the name of an encoding; if the encoding is not
   known, "LookupError" is raised. Error handling is done according to
   *errors*; this specifies the treatment of characters which are
   invalid in the input encoding.  If *errors* is "'strict'" (the
   default), a "ValueError" is raised on errors, while a value of
   "'ignore'" causes errors to be silently ignored, and a value of
   "'replace'" causes the official Unicode replacement character,
   "U+FFFD", to be used to replace input characters which cannot be
   decoded.  See also the "codecs" module.

   If no optional parameters are given, "unicode()" will mimic the
   behaviour of "str()" except that it returns Unicode strings instead
   of 8-bit strings. More precisely, if *object* is a Unicode string
   or subclass it will return that Unicode string without any
   additional decoding applied.

   For objects which provide a "__unicode__()" method, it will call
   this method without arguments to create a Unicode string. For all
   other objects, the 8-bit string version or representation is
   requested and then converted to a Unicode string using the codec
   for the default encoding in "'strict'" mode.

   For more information on Unicode strings see Sequence Types --- str,
   unicode, list, tuple, bytearray, buffer, xrange which describes
   sequence functionality (Unicode strings are sequences), and also
   the string-specific methods described in the String Methods
   section. To output formatted strings use template strings or the
   "%" operator described in the String Formatting Operations section.
   In addition see the String Services section. See also "str()".

   Baru pada versi 2.0.

   Berubah pada versi 2.2: Support for "__unicode__()" added.

vars([object])

   Kembalikan atribut: attr:*~object.__ dict__* untuk modul, kelas,
   *instance*, atau objek lainnya yang memiliki atribut "__ dict__".

   Objects such as modules and instances have an updateable "__dict__"
   attribute; however, other objects may have write restrictions on
   their "__dict__" attributes (for example, new-style classes use a
   dictproxy to prevent direct dictionary updates).

   Tanpa argumen, "vars()" bertindak seperti "locals()". Catatan,
   *dictionary* lokal hanya berguna untuk dibaca karena pembaruan ke
   *dictionary* lokal diabaikan.

xrange(stop)
xrange(start, stop[, step])

   This function is very similar to "range()", but returns an xrange
   object instead of a list.  This is an opaque sequence type which
   yields the same values as the corresponding list, without actually
   storing them all simultaneously. The advantage of "xrange()" over
   "range()" is minimal (since "xrange()" still has to create the
   values when asked for them) except when a very large range is used
   on a memory-starved machine or when all of the range's elements are
   never used (such as when the loop is usually terminated with
   "break").  For more information on xrange objects, see XRange Type
   and Sequence Types --- str, unicode, list, tuple, bytearray,
   buffer, xrange.

   **CPython implementation detail:** "xrange()" is intended to be
   simple and fast.  Implementations may impose restrictions to
   achieve this.  The C implementation of Python restricts all
   arguments to native C longs ("short" Python integers), and also
   requires that the number of elements fit in a native C long.  If a
   larger range is needed, an alternate version can be crafted using
   the "itertools" module: "islice(count(start, step), (stop-
   start+step-1+2*(step<0))//step)".

zip([iterable, ...])

   This function returns a list of tuples, where the *i*-th tuple
   contains the *i*-th element from each of the argument sequences or
   iterables. The returned list is truncated in length to the length
   of the shortest argument sequence. When there are multiple
   arguments which are all of the same length, "zip()" is similar to
   "map()" with an initial argument of "None". With a single sequence
   argument, it returns a list of 1-tuples. With no arguments, it
   returns an empty list.

   The left-to-right evaluation order of the iterables is guaranteed.
   This makes possible an idiom for clustering a data series into
   n-length groups using "zip(*[iter(s)]*n)".

   "zip()" bersama dengan operator "*" dapat digunakan untuk *unzip*
   sebuah list atau daftar:

      >>> x = [1, 2, 3]
      >>> y = [4, 5, 6]
      >>> zipped = zip(x, y)
      >>> zipped
      [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
      >>> x2, y2 = zip(*zipped)
      >>> x == list(x2) and y == list(y2)
      True

   Baru pada versi 2.0.

   Berubah pada versi 2.4: Formerly, "zip()" required at least one
   argument and "zip()" raised a "TypeError" instead of returning an
   empty list.

__import__(name[, globals[, locals[, fromlist[, level]]]])

   Catatan: Ini adalah fungsi lanjutan yang tidak diperlukan dalam
     pemrograman Python sehari-hari, tidak seperti
     "importlib.import_module()".

   This function is invoked by the "import" statement.  It can be
   replaced (by importing the "__builtin__" module and assigning to
   "__builtin__.__import__") in order to change semantics of the
   "import" statement, but nowadays it is usually simpler to use
   import hooks (see **PEP 302**).  Direct use of "__import__()" is
   rare, except in cases where you want to import a module whose name
   is only known at runtime.

   Fungsi ini mengimpor modul *name*, berpotensi menggunakan *globals*
   dan *locals* yang diberikan untuk menentukan cara menafsirkan nama
   dalam konteks paket. *fromlist* memberikan nama-nama objek atau
   submodul yang harus diimpor dari modul yang diberikan oleh *name*.
   Implementasi standar sama sekali tidak menggunakan argumen
   *locals*, dan hanya menggunakan *globals* untuk menentukan konteks
   paket dari pernyataan "import".

   *level* specifies whether to use absolute or relative imports.  The
   default is "-1" which indicates both absolute and relative imports
   will be attempted.  "0" means only perform absolute imports.
   Positive values for *level* indicate the number of parent
   directories to search relative to the directory of the module
   calling "__import__()".

   Ketika variabel *name* dalam bentuk "package.module", biasanya,
   paket tingkat atas (nama hingga titik pertama) dikembalikan, *not*
   modul dinamai dengan *name*. Namun, ketika argumen tidak-kosong
   *fromlist * diberikan, modul bernama oleh *name* dikembalikan.

   Sebagai contoh, pernyataan "import spam" menghasilkan bytecode yang
   menyerupai kode berikut:

      spam = __import__('spam', globals(), locals(), [], -1)

   Pernyataan "import spam.ham" menghasilkan panggilan ini:

      spam = __import__('spam.ham', globals(), locals(), [], -1)

   Perhatikan caranya "__import__()" mengembalikan modul tingkat atas
   di sini karena ini adalah objek yang terikat pada nama oleh
   pernyataan "import".

   Di sisi lain, pernyataan "from spam.ham import eggs, sausage as
   saus" menghasilkan

      _temp = __import__('spam.ham', globals(), locals(), ['eggs', 'sausage'], -1)
      eggs = _temp.eggs
      saus = _temp.sausage

   Di sini, modul "spam.ham" dikembalikan dari "__import__()". Dari
   objek ini, nama yang akan diimpor diambil dan diisikan ke nama
   masing-masing.

   Jika Anda hanya ingin mengimpor sebuah modul (berpotensi dalam
   suatu paket) dengan nama, gunakan "importlib.import_module()".

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: The level parameter was added.

   Berubah pada versi 2.5: Keyword support for parameters was added.


3. Non-essential Built-in Functions
***********************************

There are several built-in functions that are no longer essential to
learn, know or use in modern Python programming.  They have been kept
here to maintain backwards compatibility with programs written for
older versions of Python.

Python programmers, trainers, students and book writers should feel
free to bypass these functions without concerns about missing
something important.

apply(function, args[, keywords])

   The *function* argument must be a callable object (a user-defined
   or built-in function or method, or a class object) and the *args*
   argument must be a sequence.  The *function* is called with *args*
   as the argument list; the number of arguments is the length of the
   tuple. If the optional *keywords* argument is present, it must be a
   dictionary whose keys are strings.  It specifies keyword arguments
   to be added to the end of the argument list. Calling "apply()" is
   different from just calling "function(args)", since in that case
   there is always exactly one argument.  The use of "apply()" is
   equivalent to "function(*args, **keywords)".

   Ditinggalkan sejak versi 2.3: Use "function(*args, **keywords)"
   instead of "apply(function, args, keywords)" (see Pembukaan Paket
   Unpacking Daftar Argumen).

buffer(object[, offset[, size]])

   The *object* argument must be an object that supports the buffer
   call interface (such as strings, arrays, and buffers).  A new
   buffer object will be created which references the *object*
   argument. The buffer object will be a slice from the beginning of
   *object* (or from the specified *offset*). The slice will extend to
   the end of *object* (or will have a length given by the *size*
   argument).

coerce(x, y)

   Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to
   a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic
   operations. If coercion is not possible, raise "TypeError".

intern(string)

   Enter *string* in the table of "interned" strings and return the
   interned string -- which is *string* itself or a copy. Interning
   strings is useful to gain a little performance on dictionary lookup
   -- if the keys in a dictionary are interned, and the lookup key is
   interned, the key comparisons (after hashing) can be done by a
   pointer compare instead of a string compare.  Normally, the names
   used in Python programs are automatically interned, and the
   dictionaries used to hold module, class or instance attributes have
   interned keys.

   Berubah pada versi 2.3: Interned strings are not immortal (like
   they used to be in Python 2.2 and before); you must keep a
   reference to the return value of "intern()" around to benefit from
   it.

-[ Catatan kaki ]-

[1] It is used relatively rarely so does not warrant being made
    into a statement.

[2] Specifying a buffer size currently has no effect on systems
    that don't have "setvbuf()".  The interface to specify the buffer
    size is not done using a method that calls "setvbuf()", because
    that may dump core when called after any I/O has been performed,
    and there's no reliable way to determine whether this is the case.

[3] In the current implementation, local variable bindings cannot
    normally be affected this way, but variables retrieved from other
    scopes (such as modules) can be.  This may change.
