# `dis` --- Disassembler for Python bytecode

Code source : Lib/dis.py

La bibliothèque `dis` supporte l'analyse du bytecode CPython en le désassemblant. Le code intermédiaire CPython, que cette bibliothèque prend en paramètre, est défini dans le fichier `Include/opcode.h` et est utilisé par le compilateur et l'interpréteur.

Particularité de l'implémentation CPython : Le code intermédiaire est un détail d'implémentation de l'interpréteur CPython. Il n'y a pas de garantie que le code intermédiaire sera ajouté, retiré, ou modifié dans les différentes versions de Python. L'utilisation de cette bibliothèque ne fonctionne pas nécessairement sur les machines virtuelles Python ni les différentes versions de Python.

Modifié dans la version 3.6: Utilisez 2 bits pour chaque instruction. Avant, le nombre de bits variait par instruction.

Modifié dans la version 3.10: The argument of jump, exception handling and loop instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the byte offset.

Modifié dans la version 3.11: Some instructions are accompanied by one or more inline cache entries, which take the form of `CACHE` instructions. These instructions are hidden by default, but can be shown by passing `show_caches=True` to any `dis` utility. Furthermore, the interpreter now adapts the bytecode to specialize it for different runtime conditions. The adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing `adaptive=True`.

Modifié dans la version 3.12: The argument of a jump is the offset of the target instruction relative to the instruction that appears immediately after the jump instruction's `CACHE` entries.

As a consequence, the presence of the `CACHE` instructions is transparent for forward jumps but needs to be taken into account when reasoning about backward jumps.

Example: Given the function `myfunc()`:

    def myfunc(alist):
        return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of `myfunc()`:

    >>> dis.dis(myfunc)
      2           0 RESUME                   0

      3           2 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (NULL + len)
                 12 LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)
                 14 CALL                     1
                 22 RETURN_VALUE

(Le "2" est un numéro de ligne).

## Command-line interface

The `dis` module can be invoked as a script from the command line:

    python -m dis [-h] [infile]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help

  Display usage and exit.

If `infile` is specified, its disassembled code will be written to stdout. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code recieved from stdin.

## Analyse du code intermédiaire

Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

L'analyse de l'API code intermédiaire permet de rassembler des blocs de code en Python dans une classe `Bytecode`, qui permet un accès facile aux détails du code compilé.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

  Analyse le code intermédiaire correspondant à une fonction, un générateur, un générateur asynchrone, une coroutine, une méthode, une chaîne de caractères du code source, ou bien une classe (comme retourne la fonction `compile()`).

  Ceci est wrapper sur plusieurs fonctions de la liste ci-dessous, notamment `get_instructions()`, étant donné qu'une itération sur une instance de la classe `Bytecode` rend les opérations du code intermédiaire des instances de `Instruction`.

  Si first_line ne vaut pas `None`, elle indique le nombre de la ligne qui doit être considérée comme première ligne source dans le code désassemblé. Autrement, les informations sur la ligne source sont prises directement à partir de la classe du code désassemblé.

  Si la valeur de current_offset est différente de `None`, c'est une référence à un offset d'une instruction dans le code désassemblé. Cela veut dire que `dis()` va générer un marqueur de " l'instruction en cours" contre le code d'opération donné.

  If show_caches is `True`, `dis()` will display inline cache entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

  If adaptive is `True`, `dis()` will display specialized bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

  classmethod from_traceback(tb, *, show_caches=False)

    Construisez une instance `Bytecode` à partir de la trace d'appel, en mettant current_offet à l'instruction responsable de l'exception.

  codeobj

    Le code compilé objet.

  first_line

    La première ligne source du code objet (si disponible)

  dis()

    Retourne une vue formatée des opérations du code intermédiaire (la même que celle envoyée par `dis.dis()`, mais comme une chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes ).

  info()

    Retourne une chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes formatée avec des informations détaillées sur l'objet code comme `code_info()`.

  Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et les objets générateurs asynchrones.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

Example:

    >>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
    >>> for instr in bytecode:
    ...     print(instr.opname)
    ...
    RESUME
    LOAD_GLOBAL
    LOAD_FAST
    CALL
    RETURN_VALUE

## Analyse de fonctions

La bibliothèque `dis` comprend également l'analyse des fonctions suivantes, qui envoient l'entrée directement à la sortie souhaitée. Elles peuvent être utiles si il n'y a qu'une seule opération à effectuer, la représentation intermédiaire objet n'étant donc pas utile dans ce cas :

dis.code_info(x)

  Retourne une chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes formatée avec des informations détaillées sur l'objet code pour les fonctions données, les générateurs asynchrone, coroutine, la méthode, la chaine de caractères du code source ou objet.

  Il est à noter que le contenu exact des chaînes de caractères figurant dans les informations du code dépendent fortement sur l'implémentation, et peuvent changer arbitrairement sous machines virtuelles Python ou les versions de Python.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.2.

  Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et les objets générateurs asynchrones.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)

  Affiche des informations détaillées sur le code de la fonction fournie, la méthode, la chaîne de caractère du code source ou du code objet à file (ou bien `sys.stdout` si file n'est pas spécifié).

  Ceci est un raccourci convenable de `print(code_info(x), file=file)`, principalement fait pour l'exploration interactive sur l'invite de l'interpréteur.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.2.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre file.

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

  Disassemble the x object. x can denote either a module, a class, a method, a function, a generator, an asynchronous generator, a coroutine, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class, it disassembles all methods (including class and static methods). For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode, it prints one line per bytecode instruction. It also recursively disassembles nested code objects. These can include generator expressions, nested functions, the bodies of nested classes, and the code objects used for annotation scopes. Strings are first compiled to code objects with the `compile()` built-in function before being disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last traceback.

  Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du fichier file si il est fourni, et à `sys.stdout` sinon.

  La profondeur maximale de récursion est limitée par depth sauf si elle correspond à `None`. `depth=0` indique qu'il n'y a pas de récursion.

  If show_caches is `True`, this function will display inline cache entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

  If adaptive is `True`, this function will display specialized bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre file.

  Modifié dans la version 3.7: Le désassemblage récursif a été implémenté, et le paramètre depth a été ajouté.

  Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et les objets générateurs asynchrones.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

  Désassemble la fonction du haut de la pile des traces d'appels, en utilisant la dernière trace d'appels si rien n'a été envoyé. L'instruction à l'origine de l'exception est indiquée.

  Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du fichier file si il est fourni, et à `sys.stdout` sinon.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre file.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)
dis.disco(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

  Désassemble un code objet, en indiquant la dernière instruction si lasti est fournie. La sortie est répartie sur les colonnes suivantes :

  1. le numéro de ligne, pour la première instruction de chaque ligne

  2. l'instruction en cours, indiquée par `-->`,

  3. une instruction libellée, indiquée par `> >`,

  4. l'adresse de l'instruction,

  5. le nom de le code d'opération,

  6. paramètres de l'opération, et

  7. interprétation des paramètres entre parenthèses.

  L'interprétation du paramètre reconnaît les noms des variables locales et globales, des valeurs constantes, des branchements cibles, et des opérateurs de comparaison.

  Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du fichier file si il est fourni, et à `sys.stdout` sinon.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre file.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

  Retourne un itérateur sur les instructions dans la fonction fournie, la méthode, les chaînes de caractères du code source ou objet.

  Cet itérateur génère une série de n-uplets de `Instruction` qui donnent les détails de chacune des opérations dans le code fourni.

  Si first_line ne vaut pas `None`, elle indique le nombre de la ligne qui doit être considérée comme première ligne source dans le code désassemblé. Autrement, les informations sur la ligne source sont prises directement à partir de la classe du code désassemblé.

  The show_caches and adaptive parameters work as they do in `dis()`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the show_caches and adaptive parameters.

dis.findlinestarts(code)

  This generator function uses the `co_lines()` method of the code object code to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the source code. They are generated as `(offset, lineno)` pairs.

  Modifié dans la version 3.6: Les numéros de lignes peuvent être décroissants. Avant, ils étaient toujours croissants.

  Modifié dans la version 3.10: The PEP 626 `co_lines()` method is used instead of the `co_firstlineno` and `co_lnotab` attributes of the code object.

dis.findlabels(code)

  Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string code which are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)

  Compute the stack effect of opcode with argument oparg.

  If the code has a jump target and jump is `True`, `stack_effect()` will return the stack effect of jumping. If jump is `False`, it will return the stack effect of not jumping. And if jump is `None` (default), it will return the maximal stack effect of both cases.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

  Modifié dans la version 3.8: Added jump parameter.

## Les instructions du code intermédiaire en Python

La fonction `get_instructions()` et la méthode `Bytecode` fournit des détails sur le code intermédiaire des instructions comme `Instruction` instances :

class dis.Instruction

  Détails sur le code intermédiaire de l'opération

  opcode

    code numérique pour l'opération, correspondant aux valeurs de l'opcode ci-dessous et les valeurs du code intermédiaire dans la Opcode collections.

  opname

    nom lisible/compréhensible de l'opération

  arg

    le cas échéant, argument numérique de l'opération sinon `None`

  argval

    resolved arg value (if any), otherwise `None`

  argrepr

    human readable description of operation argument (if any), otherwise an empty string.

  offset

    start index of operation within bytecode sequence

  starts_line

    line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise `None`

  is_jump_target

    `True` if other code jumps to here, otherwise `False`

  positions

    `dis.Positions` object holding the start and end locations that are covered by this instruction.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Field `positions` is added.

class dis.Positions

  In case the information is not available, some fields might be `None`.

  lineno
  end_lineno
  col_offset
  end_col_offset

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.

General instructions

In the following, We will refer to the interpreter stack as `STACK` and describe operations on it as if it was a Python list. The top of the stack corresponds to `STACK[-1]` in this language.

NOP

  Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer, and to generate line tracing events.

POP_TOP

  Removes the top-of-stack item:

      STACK.pop()

END_FOR

  Removes the top two values from the stack. Equivalent to `POP_TOP`; `POP_TOP`. Used to clean up at the end of loops, hence the name.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

END_SEND

  Implements `del STACK[-2]`. Used to clean up when a generator exits.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

COPY(i)

  Push the i-th item to the top of the stack without removing it from its original location:

      assert i > 0
      STACK.append(STACK[-i])

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

SWAP(i)

  Swap the top of the stack with the i-th element:

      STACK[-i], STACK[-1] = STACK[-1], STACK[-i]

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

CACHE

  Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to mark extra space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly in the bytecode itself. It is automatically hidden by all `dis` utilities, but can be viewed with `show_caches=True`.

  Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many opcodes expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and will instruct the interpreter to skip over them at runtime.

  Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great care should be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive bytecode containing quickened data.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

Unary operations

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_NEGATIVE

  Implements `STACK[-1] = -STACK[-1]`.

UNARY_NOT

  Implements `STACK[-1] = not STACK[-1]`.

UNARY_INVERT

  Implements `STACK[-1] = ~STACK[-1]`.

GET_ITER

  Implements `STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1])`.

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER

  If `STACK[-1]` is a generator iterator or coroutine object it is left as is. Otherwise, implements `STACK[-1] = iter(STACK[-1])`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

Binary and in-place operations

Binary operations remove the top two items from the stack (`STACK[-1]` and `STACK[-2]`). They perform the operation, then put the result back on the stack.

In-place operations are like binary operations, but the operation is done in-place when `STACK[-2]` supports it, and the resulting `STACK[-1]` may be (but does not have to be) the original `STACK[-2]`.

BINARY_OP(op)

  Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the value of op):

      rhs = STACK.pop()
      lhs = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(lhs op rhs)

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

BINARY_SUBSCR

  Implements:

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(container[key])

STORE_SUBSCR

  Implements:

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      container[key] = value

DELETE_SUBSCR

  Implements:

      key = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      del container[key]

BINARY_SLICE

  Implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(container[start:end])

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

STORE_SLICE

  Implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      container = STACK.pop()
      values = STACK.pop()
      container[start:end] = value

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

Coroutine opcodes

GET_AWAITABLE(where)

  Implements `STACK[-1] = get_awaitable(STACK[-1])`, where `get_awaitable(o)` returns `o` if `o` is a coroutine object or a generator object with the `CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE` flag, or resolves `o.__await__`.

  > If the `where` operand is nonzero, it indicates where the instruction occurs:

  > - `1`: After a call to `__aenter__`

  > - `2`: After a call to `__aexit__`

  Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction did not have an oparg.

GET_AITER

  Implements `STACK[-1] = STACK[-1].__aiter__()`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

  Modifié dans la version 3.7: Returning awaitable objects from `__aiter__` is no longer supported.

GET_ANEXT

  Implement `STACK.append(get_awaitable(STACK[-1].__anext__()))` to the stack. See `GET_AWAITABLE` for details about `get_awaitable`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

END_ASYNC_FOR

  Terminates an `async for` loop. Handles an exception raised when awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in `STACK[-2]` and the raised exception in `STACK[-1]`. Both are popped. If the exception is not `StopAsyncIteration`, it is re-raised.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.8.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

CLEANUP_THROW

  Handles an exception raised during a `throw()` or `close()` call through the current frame. If `STACK[-1]` is an instance of `StopIteration`, pop three values from the stack and push its `value` member. Otherwise, re-raise `STACK[-1]`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH

  Resolves `__aenter__` and `__aexit__` from `STACK[-1]`. Pushes `__aexit__` and result of `__aenter__()` to the stack:

      STACK.extend((__aexit__, __aenter__())

  Ajouté dans la version 3.5.

Miscellaneous opcodes

SET_ADD(i)

  Implements:

      item = STACK.pop()
      set.add(STACK[-i], item)

  Used to implement set comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)

  Implements:

      item = STACK.pop()
      list.append(STACK[-i], item)

  Used to implement list comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)

  Implements:

      value = STACK.pop()
      key = STACK.pop()
      dict.__setitem__(STACK[-i], key, value)

  Used to implement dict comprehensions.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.1.

  Modifié dans la version 3.8: Map value is `STACK[-1]` and map key is `STACK[-2]`. Before, those were reversed.

For all of the `SET_ADD`, `LIST_APPEND` and `MAP_ADD` instructions, while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container object remains on the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE

  Returns with `STACK[-1]` to the caller of the function.

RETURN_CONST(consti)

  Returns with `co_consts[consti]` to the caller of the function.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

YIELD_VALUE

  Yields `STACK.pop()` from a generator.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: oparg set to be the stack depth.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: oparg set to be the exception block depth, for efficient closing of generators.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS

  Checks whether `__annotations__` is defined in `locals()`, if not it is set up to an empty `dict`. This opcode is only emitted if a class or module body contains variable annotations statically.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.6.

POP_EXCEPT

  Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception state.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

RERAISE

  Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is non-zero, pops an additional value from the stack which is used to set `f_lasti` of the current frame.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

PUSH_EXC_INFO

  Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the top of the stack. Pushes the value originally popped back to the stack. Used in exception handlers.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

CHECK_EXC_MATCH

  Performs exception matching for `except`. Tests whether the `STACK[-2]` is an exception matching `STACK[-1]`. Pops `STACK[-1]` and pushes the boolean result of the test.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

CHECK_EG_MATCH

  Performs exception matching for `except*`. Applies `split(STACK[-1])` on the exception group representing `STACK[-2]`.

  In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the non-matching subgroup (`None` in case of full match) followed by the matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the match type) and pushes `None`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

WITH_EXCEPT_START

  Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type, val, tb) representing the exception at the top of the stack. Used to implement the call `context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())` when an exception has occurred in a `with` statement.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: The `__exit__` function is in position 4 of the stack rather than 7. Exception representation on the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR

  Pushes `AssertionError` onto the stack. Used by the `assert` statement.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS

  Pushes `builtins.__build_class__()` onto the stack. It is later called to construct a class.

BEFORE_WITH

  This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First, it loads `__exit__()` from the context manager and pushes it onto the stack for later use by `WITH_EXCEPT_START`. Then, `__enter__()` is called. Finally, the result of calling the `__enter__()` method is pushed onto the stack.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

GET_LEN

  Perform `STACK.append(len(STACK[-1]))`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_MAPPING

  If `STACK[-1]` is an instance of `collections.abc.Mapping` (or, more technically: if it has the `Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING` flag set in its `tp_flags`), push `True` onto the stack. Otherwise, push `False`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_SEQUENCE

  If `STACK[-1]` is an instance of `collections.abc.Sequence` and is not an instance of `str`/`bytes`/`bytearray` (or, more technically: if it has the `Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE` flag set in its `tp_flags`), push `True` onto the stack. Otherwise, push `False`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_KEYS

  `STACK[-1]` is a tuple of mapping keys, and `STACK[-2]` is the match subject. If `STACK[-2]` contains all of the keys in `STACK[-1]`, push a `tuple` containing the corresponding values. Otherwise, push `None`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating success (`True`) or failure (`False`).

STORE_NAME(namei)

  Implements `name = STACK.pop()`. namei is the index of name in the attribute `co_names` of the code object. The compiler tries to use `STORE_FAST` or `STORE_GLOBAL` if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)

  Implements `del name`, where namei is the index into `co_names` attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)

  Unpacks `STACK[-1]` into count individual values, which are put onto the stack right-to-left. Require there to be exactly count values.:

      assert(len(STACK[-1]) == count)
      STACK.extend(STACK.pop()[:-count-1:-1])

UNPACK_EX(counts)

  Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in `STACK[-1]` into individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one of the new values will be a list of all leftover items.

  The number of values before and after the list value is limited to 255.

  The number of values before the list value is encoded in the argument of the opcode. The number of values after the list if any is encoded using an `EXTENDED_ARG`. As a consequence, the argument can be seen as a two bytes values where the low byte of counts is the number of values before the list value, the high byte of counts the number of values after it.

  The extracted values are put onto the stack right-to-left, i.e. `a, *b, c = d` will be stored after execution as `STACK.extend((a, b, c))`.

STORE_ATTR(namei)

  Implements:

      obj = STACK.pop()
      value = STACK.pop()
      obj.name = value

  where namei is the index of name in `co_names` of the code object.

DELETE_ATTR(namei)

  Implements:

      obj = STACK.pop()
      del obj.name

  where namei is the index of name into `co_names` of the code object.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)

  Works as `STORE_NAME`, but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)

  Works as `DELETE_NAME`, but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST(consti)

  Pushes `co_consts[consti]` onto the stack.

LOAD_NAME(namei)

  Pushes the value associated with `co_names[namei]` onto the stack. The name is looked up within the locals, then the globals, then the builtins.

LOAD_LOCALS

  Pushes a reference to the locals dictionary onto the stack. This is used to prepare namespace dictionaries for `LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF` and `LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_GLOBALS(i)

  Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the value for `co_names[namei]`. If the name is not found there, looks it up in the globals and then the builtins, similar to `LOAD_GLOBAL`. This is used for loading global variables in annotation scopes within class bodies.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)

  Creates a tuple consuming count items from the stack, and pushes the resulting tuple onto the stack.:

      assert count > 0
      STACK, values = STACK[:-count], STACK[-count:]
      STACK.append(tuple(values))

BUILD_LIST(count)

  Works as `BUILD_TUPLE`, but creates a list.

BUILD_SET(count)

  Works as `BUILD_TUPLE`, but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP(count)

  Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. Pops `2 * count` items so that the dictionary holds count entries: `{..., STACK[-4]: STACK[-3], STACK[-2]: STACK[-1]}`.

  Modifié dans la version 3.5: The dictionary is created from stack items instead of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold count items.

BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(count)

  The version of `BUILD_MAP` specialized for constant keys. Pops the top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then starting from `STACK[-2]`, pops count values to form values in the built dictionary.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.6.

BUILD_STRING(count)

  Concatenates count strings from the stack and pushes the resulting string onto the stack.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.6.

LIST_EXTEND(i)

  Implements:

      seq = STACK.pop()
      list.extend(STACK[-i], seq)

  Used to build lists.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

SET_UPDATE(i)

  Implements:

      seq = STACK.pop()
      set.update(STACK[-i], seq)

  Used to build sets.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

DICT_UPDATE(i)

  Implements:

      map = STACK.pop()
      dict.update(STACK[-i], map)

  Used to build dicts.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

DICT_MERGE(i)

  Like `DICT_UPDATE` but raises an exception for duplicate keys.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)

  If the low bit of `namei` is not set, this replaces `STACK[-1]` with `getattr(STACK[-1], co_names[namei>>1])`.

  If the low bit of `namei` is set, this will attempt to load a method named `co_names[namei>>1]` from the `STACK[-1]` object. `STACK[-1]` is popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if `STACK[-1]` has a method with the correct name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and `STACK[-1]`. `STACK[-1]` will be used as the first argument (`self`) by `CALL` when calling the unbound method. Otherwise, `NULL` and the object returned by the attribute lookup are pushed.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: If the low bit of `namei` is set, then a `NULL` or `self` is pushed to the stack before the attribute or unbound method respectively.

LOAD_SUPER_ATTR(namei)

  This opcode implements `super()`, both in its zero-argument and two-argument forms (e.g. `super().method()`, `super().attr` and `super(cls, self).method()`, `super(cls, self).attr`).

  It pops three values from the stack (from top of stack down): - `self`: the first argument to the current method - `cls`: the class within which the current method was defined - the global `super`

  With respect to its argument, it works similarly to `LOAD_ATTR`, except that `namei` is shifted left by 2 bits instead of 1.

  The low bit of `namei` signals to attempt a method load, as with `LOAD_ATTR`, which results in pushing `NULL` and the loaded method. When it is unset a single value is pushed to the stack.

  The second-low bit of `namei`, if set, means that this was a two-argument call to `super()` (unset means zero-argument).

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

COMPARE_OP(opname)

  Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in `cmp_op[opname]`.

IS_OP(invert)

  Performs `is` comparison, or `is not` if `invert` is 1.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)

  Performs `in` comparison, or `not in` if `invert` is 1.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.9.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)

  Imports the module `co_names[namei]`. `STACK[-1]` and `STACK[-2]` are popped and provide the fromlist and level arguments of `__import__()`. The module object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent `STORE_FAST` instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)

  Loads the attribute `co_names[namei]` from the module found in `STACK[-1]`. The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a `STORE_FAST` instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)

  Increments bytecode counter by delta.

JUMP_BACKWARD(delta)

  Decrements bytecode counter by delta. Checks for interrupts.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT(delta)

  Decrements bytecode counter by delta. Does not check for interrupts.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE(delta)

  If `STACK[-1]` is true, increments the bytecode counter by delta. `STACK[-1]` is popped.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE(delta)

  If `STACK[-1]` is false, increments the bytecode counter by delta. `STACK[-1]` is popped.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta rather than an absolute target. This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)

  If `STACK[-1]` is not `None`, increments the bytecode counter by delta. `STACK[-1]` is popped.

  This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

POP_JUMP_IF_NONE(delta)

  If `STACK[-1]` is `None`, increments the bytecode counter by delta. `STACK[-1]` is popped.

  This opcode is a pseudo-instruction, replaced in final bytecode by the directed versions (forward/backward).

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: This is no longer a pseudo-instruction.

FOR_ITER(delta)

  `STACK[-1]` is an iterator. Call its `__next__()` method. If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted then the byte code counter is incremented by delta.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: Up until 3.11 the iterator was popped when it was exhausted.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)

  Loads the global named `co_names[namei>>1]` onto the stack.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: If the low bit of `namei` is set, then a `NULL` is pushed to the stack before the global variable.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)

  Pushes a reference to the local `co_varnames[var_num]` onto the stack.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: This opcode is now only used in situations where the local variable is guaranteed to be initialized. It cannot raise `UnboundLocalError`.

LOAD_FAST_CHECK(var_num)

  Pushes a reference to the local `co_varnames[var_num]` onto the stack, raising an `UnboundLocalError` if the local variable has not been initialized.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

LOAD_FAST_AND_CLEAR(var_num)

  Pushes a reference to the local `co_varnames[var_num]` onto the stack (or pushes `NULL` onto the stack if the local variable has not been initialized) and sets `co_varnames[var_num]` to `NULL`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

STORE_FAST(var_num)

  Stores `STACK.pop()` into the local `co_varnames[var_num]`.

DELETE_FAST(var_num)

  Deletes local `co_varnames[var_num]`.

MAKE_CELL(i)

  Creates a new cell in slot `i`. If that slot is nonempty then that value is stored into the new cell.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)

  Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot `i` of the "fast locals" storage. The name of the variable is `co_fastlocalnames[i]`.

  Note that `LOAD_CLOSURE` is effectively an alias for `LOAD_FAST`. It exists to keep bytecode a little more readable.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: `i` is no longer offset by the length of `co_varnames`.

LOAD_DEREF(i)

  Loads the cell contained in slot `i` of the "fast locals" storage. Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: `i` is no longer offset by the length of `co_varnames`.

LOAD_FROM_DICT_OR_DEREF(i)

  Pops a mapping off the stack and looks up the name associated with slot `i` of the "fast locals" storage in this mapping. If the name is not found there, loads it from the cell contained in slot `i`, similar to `LOAD_DEREF`. This is used for loading free variables in class bodies (which previously used `LOAD_CLASSDEREF`) and in annotation scopes within class bodies.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

STORE_DEREF(i)

  Stores `STACK.pop()` into the cell contained in slot `i` of the "fast locals" storage.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: `i` is no longer offset by the length of `co_varnames`.

DELETE_DEREF(i)

  Empties the cell contained in slot `i` of the "fast locals" storage. Used by the `del` statement.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.2.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: `i` is no longer offset by the length of `co_varnames`.

COPY_FREE_VARS(n)

  Copies the `n` free variables from the closure into the frame. Removes the need for special code on the caller's side when calling closures.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)

  Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the `raise` statement, depending on the value of argc:

  - 0: `raise` (re-raise previous exception)

  - 1: `raise STACK[-1]` (raise exception instance or type at `STACK[-1]`)

  - 2: `raise STACK[-2] from STACK[-1]` (raise exception instance or type at `STACK[-2]` with `__cause__` set to `STACK[-1]`)

CALL(argc)

  Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by `argc`, including the named arguments specified by the preceding `KW_NAMES`, if any. On the stack are (in ascending order), either:

  - NULL

  - The callable

  - The positional arguments

  - The named arguments

  or:

  - The callable

  - `self`

  - The remaining positional arguments

  - The named arguments

  `argc` is the total of the positional and named arguments, excluding `self` when a `NULL` is not present.

  `CALL` pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)

  Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword arguments. If the lowest bit of flags is set, the top of the stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and iterable object are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as keyword and positional arguments respectively. `CALL_FUNCTION_EX` pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value returned by the callable object.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.6.

PUSH_NULL

  Pushes a `NULL` to the stack. Used in the call sequence to match the `NULL` pushed by `LOAD_METHOD` for non-method calls.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

KW_NAMES(consti)

  Prefixes `CALL`. Stores a reference to `co_consts[consti]` into an internal variable for use by `CALL`. `co_consts[consti]` must be a tuple of strings.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

MAKE_FUNCTION(flags)

  Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed stack must consist of values if the argument carries a specified flag value

  - `0x01` a tuple of default values for positional-only and positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

  - `0x02` a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

  - `0x04` a tuple of strings containing parameters' annotations

  - `0x08` a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a closure

  - the code associated with the function (at `STACK[-1]`)

  Modifié dans la version 3.10: Flag value `0x04` is a tuple of strings instead of dictionary

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Qualified name at `STACK[-1]` was removed.

BUILD_SLICE(argc)

  Pushes a slice object on the stack. argc must be 2 or 3. If it is 2, implements:

      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, stop))

  if it is 3, implements:

      step = STACK.pop()
      end = STACK.pop()
      start = STACK.pop()
      STACK.append(slice(start, end, step))

  See the `slice()` built-in function for more information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)

  Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default one byte. ext holds an additional byte which act as higher bits in the argument. For each opcode, at most three prefixal `EXTENDED_ARG` are allowed, forming an argument from two-byte to four-byte.

FORMAT_VALUE(flags)

  Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings). Pops an optional fmt_spec from the stack, then a required value. flags is interpreted as follows:

  - `(flags & 0x03) == 0x00`: value is formatted as-is.

  - `(flags & 0x03) == 0x01`: call `str()` on value before formatting it.

  - `(flags & 0x03) == 0x02`: call `repr()` on value before formatting it.

  - `(flags & 0x03) == 0x03`: call `ascii()` on value before formatting it.

  - `(flags & 0x04) == 0x04`: pop fmt_spec from the stack and use it, else use an empty fmt_spec.

  Formatting is performed using `PyObject_Format()`. The result is pushed on the stack.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.6.

MATCH_CLASS(count)

  `STACK[-1]` is a tuple of keyword attribute names, `STACK[-2]` is the class being matched against, and `STACK[-3]` is the match subject. count is the number of positional sub-patterns.

  Pop `STACK[-1]`, `STACK[-2]`, and `STACK[-3]`. If `STACK[-3]` is an instance of `STACK[-2]` and has the positional and keyword attributes required by count and `STACK[-1]`, push a tuple of extracted attributes. Otherwise, push `None`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

  Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction also pushed a boolean value indicating success (`True`) or failure (`False`).

RESUME(where)

  A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization checks.

  The `where` operand marks where the `RESUME` occurs:

  - `0` The start of a function, which is neither a generator, coroutine nor an async generator

  - `1` After a `yield` expression

  - `2` After a `yield from` expression

  - `3` After an `await` expression

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

RETURN_GENERATOR

  Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current frame. Used as first opcode of in code object for the above mentioned callables. Clear the current frame and return the newly created generator.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

SEND(delta)

  Equivalent to `STACK[-1] = STACK[-2].send(STACK[-1])`. Used in `yield from` and `await` statements.

  If the call raises `StopIteration`, pop the top value from the stack, push the exception's `value` attribute, and increment the bytecode counter by delta.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.11.

HAVE_ARGUMENT

  This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes in the range [0,255] which don't use their argument and those that do (`< HAVE_ARGUMENT` and `>= HAVE_ARGUMENT`, respectively).

  If your application uses pseudo instructions, use the `hasarg` collection instead.

  Modifié dans la version 3.6: Now every instruction has an argument, but opcodes `< HAVE_ARGUMENT` ignore it. Before, only opcodes `>= HAVE_ARGUMENT` had an argument.

  Modifié dans la version 3.12: Pseudo instructions were added to the `dis` module, and for them it is not true that comparison with `HAVE_ARGUMENT` indicates whether they use their arg.

CALL_INTRINSIC_1

  Calls an intrinsic function with one argument. Passes `STACK[-1]` as the argument and sets `STACK[-1]` to the result. Used to implement functionality that is not performance critical.

  The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

  Operand | Description
  --- | ---
  `INTRINSIC_1_INVALID` | Not valid
  `INTRINSIC_PRINT` | Prints the argument to standard out. Used in the REPL.
  `INTRINSIC_IMPORT_STAR` | Performs `import *` for the named module.
  `INTRINSIC_STOPITERATION_ERROR` | Extracts the return value from a `StopIteration` exception.
  `INTRINSIC_ASYNC_GEN_WRAP` | Wraps an async generator value
  `INTRINSIC_UNARY_POSITIVE` | Performs the unary `+` operation
  `INTRINSIC_LIST_TO_TUPLE` | Converts a list to a tuple
  `INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR` | Creates a `typing.TypeVar`
  `INTRINSIC_PARAMSPEC` | Creates a `typing.ParamSpec`
  `INTRINSIC_TYPEVARTUPLE` | Creates a `typing.TypeVarTuple`
  `INTRINSIC_SUBSCRIPT_GENERIC` | Returns `typing.Generic` subscripted with the argument
  `INTRINSIC_TYPEALIAS` | Creates a `typing.TypeAliasType`; used in the `type` statement. The argument is a tuple of the type alias's name, type parameters, and value.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

CALL_INTRINSIC_2

  Calls an intrinsic function with two arguments. Used to implement functionality that is not performance critical:

      arg2 = STACK.pop()
      arg1 = STACK.pop()
      result = intrinsic2(arg1, arg2)
      STACK.push(result)

  The operand determines which intrinsic function is called:

  Operand | Description
  --- | ---
  `INTRINSIC_2_INVALID` | Not valid
  `INTRINSIC_PREP_RERAISE_STAR` | Calculates the `ExceptionGroup` to raise from a `try-except*`.
  `INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_BOUND` | Creates a `typing.TypeVar` with a bound.
  `INTRINSIC_TYPEVAR_WITH_CONSTRAINTS` | Creates a `typing.TypeVar` with constraints.
  `INTRINSIC_SET_FUNCTION_TYPE_PARAMS` | Sets the `__type_params__` attribute of a function.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

Pseudo-instructions

These opcodes do not appear in Python bytecode. They are used by the compiler but are replaced by real opcodes or removed before bytecode is generated.

SETUP_FINALLY(target)

  Set up an exception handler for the following code block. If an exception occurs, the value stack level is restored to its current state and control is transferred to the exception handler at `target`.

SETUP_CLEANUP(target)

  Like `SETUP_FINALLY`, but in case of an exception also pushes the last instruction (`lasti`) to the stack so that `RERAISE` can restore it. If an exception occurs, the value stack level and the last instruction on the frame are restored to their current state, and control is transferred to the exception handler at `target`.

SETUP_WITH(target)

  Like `SETUP_CLEANUP`, but in case of an exception one more item is popped from the stack before control is transferred to the exception handler at `target`.

  This variant is used in `with` and `async with` constructs, which push the return value of the context manager's `__enter__()` or `__aenter__()` to the stack.

POP_BLOCK

  Marks the end of the code block associated with the last `SETUP_FINALLY`, `SETUP_CLEANUP` or `SETUP_WITH`.

JUMP

JUMP_NO_INTERRUPT

  Undirected relative jump instructions which are replaced by their directed (forward/backward) counterparts by the assembler.

LOAD_METHOD

  Optimized unbound method lookup. Emitted as a `LOAD_ATTR` opcode with a flag set in the arg.

## Opcode collections

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode instructions:

Modifié dans la version 3.12: The collections now contain pseudo instructions and instrumented instructions as well. These are opcodes with values `>= MIN_PSEUDO_OPCODE` and `>= MIN_INSTRUMENTED_OPCODE`.

dis.opname

  Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis.opmap

  Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis.cmp_op

  Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis.hasarg

  Sequence of bytecodes that use their argument.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

dis.hasconst

  Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis.hasfree

  Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable. 'free' in this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope. It does not include references to global or builtin scopes.

dis.hasname

  Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis.hasjrel

  Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

dis.hasjabs

  Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

dis.haslocal

  Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis.hascompare

  Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.

dis.hasexc

  Sequence of bytecodes that set an exception handler.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.