# Protocole Objet

PyObject *Py_GetConstant(unsigned int constant_id)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Get a strong reference to a constant.

  Set an exception and return `NULL` if constant_id is invalid.

  constant_id must be one of these constant identifiers:

  Constant Identifier | Value | Returned object
  --- | --- | ---

  Py_CONSTANT_NONE

  `0`

  `None`

  Py_CONSTANT_FALSE

  `1`

  `False`

  Py_CONSTANT_TRUE

  `2`

  `True`

  Py_CONSTANT_ELLIPSIS

  `3`

  `Ellipsis`

  Py_CONSTANT_NOT_IMPLEMENTED

  `4`

  `NotImplemented`

  Py_CONSTANT_ZERO

  `5`

  `0`

  Py_CONSTANT_ONE

  `6`

  `1`

  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR

  `7`

  `''`

  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_BYTES

  `8`

  `b''`

  Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_TUPLE

  `9`

  `()`

  Numeric values are only given for projects which cannot use the constant identifiers.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

  Particularité de l'implémentation CPython : In CPython, all of these constants are immortal.

PyObject *Py_GetConstantBorrowed(unsigned int constant_id)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Similar to `Py_GetConstant()`, but return a borrowed reference.

  This function is primarily intended for backwards compatibility: using `Py_GetConstant()` is recommended for new code.

  The reference is borrowed from the interpreter, and is valid until the interpreter finalization.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

PyObject *Py_NotImplemented

  Le singleton `NotImplemented`, utilisé pour signaler qu'une opération n'est pas implémentée pour la combinaison de types en question.

Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED

  Properly handle returning `Py_NotImplemented` from within a C function (that is, create a new strong reference to `NotImplemented` and return it).

Py_PRINT_RAW

  Flag to be used with multiple functions that print the object (like `PyObject_Print()` and `PyFile_WriteObject()`). If passed, these function would use the `str()` of the object instead of the `repr()`.

int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags)

  Print an object o, on file fp. Returns `-1` on error. The flags argument is used to enable certain printing options. The only option currently supported is `Py_PRINT_RAW`; if given, the `str()` of the object is written instead of the `repr()`.

int PyObject_HasAttrWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Returns `1` if o has the attribute attr_name, and `0` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `hasattr(o, attr_name)`. On failure, return `-1`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_HasAttrWithError()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Returns `1` if o has the attribute attr_name, and `0` otherwise. This function always succeeds.

  Note

  Exceptions that occur when this calls `__getattr__()` and `__getattribute__()` methods are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use `PyObject_HasAttrWithError()`, `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()` or `PyObject_GetAttr()` instead.

int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  This is the same as `PyObject_HasAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Note

  Exceptions that occur when this calls `__getattr__()` and `__getattribute__()` methods or while creating the temporary `str` object are silently ignored. For proper error handling, use `PyObject_HasAttrStringWithError()`, `PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()` or `PyObject_GetAttrString()` instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retrieve an attribute named attr_name from object o. Returns the attribute value on success, or `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o.attr_name`.

  If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()` instead.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  This is the same as `PyObject_GetAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  If the missing attribute should not be treated as a failure, you can use `PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString()` instead.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(PyObject *obj, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject **result);
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Variant of `PyObject_GetAttr()` which doesn't raise `AttributeError` if the attribute is not found.

  If the attribute is found, return `1` and set *result to a new strong reference to the attribute. If the attribute is not found, return `0` and set *result to `NULL`; the `AttributeError` is silenced. If an error other than `AttributeError` is raised, return `-1` and set *result to `NULL`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

int PyObject_GetOptionalAttrString(PyObject *obj, const char *attr_name, PyObject **result);
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_GetOptionalAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Accesseur d'attribut générique destiné à être mis dans le slot `tp_getattro` d'un objet type. Recherche un descripteur dans le dictionnaire de classes du MRO de l'objet ainsi qu'un attribut dans le `__dict__` de l'objet (si présent). Comme défini dans Implémentation de descripteurs, les descripteurs de données sont prioritaires sur les attributs d'instance, contrairement aux autres descripteurs. Sinon, une `AttributeError` est levée.

int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Définit la valeur de l'attribut nommé attr_name, pour l'objet o, à la valeur v. Lève une exception et renvoie `-1` en cas d'échec ; renvoie `0` en cas de succès. Ceci est équivalent à l'instruction Python `o.attr_name = v`.

  If v is `NULL`, the attribute is deleted. This behaviour is deprecated in favour of using `PyObject_DelAttr()`, but there are currently no plans to remove it.

int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name, PyObject *v)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  This is the same as `PyObject_SetAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  If v is `NULL`, the attribute is deleted, but this feature is deprecated in favour of using `PyObject_DelAttrString()`.

  The number of different attribute names passed to this function should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated string as attr_name. For attribute names that aren't known at compile time, prefer calling `PyUnicode_FromString()` and `PyObject_SetAttr()` directly. For more details, see `PyUnicode_InternFromString()`, which may be used internally to create a key object.

int PyObject_GenericSetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Accesseur et suppresseur générique d'attributs qui est fait pour être mis dans le `tp_setattro` d'un objet type. Il cherche un descripteur de données dans le dictionnaire de classes dans le MRO de l'objet et, si ce descripteur est trouvé, c'est lui qui est utilisé de préférence pour la suppression et la définition de l'attribut dans le dictionnaire d'instance. Sinon, l'attribut est défini ou supprimé dans le `__dict__` de l'objet (si présent). En cas de succès, `0` est renvoyé, sinon une `AttributeError` est levée et `-1` est renvoyé.

int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Supprime l'attribut nommé attr_name, pour l'objet o. Renvoie `-1` en cas d'échec. Ceci est l'équivalent de l'expression Python `del o.attr_name`.

int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, const char *attr_name)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  This is the same as `PyObject_DelAttr()`, but attr_name is specified as a const char* UTF-8 encoded bytes string, rather than a PyObject*.

  The number of different attribute names passed to this function should be kept small, usually by using a statically allocated string as attr_name. For attribute names that aren't known at compile time, prefer calling `PyUnicode_FromString()` and `PyObject_DelAttr()` directly. For more details, see `PyUnicode_InternFromString()`, which may be used internally to create a key object for lookup.

PyObject *PyObject_GenericGetDict(PyObject *o, void *context)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  Une implémentation générique de l'accesseur d'un descripteur d'un `__dict__`. Crée le dictionnaire si nécessaire.

  This function may also be called to get the `__dict__` of the object o. Pass `NULL` for context when calling it. Since this function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, it may be more efficient to call `PyObject_GetAttr()` when accessing an attribute on the object.

  On failure, returns `NULL` with an exception set.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Une implémentation générique du mutateur d'un descripteur de `__dict__`. Cette implémentation n'autorise pas la suppression du dictionnaire.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.3.

PyObject **_PyObject_GetDictPtr(PyObject *obj)

  Return a pointer to `__dict__` of the object obj. If there is no `__dict__`, return `NULL` without setting an exception.

  This function may need to allocate memory for the dictionary, so it may be more efficient to call `PyObject_GetAttr()` when accessing an attribute on the object.

PyObject *PyObject_RichCompare(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, which must be one of `Py_LT`, `Py_LE`, `Py_EQ`, `Py_NE`, `Py_GT`, or `Py_GE`, corresponding to `<`, `<=`, `==`, `!=`, `>`, or `>=` respectively. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o1 op o2`, where `op` is the operator corresponding to opid. Returns the value of the comparison on success, or `NULL` on failure.

int PyObject_RichCompareBool(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int opid)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compare the values of o1 and o2 using the operation specified by opid, like `PyObject_RichCompare()`, but returns `-1` on error, `0` if the result is false, `1` otherwise.

Note

If o1 and o2 are the same object, `PyObject_RichCompareBool()` will always return `1` for `Py_EQ` and `0` for `Py_NE`.

PyObject *PyObject_Format(PyObject *obj, PyObject *format_spec)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Format obj using format_spec. This is equivalent to the Python expression `format(obj, format_spec)`.

  format_spec may be `NULL`. In this case the call is equivalent to `format(obj)`. Returns the formatted string on success, `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `repr(o)`. Called by the `repr()` built-in function.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Cette fonction inclut maintenant une assertion de débogage afin d'assurer qu'elle ne passe pas sous silence une exception active.

PyObject *PyObject_ASCII(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Comme `PyObject_Repr()`, calcule une représentation en chaîne de caractères de l'objet o, mais échappe les caractères non ASCII dans la chaîne de caractères renvoyée par `PyObject_Repr()` avec' `\x`, `\u` ou `\U`. Cela génère une chaîne de caractères similaire à celle renvoyée par `PyObject_Repr()` en Python 2. Appelée par la fonction native `ascii()`.

PyObject *PyObject_Str(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compute a string representation of object o. Returns the string representation on success, `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `str(o)`. Called by the `str()` built-in function and, therefore, by the `print()` function.

  Modifié dans la version 3.4: Cette fonction inclut maintenant une assertion de débogage afin d'assurer qu'elle ne passe pas sous silence une exception active.

PyObject *PyObject_Bytes(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compute a bytes representation of object o. `NULL` is returned on failure and a bytes object on success. This is equivalent to the Python expression `bytes(o)`, when o is not an integer. Unlike `bytes(o)`, a TypeError is raised when o is an integer instead of a zero-initialized bytes object.

int PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Renvoie `1` si la classe derived est identique à ou dérivée de la classe cls, renvoie `0` sinon. En cas d'erreur, renvoie `-1`.

  Si cls est un n-uplet, la vérification est menée sur chaque entrée de cls. Le résultat sera `1` quand au moins une des vérifications renvoie `1`, sinon ce sera `0`.

  Si cls a une méthode `__subclasscheck__()`, elle est appelée pour déterminer le statut de la sous-classe comme décrit dans PEP 3119. Sinon, derived est une sous-classe de cls si c'est une sous-classe directe ou indirecte, c'est-à-dire contenue dans `cls.__mro__`.

  Normally only class objects, i.e. instances of `type` or a derived class, are considered classes. However, objects can override this by having a `__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).

int PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Renvoie `1` si inst est une instance de la classe cls ou une sous-classe de cls, ou `0` sinon. En cas d'erreur, renvoie `-1` et initialise une exception.

  Si cls est un n-uplet, la vérification est menée sur chaque entrée de cls. Le résultat sera `1` quand au moins une des vérifications renvoie `1`, sinon ce sera `0`.

  Si cls a une méthode `__subclasscheck__()`, elle sera appelée pour déterminer le statut de la sous-classe comme décrit dans PEP 3119. Sinon, inst est une instance cls si sa classe est une sous-classe de cls.

  An instance inst can override what is considered its class by having a `__class__` attribute.

  An object cls can override if it is considered a class, and what its base classes are, by having a `__bases__` attribute (which must be a tuple of base classes).

Py_hash_t PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Compute and return the hash value of an object o. On failure, return `-1`. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `hash(o)`.

  Modifié dans la version 3.2: The return type is now Py_hash_t. This is a signed integer the same size as `Py_ssize_t`.

Py_hash_t PyObject_HashNotImplemented(PyObject *o)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Set a `TypeError` indicating that `type(o)` is not hashable and return `-1`. This function receives special treatment when stored in a `tp_hash` slot, allowing a type to explicitly indicate to the interpreter that it is not hashable.

int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Returns `1` if the object o is considered to be true, and `0` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `not not o`. On failure, return `-1`.

int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Returns `0` if the object o is considered to be true, and `1` otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression `not o`. On failure, return `-1`.

PyObject *PyObject_Type(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  When o is non-`NULL`, returns a type object corresponding to the object type of object o. On failure, raises `SystemError` and returns `NULL`. This is equivalent to the Python expression `type(o)`. This function creates a new strong reference to the return value. There's really no reason to use this function instead of the `Py_TYPE()` function, which returns a pointer of type PyTypeObject*, except when a new strong reference is needed.

int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)

  Return non-zero if the object o is of type type or a subtype of type, and `0` otherwise. Both parameters must be non-`NULL`.

Py_ssize_t PyObject_Size(PyObject *o)
Py_ssize_t PyObject_Length(PyObject *o)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return the length of object o. If the object o provides either the sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is returned. On error, `-1` is returned. This is the equivalent to the Python expression `len(o)`.

Py_ssize_t PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t defaultvalue)

  Return an estimated length for the object o. First try to return its actual length, then an estimate using `__length_hint__()`, and finally return the default value. On error return `-1`. This is the equivalent to the Python expression `operator.length_hint(o, defaultvalue)`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.4.

PyObject *PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return element of o corresponding to the object key or `NULL` on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression `o[key]`.

int PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Map the object key to the value v. Raise an exception and return `-1` on failure; return `0` on success. This is the equivalent of the Python statement `o[key] = v`. This function does not steal a reference to v.

int PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Remove the mapping for the object key from the object o. Return `-1` on failure. This is equivalent to the Python statement `del o[key]`.

PyObject *PyObject_Dir(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  This is equivalent to the Python expression `dir(o)`, returning a (possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the object argument, or `NULL` if there was an error. If the argument is `NULL`, this is like the Python `dir()`, returning the names of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active then `NULL` is returned but `PyErr_Occurred()` will return false.

PyObject *PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI.

  This is equivalent to the Python expression `iter(o)`. It returns a new iterator for the object argument, or the object itself if the object is already an iterator. Raises `TypeError` and returns `NULL` if the object cannot be iterated.

PyObject *PyObject_GetAIter(PyObject *o)
  Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  This is the equivalent to the Python expression `aiter(o)`. Takes an `AsyncIterable` object and returns an `AsyncIterator` for it. This is typically a new iterator but if the argument is an `AsyncIterator`, this returns itself. Raises `TypeError` and returns `NULL` if the object cannot be iterated.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.10.

void *PyObject_GetTypeData(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *cls)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

  Get a pointer to subclass-specific data reserved for cls.

  The object o must be an instance of cls, and cls must have been created using negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize`. Python does not check this.

  On error, set an exception and return `NULL`.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyType_GetTypeDataSize(PyTypeObject *cls)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.12.

  Return the size of the instance memory space reserved for cls, i.e. the size of the memory `PyObject_GetTypeData()` returns.

  This may be larger than requested using `-PyType_Spec.basicsize`; it is safe to use this larger size (e.g. with `memset()`).

  The type cls must have been created using negative `PyType_Spec.basicsize`. Python does not check this.

  On error, set an exception and return a negative value.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

void *PyObject_GetItemData(PyObject *o)

  Get a pointer to per-item data for a class with `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END`.

  On error, set an exception and return `NULL`. `TypeError` is raised if o does not have `Py_TPFLAGS_ITEMS_AT_END` set.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.12.

int PyObject_VisitManagedDict(PyObject *obj, visitproc visit, void *arg)

  Visit the managed dictionary of obj.

  This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` flag set.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.

void PyObject_ClearManagedDict(PyObject *obj)

  Clear the managed dictionary of obj.

  This function must only be called in a traverse function of the type which has the `Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT` flag set.

  Ajouté dans la version 3.13.