5. Utilisation de Python sur un Mac
***********************************

Auteur:
   Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>

Python on a Mac running macOS is in principle very similar to Python
on any other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional
features such as the integrated development environment (IDE) and the
Package Manager that are worth pointing out.


5.1. Getting and Installing Python
==================================

macOS used to come with Python 2.7 pre-installed between versions 10.8
and 12.3. You are invited to install the most recent version of Python
3 from the Python website. A current "universal2 binary" build of
Python, which runs natively on the Mac's new Apple Silicon and legacy
Intel processors, is available there.

Vous obtiendrez un certain nombre de choses après installation :

* A "Python 3.11" folder in your "Applications" folder. In here you
  find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of
  official Python distributions; and **Python Launcher**, which
  handles double-clicking Python scripts from the Finder.

* A framework "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework", which includes
  the Python executable and libraries. The installer adds this
  location to your shell path. To uninstall Python, you can remove
  these three things. A symlink to the Python executable is placed in
  "/usr/local/bin/".

Note:

  On macOS 10.8-12.3, the Apple-provided build of Python is installed
  in "/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework" and
  "/usr/bin/python", respectively. You should never modify or delete
  these, as they are Apple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-
  party software.  Remember that if you choose to install a newer
  Python version from python.org, you will have two different but
  functional Python installations on your computer, so it will be
  important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you
  want to do.

IDLE includes a Help menu that allows you to access Python
documentation. If you are completely new to Python you should start
reading the tutorial introduction in that document.

Si vous êtes familier avec Python sur d'autres plateformes Unix, vous
devriez lire la section sur comment exécuter des scripts Python depuis
un shell Unix.


5.1.1. Comment exécuter un script Python
----------------------------------------

Your best way to get started with Python on macOS is through the IDLE
integrated development environment; see section L'IDE and use the Help
menu when the IDE is running.

If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command
line or from the Finder you first need an editor to create your
script. macOS comes with a number of standard Unix command line
editors, **vim** **nano** among them. If you want a more Mac-like
editor, **BBEdit** from Bare Bones Software (see
https://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good
choices, as is **TextMate** (see https://macromates.com). Other
editors include **MacVim** (https://macvim.org) and **Aquamacs**
(https://aquamacs.org).

Pour exécuter votre script depuis la fenêtre Terminal, vous devez vous
assurer que "/usr/local/bin" est dans le chemin de recherche de votre
shell (**PATH**).

Pour exécuter votre script depuis le Finder vous avez deux options :

* Drag it to **Python Launcher**.

* Select **Python Launcher** as the default application to open your
  script (or any ".py" script) through the finder Info window and
  double-click it. **Python Launcher** has various preferences to
  control how your script is launched. Option-dragging allows you to
  change these for one invocation, or use its Preferences menu to
  change things globally.


5.1.2. Lancer des scripts avec une interface graphique
------------------------------------------------------

Avec les anciennes versions de Python, il y a une bizarrerie propre à
macOS dont vous devez être au courant : les programmes qui
communiquent avec le gestionnaires de fenêtres **Aqua** (en d'autres
termes, tout ce qui a une interface graphique) doivent être exécutés
de façon spécifique. Utilisez **pythonw** au lieu de **python** pour
exécuter ce genre de scripts.

Avec Python 3.9, vous pouvez utiliser **python** ou **pythonw**.


5.1.3. Configuration
--------------------

Python on macOS honors all standard Unix environment variables such as
"PYTHONPATH", but setting these variables for programs started from
the Finder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your ".profile"
or ".cshrc" at startup. You need to create a file
"~/.MacOSX/environment.plist". See Apple's Technical Q&A QA1067 for
details.

For more information on installation Python packages, see section
Installation de paquets Python additionnels.


5.2. L'*IDE*
============

Python ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A good
introduction to using IDLE can be found at
https://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.


5.3. Installation de paquets Python additionnels
================================================

This section has moved to the Python Packaging User Guide.


5.4. GUI Programming
====================

Il y a plusieurs options pour construire des applications avec
interface graphique sur le Mac avec Python.

*PyObjC* est un **binding** Python vers le **framework**
Objective-C/Cocoa d'Apple, qui est la base de la plupart des
développements modernes sur Mac. Des informations sur PyObjC sont
disponible à https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.

La boîte à outils standard de Python pour des interfaces graphique est
"tkinter", basé sur la boite à outils multiplateformes **Tk**
(https://www.tcl.tk). Une version native **Aqua** de **Tk** est
empaquetée avec OS X par Apple, et la dernière version peut être
téléchargée et installée depuis https://www.activestate.com ; elle
peut aussi être construite depuis les sources.

A number of alternative macOS GUI toolkits are available:

* PySide: Official Python bindings to the Qt GUI toolkit.

* PyQt: Alternative Python bindings to Qt.

* Kivy: A cross-platform GUI toolkit that supports desktop and mobile
  platforms.

* Toga: Part of the BeeWare Project; supports desktop, mobile, web and
  console apps.

* wxPython: A cross-platform toolkit that supports desktop operating
  systems.


5.5. Distributing Python Applications
=====================================

A range of tools exist for converting your Python code into a
standalone distributable application:

* py2app: Supports creating macOS ".app" bundles from a Python
  project.

* Briefcase: Part of the BeeWare Project; a cross-platform packaging
  tool that supports creation of ".app" bundles on macOS, as well as
  managing signing and notarization.

* PyInstaller: A cross-platform packaging tool that creates a single
  file or folder as a distributable artifact.


5.6. Autres ressources
======================

The Pythonmac-SIG mailing list is an excellent support resource for
Python users and developers on the Mac:

https://www.python.org/community/sigs/current/pythonmac-sig/

Une autre ressource utile est le wiki **MacPython** :

https://wiki.python.org/moin/MacPython
