Analyse des arguments et construction des valeurs
*************************************************

Ces fonctions sont utiles pour créer vos propres fonctions et méthodes
d'extensions. Des informations supplémentaires et des exemples sont
disponibles ici: Extension et intégration de l'interpréteur Python.

Dans Les trois premières de ces fonctions décrites,
"PyArg_ParseTuple()", "PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()", et
"PyArg_Parse()", toutes utilisent *des chaînes de format* qui sont
utilisées pour indiquer à la fonction les arguments attendus. Les
chaînes de format utilise la même syntaxe pour chacune de ces
fonctions.


Analyse des arguments
=====================

Une chaîne de format se compose de zéro ou plusieurs "unités de
format". Une unité de format décrit un objet Python, elle est
généralement composée d'un seul caractère ou d'une séquence d'unités
de format entre parenthèses. À quelques exceptions près, une unité de
format qui n'est pas une séquence entre parenthèses correspond
normalement à un argument d'une seule adresse pour ces fonctions. Dans
la description qui suit, la forme entre guillemets est l'unité de
format, l'entrée entre parenthèses est le type d'objet Python qui
correspond à l'unité de format, et l'entrée entre crochets est le type
de la variable C (ou des variables) dont l'adresse doit être donnée.


Chaînes et tampons
------------------

Ces formats permettent d'accéder à un objet sous forme d'un fragment
de mémoire contiguë. Il n'est pas nécessaire d'allouer la mémoire pour
l'*unicode* ou le *bytes* renvoyé.

Sauf indication contraire, les tampons ne se terminent pas par NUL.

There are three ways strings and buffers can be converted to C:

* Formats such as "y*" and "s*" fill a "Py_buffer" structure. This
  locks the underlying buffer so that the caller can subsequently use
  the buffer even inside a "Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS" block without the
  risk of mutable data being resized or destroyed. As a result, **you
  have to call** "PyBuffer_Release()" after you have finished
  processing the data (or in any early abort case).

* The "es", "es#", "et" and "et#" formats allocate the result buffer.
  **You have to call** "PyMem_Free()" after you have finished
  processing the data (or in any early abort case).

* Other formats take a "str" or a read-only *bytes-like object*, such
  as "bytes", and provide a "const char *" pointer to its buffer. In
  this case the buffer is "borrowed": it is managed by the
  corresponding Python object, and shares the lifetime of this object.
  You won't have to release any memory yourself.

  To ensure that the underlying buffer may be safely borrowed, the
  object's "PyBufferProcs.bf_releasebuffer" field must be "NULL". This
  disallows common mutable objects such as "bytearray", but also some
  read-only objects such as "memoryview" of "bytes".

  Besides this "bf_releasebuffer" requirement, there is no check to
  verify whether the input object is immutable (e.g. whether it would
  honor a request for a writable buffer, or whether another thread can
  mutate the data).

Note:

  For all "#" variants of formats ("s#", "y#", etc.), the macro
  "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN" must be defined before including "Python.h". On
  Python 3.9 and older, the type of the length argument is
  "Py_ssize_t" if the "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN" macro is defined, or int
  otherwise.

"s" ("str") ["const char *"]
   Convertit un objet Unicode en un pointeur vers une chaîne de
   caractères. S'il s'agit d'un pointeur vers une chaîne de caractères
   déjà existante, il est stocké dans la variable de type pointeur
   vers un caractère dont vous avez donné l'adresse. Une chaîne de
   caractères en C se termine par *NULL*. La chaîne de caractères
   Python ne doit donc pas contenir de caractère dont le code est
   *null*. Si elle en contient, une exception "ValueError" est levée.
   Si la conversion échoue, une "UnicodeError" est levée.

   Note:

     Ce format n'accepte pas les *objets compatibles avec une chaîne
     d'octets*. Si vous voulez accepter les chemins du système de
     fichiers et les convertir vers des chaînes de caractères C, il
     est préférable d'utiliser le format "O&" avec
     "PyUnicode_FSConverter()" en tant que *converter*.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: Auparavant, une "TypeError" était
   levée quand la chaîne de caractères Python contenait des codes
   NULL.

"s*" ("str" ou *bytes-like object*) ["Py_buffer"]
   Ce format accepte les objets Unicode et les *bytes-like object*.
   Cela remplit une structure "Py_buffer" qui est fournie par
   l'appelant. Dans ce cas, la chaîne de caractères C qui en résulte
   peut contenir des octets NULL. Les objets Unicode sont convertis en
   chaînes de caractères C en utilisant l'encodage "'utf-8'".

"s#" ("str", read-only *bytes-like object*) [const char *,
"Py_ssize_t"]
   Like "s*", except that it provides a borrowed buffer. The result is
   stored into two C variables, the first one a pointer to a C string,
   the second one its length. The string may contain embedded null
   bytes. Unicode objects are converted to C strings using "'utf-8'"
   encoding.

"z" ("str" ou "None") ["const char *"]
   Like "s", but the Python object may also be "None", in which case
   the C pointer is set to "NULL".

"z*" ("str", *bytes-like object* ou "None") ["Py_buffer"]
   Comme "s*", mais l'objet Python peut aussi être  "None", auquel cas
   le membre "buf", dont la structure est "Py_buffer" est fixée à
   *NULL*.

"z#" ("str", read-only *bytes-like object* or "None") [const char *,
"Py_ssize_t"]
   Like "s#", but the Python object may also be "None", in which case
   the C pointer is set to "NULL".

"y" (lecture seule *objet compatible avec une chaîne d'octets*)
[constante char *]
   This format converts a bytes-like object to a C pointer to a
   borrowed character string; it does not accept Unicode objects.  The
   bytes buffer must not contain embedded null bytes; if it does, a
   "ValueError" exception is raised.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: Auparavant, "TypeError" était levée
   lorsque des octets *null* étaient rencontrés dans le tampon
   d'octets.

"y*" (*bytes-like object*) ["Py_buffer"]
   This variant on "s*" doesn't accept Unicode objects, only bytes-
   like objects.  **This is the recommended way to accept binary
   data.**

"y#" (read-only *bytes-like object*) [const char *, "Py_ssize_t"]
   Cette variante de "s#" n'accepte pas les objets Unicode, uniquement
   des objets assimilés à des octets.

"S" ("bytes") ["PyBytesObject *"]
   Requires that the Python object is a "bytes" object, without
   attempting any conversion.  Raises "TypeError" if the object is not
   a bytes object.  The C variable may also be declared as PyObject*.

"Y" ("bytearray") ["PyByteArrayObject *"]
   Requires that the Python object is a "bytearray" object, without
   attempting any conversion.  Raises "TypeError" if the object is not
   a "bytearray" object. The C variable may also be declared as
   PyObject*.

"u" ("str") ["const Py_UNICODE *"]
   Convertit un objet Python Unicode en un pointeur C vers un tampon
   de caractères Unicode terminé par *NULL*. Vous devez passer
   l'adresse d'un pointeur "Py_UNICODE", qui sera rempli avec le
   pointeur vers un tampon Unicode existant. Veuillez noter que la
   taille d'un  "Py_UNICODE" dépend des options de compilation (soit
   16, soit 32 bits). La chaîne de caractères Python ne doit pas
   contenir de code *NULL*. Si elle en contient, une exception
   "ValueError" est levée.

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: Auparavant, une "TypeError" était
   levée quand la chaîne de caractères Python contenait des codes
   NULL.

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.3, sera supprimé dans la version 3.12:
   Part of the old-style "Py_UNICODE" API; please migrate to using
   "PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()".

"u#" ("str") [const Py_UNICODE *, "Py_ssize_t"]
   This variant on "u" stores into two C variables, the first one a
   pointer to a Unicode data buffer, the second one its length.  This
   variant allows null code points.

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.3, sera supprimé dans la version 3.12:
   Part of the old-style "Py_UNICODE" API; please migrate to using
   "PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()".

"Z" ("str" ou "None") ["const Py_UNICODE *"]
   Like "u", but the Python object may also be "None", in which case
   the "Py_UNICODE" pointer is set to "NULL".

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.3, sera supprimé dans la version 3.12:
   Part of the old-style "Py_UNICODE" API; please migrate to using
   "PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()".

"Z#" ("str" or "None") [const Py_UNICODE *, "Py_ssize_t"]
   Like "u#", but the Python object may also be "None", in which case
   the "Py_UNICODE" pointer is set to "NULL".

   Obsolète depuis la version 3.3, sera supprimé dans la version 3.12:
   Part of the old-style "Py_UNICODE" API; please migrate to using
   "PyUnicode_AsWideCharString()".

"U" ("str") ["PyObject *"]
   Requires that the Python object is a Unicode object, without
   attempting any conversion.  Raises "TypeError" if the object is not
   a Unicode object.  The C variable may also be declared as
   PyObject*.

"w*" (lecture-écriture *bytes-like object*) ["Py_buffer"]
   This format accepts any object which implements the read-write
   buffer interface. It fills a "Py_buffer" structure provided by the
   caller. The buffer may contain embedded null bytes. The caller have
   to call "PyBuffer_Release()" when it is done with the buffer.

"es" ("str") [const char *encoding, char **buffer]
   This variant on "s" is used for encoding Unicode into a character
   buffer. It only works for encoded data without embedded NUL bytes.

   This format requires two arguments.  The first is only used as
   input, and must be a const char* which points to the name of an
   encoding as a NUL-terminated string, or "NULL", in which case
   "'utf-8'" encoding is used. An exception is raised if the named
   encoding is not known to Python.  The second argument must be a
   char**; the value of the pointer it references will be set to a
   buffer with the contents of the argument text. The text will be
   encoded in the encoding specified by the first argument.

   "PyArg_ParseTuple()" will allocate a buffer of the needed size,
   copy the encoded data into this buffer and adjust **buffer* to
   reference the newly allocated storage.  The caller is responsible
   for calling "PyMem_Free()" to free the allocated buffer after use.

"et" ("str", "bytes" or "bytearray") [const char *encoding, char
**buffer]
   Same as "es" except that byte string objects are passed through
   without recoding them.  Instead, the implementation assumes that
   the byte string object uses the encoding passed in as parameter.

"es#" ("str") [const char *encoding, char **buffer, "Py_ssize_t"
*buffer_length]
   This variant on "s#" is used for encoding Unicode into a character
   buffer. Unlike the "es" format, this variant allows input data
   which contains NUL characters.

   It requires three arguments.  The first is only used as input, and
   must be a const char* which points to the name of an encoding as a
   NUL-terminated string, or "NULL", in which case "'utf-8'" encoding
   is used. An exception is raised if the named encoding is not known
   to Python.  The second argument must be a char**; the value of the
   pointer it references will be set to a buffer with the contents of
   the argument text. The text will be encoded in the encoding
   specified by the first argument. The third argument must be a
   pointer to an integer; the referenced integer will be set to the
   number of bytes in the output buffer.

   Il existe deux modes de fonctionnement :

   If **buffer* points a "NULL" pointer, the function will allocate a
   buffer of the needed size, copy the encoded data into this buffer
   and set **buffer* to reference the newly allocated storage.  The
   caller is responsible for calling "PyMem_Free()" to free the
   allocated buffer after usage.

   If **buffer* points to a non-"NULL" pointer (an already allocated
   buffer), "PyArg_ParseTuple()" will use this location as the buffer
   and interpret the initial value of **buffer_length* as the buffer
   size.  It will then copy the encoded data into the buffer and NUL-
   terminate it.  If the buffer is not large enough, a "ValueError"
   will be set.

   Dans les deux cas, **buffer_length* est la longueur des données
   encodées, sans l'octet NUL de fin.

"et#" ("str", "bytes" or "bytearray") [const char *encoding, char
**buffer, "Py_ssize_t" *buffer_length]
   Same as "es#" except that byte string objects are passed through
   without recoding them. Instead, the implementation assumes that the
   byte string object uses the encoding passed in as parameter.


Les nombres
-----------

"b" ("int") ["unsigned char"]
   Convert a nonnegative Python integer to an unsigned tiny int,
   stored in a C unsigned char.

"B" ("int") ["unsigned char"]
   Convert a Python integer to a tiny int without overflow checking,
   stored in a C unsigned char.

"h" ("int") ["short int"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C short int.

"H" ("int") ["unsigned short int"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C unsigned short int, without
   overflow checking.

"i" ("int") ["int"]
   Convert a Python integer to a plain C int.

"I" ("int") ["unsigned int"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C unsigned int, without overflow
   checking.

"l" ("int") ["long int"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C long int.

"k" ("int") ["unsigned long"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C unsigned long without overflow
   checking.

"L" ("int") ["long long"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C long long.

"K" ("int") ["unsigned long long"]
   Convert a Python integer to a C unsigned long long without overflow
   checking.

"n" ("int") ["Py_ssize_t"]
   Convertit un entier Python en un "Py_ssize_t".

"c" ("bytes" ou "bytearray" de longueur 1) ["char"]
   Convert a Python byte, represented as a "bytes" or "bytearray"
   object of length 1, to a C char.

   Modifié dans la version 3.3: Allow "bytearray" objects.

"C" ("str" de longueur 1) ["int"]
   Convert a Python character, represented as a "str" object of length
   1, to a C int.

"f" ("float") ["float"]
   Convert a Python floating point number to a C float.

"d" ("float") ["double"]
   Convert a Python floating point number to a C double.

"D" ("complex") ["Py_complex"]
   Convertit un nombre complexe Python vers une structure "Py_complex"
   C.


Autres objets
-------------

"O" (objet) ["PyObject *"]
   Store a Python object (without any conversion) in a C object
   pointer.  The C program thus receives the actual object that was
   passed.  A new *strong reference* to the object is not created
   (i.e. its reference count is not increased). The pointer stored is
   not "NULL".

"O!" (objet) [*typeobject*, "PyObject *"]
   Store a Python object in a C object pointer.  This is similar to
   "O", but takes two C arguments: the first is the address of a
   Python type object, the second is the address of the C variable (of
   type PyObject*) into which the object pointer is stored.  If the
   Python object does not have the required type, "TypeError" is
   raised.

"O&" (objet) [*converter*, *anything*]
   Convert a Python object to a C variable through a *converter*
   function.  This takes two arguments: the first is a function, the
   second is the address of a C variable (of arbitrary type),
   converted to void*.  The *converter* function in turn is called as
   follows:

      status = converter(object, address);

   where *object* is the Python object to be converted and *address*
   is the void* argument that was passed to the "PyArg_Parse*"
   function. The returned *status* should be "1" for a successful
   conversion and "0" if the conversion has failed.  When the
   conversion fails, the *converter* function should raise an
   exception and leave the content of *address* unmodified.

   If the *converter* returns "Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED", it may get
   called a second time if the argument parsing eventually fails,
   giving the converter a chance to release any memory that it had
   already allocated. In this second call, the *object* parameter will
   be "NULL"; *address* will have the same value as in the original
   call.

   Modifié dans la version 3.1: "Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED" à été ajouté.

"p" ("bool") ["int"]
   Tests the value passed in for truth (a boolean **p**redicate) and
   converts the result to its equivalent C true/false integer value.
   Sets the int to "1" if the expression was true and "0" if it was
   false. This accepts any valid Python value.  See Valeurs booléennes
   for more information about how Python tests values for truth.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.3.

"(items)" ("tuple") [*matching-items*]
   L'objet doit être une séquence Python dont la longueur est le
   nombre d'unités de formats dans *articles*. Les arguments C doivent
   correspondre à chaque unité de format particulière dans *articles*.
   Les unités de formats pour les séquences peuvent être imbriquées.

It is possible to pass "long" integers (integers whose value exceeds
the platform's "LONG_MAX") however no proper range checking is done
--- the most significant bits are silently truncated when the
receiving field is too small to receive the value (actually, the
semantics are inherited from downcasts in C --- your mileage may
vary).

Quelques autres caractères ont un sens dans une chaîne de format. On
ne doit pas les trouvées dans des parenthèses imbriquées. Ce sont :

"|"
   Indicates that the remaining arguments in the Python argument list
   are optional. The C variables corresponding to optional arguments
   should be initialized to their default value --- when an optional
   argument is not specified, "PyArg_ParseTuple()" does not touch the
   contents of the corresponding C variable(s).

"$"
   "PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()" only: Indicates that the remaining
   arguments in the Python argument list are keyword-only.  Currently,
   all keyword-only arguments must also be optional arguments, so "|"
   must always be specified before "$" in the format string.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.3.

":"
   The list of format units ends here; the string after the colon is
   used as the function name in error messages (the "associated value"
   of the exception that "PyArg_ParseTuple()" raises).

";"
   La liste des unités de format s'arrête ici ; la chaîne après le
   point-virgule est utilise comme message d'erreur *au lieu* du
   message d'erreur par défaut. ":" et ";" sont mutuellement
   exclusifs.

Note that any Python object references which are provided to the
caller are *borrowed* references; do not release them (i.e. do not
decrement their reference count)!

Les arguments additionnels qui sont donnés à ces fonctions doivent
être des adresses de variables dont le type est déterminé par la
chaîne de format. Elles sont utilisées pour stocker les valeurs du
*n*-uplet d'entrée. Il y a quelques cas, comme décrit précédemment
dans le liste des unités de formats, où ces paramètres sont utilisés
comme valeurs d'entrée. Dans ce cas, ils devraient correspondre à ce
qui est spécifié pour l'unité de format correspondante.

For the conversion to succeed, the *arg* object must match the format
and the format must be exhausted.  On success, the "PyArg_Parse*"
functions return true, otherwise they return false and raise an
appropriate exception. When the "PyArg_Parse*" functions fail due to
conversion failure in one of the format units, the variables at the
addresses corresponding to that and the following format units are
left untouched.


Fonction de l'API
-----------------

int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Parse the parameters of a function that takes only positional
   parameters into local variables.  Returns true on success; on
   failure, it returns false and raises the appropriate exception.

int PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list vargs)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Identical to "PyArg_ParseTuple()", except that it accepts a va_list
   rather than a variable number of arguments.

int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], ...)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Parse the parameters of a function that takes both positional and
   keyword parameters into local variables.  The *keywords* argument
   is a "NULL"-terminated array of keyword parameter names.  Empty
   names denote positional-only parameters. Returns true on success;
   on failure, it returns false and raises the appropriate exception.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Added support for positional-only
   parameters.

int PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kw, const char *format, char *keywords[], va_list vargs)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Identical to "PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()", except that it
   accepts a va_list rather than a variable number of arguments.

int PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(PyObject*)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Ensure that the keys in the keywords argument dictionary are
   strings.  This is only needed if "PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()" is
   not used, since the latter already does this check.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.2.

int PyArg_Parse(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Function used to deconstruct the argument lists of "old-style"
   functions --- these are functions which use the "METH_OLDARGS"
   parameter parsing method, which has been removed in Python 3.  This
   is not recommended for use in parameter parsing in new code, and
   most code in the standard interpreter has been modified to no
   longer use this for that purpose.  It does remain a convenient way
   to decompose other tuples, however, and may continue to be used for
   that purpose.

int PyArg_UnpackTuple(PyObject *args, const char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   A simpler form of parameter retrieval which does not use a format
   string to specify the types of the arguments.  Functions which use
   this method to retrieve their parameters should be declared as
   "METH_VARARGS" in function or method tables.  The tuple containing
   the actual parameters should be passed as *args*; it must actually
   be a tuple.  The length of the tuple must be at least *min* and no
   more than *max*; *min* and *max* may be equal.  Additional
   arguments must be passed to the function, each of which should be a
   pointer to a PyObject* variable; these will be filled in with the
   values from *args*; they will contain *borrowed references*. The
   variables which correspond to optional parameters not given by
   *args* will not be filled in; these should be initialized by the
   caller. This function returns true on success and false if *args*
   is not a tuple or contains the wrong number of elements; an
   exception will be set if there was a failure.

   This is an example of the use of this function, taken from the
   sources for the "_weakref" helper module for weak references:

      static PyObject *
      weakref_ref(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
      {
          PyObject *object;
          PyObject *callback = NULL;
          PyObject *result = NULL;

          if (PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "ref", 1, 2, &object, &callback)) {
              result = PyWeakref_NewRef(object, callback);
          }
          return result;
      }

   The call to "PyArg_UnpackTuple()" in this example is entirely
   equivalent to this call to "PyArg_ParseTuple()":

      PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|O:ref", &object, &callback)


Construction des valeurs
========================

PyObject *Py_BuildValue(const char *format, ...)
    *Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Create a new value based on a format string similar to those
   accepted by the "PyArg_Parse*" family of functions and a sequence
   of values.  Returns the value or "NULL" in the case of an error; an
   exception will be raised if "NULL" is returned.

   "Py_BuildValue()" does not always build a tuple.  It builds a tuple
   only if its format string contains two or more format units.  If
   the format string is empty, it returns "None"; if it contains
   exactly one format unit, it returns whatever object is described by
   that format unit.  To force it to return a tuple of size 0 or one,
   parenthesize the format string.

   When memory buffers are passed as parameters to supply data to
   build objects, as for the "s" and "s#" formats, the required data
   is copied.  Buffers provided by the caller are never referenced by
   the objects created by "Py_BuildValue()".  In other words, if your
   code invokes "malloc()" and passes the allocated memory to
   "Py_BuildValue()", your code is responsible for calling "free()"
   for that memory once "Py_BuildValue()" returns.

   In the following description, the quoted form is the format unit;
   the entry in (round) parentheses is the Python object type that the
   format unit will return; and the entry in [square] brackets is the
   type of the C value(s) to be passed.

   The characters space, tab, colon and comma are ignored in format
   strings (but not within format units such as "s#").  This can be
   used to make long format strings a tad more readable.

   "s" ("str" ou "None") ["const char *"]
      Convert a null-terminated C string to a Python "str" object
      using "'utf-8'" encoding. If the C string pointer is "NULL",
      "None" is used.

   "s#" ("str" or "None") [const char *, "Py_ssize_t"]
      Convert a C string and its length to a Python "str" object using
      "'utf-8'" encoding. If the C string pointer is "NULL", the
      length is ignored and "None" is returned.

   "y" ("bytes") ["const char *"]
      This converts a C string to a Python "bytes" object.  If the C
      string pointer is "NULL", "None" is returned.

   "y#" ("bytes") [const char *, "Py_ssize_t"]
      This converts a C string and its lengths to a Python object.  If
      the C string pointer is "NULL", "None" is returned.

   "z" ("str" ou "None") ["const char *"]
      Same as "s".

   "z#" ("str" or "None") [const char *, "Py_ssize_t"]
      Same as "s#".

   "u" ("str") ["const wchar_t *"]
      Convert a null-terminated "wchar_t" buffer of Unicode (UTF-16 or
      UCS-4) data to a Python Unicode object.  If the Unicode buffer
      pointer is "NULL", "None" is returned.

   "u#" ("str") [const wchar_t *, "Py_ssize_t"]
      Convert a Unicode (UTF-16 or UCS-4) data buffer and its length
      to a Python Unicode object.   If the Unicode buffer pointer is
      "NULL", the length is ignored and "None" is returned.

   "U" ("str" ou "None") ["const char *"]
      Same as "s".

   "U#" ("str" or "None") [const char *, "Py_ssize_t"]
      Same as "s#".

   "i" ("int") ["int"]
      Convert a plain C int to a Python integer object.

   "b" ("int") ["char"]
      Convert a plain C char to a Python integer object.

   "h" ("int") ["short int"]
      Convert a plain C short int to a Python integer object.

   "l" ("int") ["long int"]
      Convert a C long int to a Python integer object.

   "B" ("int") ["unsigned char"]
      Convert a C unsigned char to a Python integer object.

   "H" ("int") ["unsigned short int"]
      Convert a C unsigned short int to a Python integer object.

   "I" ("int") ["unsigned int"]
      Convert a C unsigned int to a Python integer object.

   "k" ("int") ["unsigned long"]
      Convert a C unsigned long to a Python integer object.

   "L" ("int") ["long long"]
      Convert a C long long to a Python integer object.

   "K" ("int") ["unsigned long long"]
      Convert a C unsigned long long to a Python integer object.

   "n" ("int") ["Py_ssize_t"]
      Convert a C "Py_ssize_t" to a Python integer.

   "c" ("bytes" de taille 1) ["char"]
      Convert a C int representing a byte to a Python "bytes" object
      of length 1.

   "C" ("str" de longueur 1) ["int"]
      Convert a C int representing a character to Python "str" object
      of length 1.

   "d" ("float") ["double"]
      Convert a C double to a Python floating point number.

   "f" ("float") ["float"]
      Convert a C float to a Python floating point number.

   "D" ("complex") ["Py_complex *"]
      Convert a C "Py_complex" structure to a Python complex number.

   "O" (objet) ["PyObject *"]
      Pass a Python object untouched but create a new *strong
      reference* to it (i.e. its reference count is incremented by
      one). If the object passed in is a "NULL" pointer, it is assumed
      that this was caused because the call producing the argument
      found an error and set an exception. Therefore,
      "Py_BuildValue()" will return "NULL" but won't raise an
      exception.  If no exception has been raised yet, "SystemError"
      is set.

   "S" (objet) ["PyObject *"]
      Same as "O".

   "N" (objet) ["PyObject *"]
      Same as "O", except it doesn't create a new *strong reference*.
      Useful when the object is created by a call to an object
      constructor in the argument list.

   "O&" (objet) [*converter*, *anything*]
      Convert *anything* to a Python object through a *converter*
      function.  The function is called with *anything* (which should
      be compatible with void*) as its argument and should return a
      "new" Python object, or "NULL" if an error occurred.

   "(items)" ("tuple") [*matching-items*]
      Convert a sequence of C values to a Python tuple with the same
      number of items.

   "[items]" ("list") [*matching-items*]
      Convert a sequence of C values to a Python list with the same
      number of items.

   "{items}" ("dict") [*matching-items*]
      Convert a sequence of C values to a Python dictionary.  Each
      pair of consecutive C values adds one item to the dictionary,
      serving as key and value, respectively.

   If there is an error in the format string, the "SystemError"
   exception is set and "NULL" returned.

PyObject *Py_VaBuildValue(const char *format, va_list vargs)
    *Valeur de retour : nouvelle référence.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Identical to "Py_BuildValue()", except that it accepts a va_list
   rather than a variable number of arguments.
