# `msvcrt` --- Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime

Ces fonctions permettent d'accéder à certaines capacités utiles sur les plateformes Windows. Certains modules de plus haut niveau utilisent ces fonctions pour construire les implémentations Windows de leurs services. Par exemple, le module `getpass` les utilise dans l'implémentation de la fonction `getpass()`.

Further documentation on these functions can be found in the Platform API documentation.

The module implements both the normal and wide char variants of the console I/O api. The normal API deals only with ASCII characters and is of limited use for internationalized applications. The wide char API should be used where ever possible.

Modifié dans la version 3.3: Les opérations de ce module lèvent désormais `OSError` au lieu de `IOError`.

## Opérations sur les fichiers

msvcrt.locking(fd, mode, nbytes)

  Lock part of a file based on file descriptor fd from the C runtime. Raises `OSError` on failure. The locked region of the file extends from the current file position for nbytes bytes, and may continue beyond the end of the file. mode must be one of the `LK_*` constants listed below. Multiple regions in a file may be locked at the same time, but may not overlap. Adjacent regions are not merged; they must be unlocked individually.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.locking` with arguments `fd`, `mode`, `nbytes`.

msvcrt.LK_LOCK
msvcrt.LK_RLCK

  Verrouille les octets spécifiés. Si les octets ne peuvent pas être verrouillés, le programme réessaie immédiatement après 1 seconde. Si, après 10 tentatives, les octets ne peuvent pas être verrouillés, `OSError` est levée.

msvcrt.LK_NBLCK
msvcrt.LK_NBRLCK

  Verrouille les octets spécifiés. Si les octets ne peuvent pas être verrouillés, `OSError` est levée.

msvcrt.LK_UNLCK

  Déverrouille les octets spécifiés, qui doivent avoir été précédemment verrouillés.

msvcrt.setmode(fd, flags)

  Set the line-end translation mode for the file descriptor fd. To set it to text mode, flags should be `os.O_TEXT`; for binary, it should be `os.O_BINARY`.

msvcrt.open_osfhandle(handle, flags)

  Create a C runtime file descriptor from the file handle handle. The flags parameter should be a bitwise OR of `os.O_APPEND`, `os.O_RDONLY`, and `os.O_TEXT`. The returned file descriptor may be used as a parameter to `os.fdopen()` to create a file object.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.open_osfhandle` with arguments `handle`, `flags`.

msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)

  Return the file handle for the file descriptor fd. Raises `OSError` if fd is not recognized.

  Raises an auditing event `msvcrt.get_osfhandle` with argument `fd`.

## Entrées-sorties sur un terminal

msvcrt.kbhit()

  Renvoie `True` si une touche est en attente de lecture.

msvcrt.getch()

  Read a keypress and return the resulting character as a byte string. Nothing is echoed to the console. This call will block if a keypress is not already available, but will not wait for `Enter` to be pressed. If the pressed key was a special function key, this will return `'\000'` or `'\xe0'`; the next call will return the keycode. The ``Control`-`C`` keypress cannot be read with this function.

msvcrt.getwch()

  Variante de `getch()` qui lit un caractère large et renvoie une valeur Unicode.

msvcrt.getche()

  Similar to `getch()`, but the keypress will be echoed if it represents a printable character.

msvcrt.getwche()

  Variante de `getche()` qui lit un caractère large et renvoie une valeur Unicode.

msvcrt.putch(char)

  Print the byte string char to the console without buffering.

msvcrt.putwch(unicode_char)

  Variante de `putch()` qui accepte une valeur Unicode et l'écrit comme caractère large.

msvcrt.ungetch(char)

  Cause the byte string char to be "pushed back" into the console buffer; it will be the next character read by `getch()` or `getche()`.

msvcrt.ungetwch(unicode_char)

  Variante de `ungetch()` qui accepte une valeur Unicode et l'écrit comme caractère large.

## Autres fonctions

msvcrt.heapmin()

  Force the `malloc()` heap to clean itself up and return unused blocks to the operating system. On failure, this raises `OSError`.

msvcrt.CRT_ASSEMBLY_VERSION

  The CRT Assembly version, from the `crtassem.h` header file.

msvcrt.VC_ASSEMBLY_PUBLICKEYTOKEN

  The VC Assembly public key token, from the `crtassem.h` header file.

msvcrt.LIBRARIES_ASSEMBLY_NAME_PREFIX

  The Libraries Assembly name prefix, from the `crtassem.h` header file.