"dis" – Désassembleur pour le code intermédiaire de Python
**********************************************************

**Code source :** Lib/dis.py

======================================================================

La bibliothèque  "dis" supporte l'analyse du *bytecode* CPython en le
désassemblant. Le code intermédiaire CPython, que cette bibliothèque
prend en paramètre, est défini dans le fichier "Include/opcode.h" et
est utilisé par le compilateur et l'interpréteur.

**Particularité de l'implémentation CPython :** Le code intermédiaire
est un détail d'implémentation de l'interpréteur CPython. Il n'y a pas
de garantie que le code intermédiaire sera ajouté, retiré, ou modifié
dans les différentes versions de Python. L'utilisation de cette
bibliothèque  ne fonctionne pas nécessairement sur les machines
virtuelles Python ni les différentes versions de Python.

Modifié dans la version 3.6: Utilisez 2 bits pour chaque instruction.
Avant, le nombre de bits variait par instruction.

Modifié dans la version 3.10: The argument of jump, exception handling
and loop instructions is now the instruction offset rather than the
byte offset.

Modifié dans la version 3.11: Some instructions are accompanied by one
or more inline cache entries, which take the form of "CACHE"
instructions. These instructions are hidden by default, but can be
shown by passing "show_caches=True" to any "dis" utility. Furthermore,
the interpreter now adapts the bytecode to specialize it for different
runtime conditions. The adaptive bytecode can be shown by passing
"adaptive=True".

Exemple : Etant donné la fonction "myfunc()" :

   def myfunc(alist):
       return len(alist)

the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
"myfunc()":

   >>> dis.dis(myfunc)
     2           0 RESUME                   0

     3           2 LOAD_GLOBAL              1 (NULL + len)
                14 LOAD_FAST                0 (alist)
                16 PRECALL                  1
                20 CALL                     1
                30 RETURN_VALUE

(Le "2" est un numéro de ligne).


Command-line interface
======================

The "dis" module can be invoked as a script from the command line:

   python -m dis [-h] [-C] [infile]

The following options are accepted:

-h, --help

   Display usage and exit.

-C, --show-caches

   Show inline caches.

If "infile" is specified, its disassembled code will be written to
stdout. Otherwise, disassembly is performed on compiled source code
recieved from stdin.


Analyse du code intermédiaire
=============================

Nouveau dans la version 3.4.

L'analyse de l'*API* code intermédiaire permet de rassembler des blocs
de code en Python dans une classe "Bytecode", qui permet un accès
facile aux détails du code compilé.

class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Analyse le code intermédiaire correspondant à une fonction, un
   générateur, un générateur asynchrone, une coroutine, une méthode,
   une chaîne de caractères du code source, ou bien une classe (comme
   retourne la fonction "compile()").

   Ceci est *wrapper* sur plusieurs fonctions de la liste ci-dessous,
   notamment "get_instructions()", étant donné qu'une itération sur
   une instance de la classe "Bytecode" rend les opérations du code
   intermédiaire des instances de "Instruction".

   Si *first_line* ne vaut pas "None", elle indique le nombre de la
   ligne qui doit être considérée comme première ligne source dans le
   code désassemblé. Autrement, les informations sur la ligne source
   sont prises directement à partir de la classe du code désassemblé.

   Si la valeur de *current_offset* est différente de "None", c'est
   une référence à un offset d'une instruction dans le code
   désassemblé. Cela veut dire que "dis()" va générer un marqueur  de
   " l'instruction en cours" contre le code d'opération donné.

   If *show_caches* is "True", "dis()" will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", "dis()" will display specialized bytecode
   that may be different from the original bytecode.

   classmethod from_traceback(tb, *, show_caches=False)

      Construisez une instance "Bytecode" à partir de la trace
      d'appel, en mettant *current_offet* à l'instruction responsable
      de l'exception.

   codeobj

      Le code compilé objet.

   first_line

      La première ligne source du code objet (si disponible)

   dis()

      Retourne une vue formatée des opérations du code intermédiaire
      (la même que celle envoyée par "dis.dis()", mais comme une
      chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes ).

   info()

      Retourne une chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes formatée
      avec des informations détaillées sur l'objet code comme
      "code_info()".

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et
   les objets générateurs asynchrones.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and
   *adaptive* parameters.

Example:

   >>> bytecode = dis.Bytecode(myfunc)
   >>> for instr in bytecode:
   ...     print(instr.opname)
   ...
   RESUME
   LOAD_GLOBAL
   LOAD_FAST
   PRECALL
   CALL
   RETURN_VALUE


Analyse de fonctions
====================

La bibliothèque  "dis" comprend également l'analyse des fonctions
suivantes, qui envoient l'entrée directement à la sortie souhaitée.
Elles peuvent être utiles si il n'y a qu'une seule opération à
effectuer, la représentation intermédiaire objet n'étant donc pas
utile dans ce cas :

dis.code_info(x)

   Retourne une chaîne de caractères de plusieurs lignes  formatée
   avec des informations détaillées sur l'objet code pour les
   fonctions données, les générateurs asynchrone, coroutine, la
   méthode, la chaine de caractères du code source ou objet.

   Il est à noter que le contenu exact des chaînes de caractères
   figurant dans  les informations du code dépendent fortement sur
   l'implémentation, et peuvent changer arbitrairement sous machines
   virtuelles Python ou les versions de Python.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.2.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et
   les objets générateurs asynchrones.

dis.show_code(x, *, file=None)

   Affiche des informations détaillées sur le code de la fonction
   fournie, la méthode, la chaîne de caractère du code source ou du
   code objet à *file* (ou bien "sys.stdout" si *file* n'est pas
   spécifié).

   Ceci est un raccourci convenable de "print(code_info(x),
   file=file)", principalement fait pour l'exploration interactive sur
   l'invite de l'interpréteur.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.2.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre *file*.

dis.dis(x=None, *, file=None, depth=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Désassemble l'objet *x*. *x* peut être une bibliothèque , une
   classe, une méthode, une fonction, un générateur, un générateur
   asynchrone, une coroutine, un code objet, une chaine de caractères
   du coude source ou une séquence de bits du code intermédiaire brut.
   Pour une bibliothèque , elle désassemble toutes les fonctions. Pour
   une classe, elle désassemble toutes les méthodes (y compris les
   classes et méthodes statiques). Pour un code objet ou une séquence
   de code intermédiaire brut, elle affiche une ligne par instruction
   code intermédiaire. Aussi, elle désassemble les codes objets
   internes récursivement (le code en compréhension, les expressions
   des générateurs et les fonctions imbriquées, et le code utilisé
   pour la construction des classes internes). Les chaînes de
   caractères sont d'abord compilées pour coder des objets avec les
   fonctions intégrées de "compile()"  avant qu'elles ne soient
   désassemblées. Si aucun objet n'est fourni, cette fonction
   désassemble les dernières traces d'appel.

   Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du
   fichier *file* si il est fourni, et à "sys.stdout" sinon.

   La profondeur maximale de récursion est limitée par *depth* sauf si
   elle correspond à "None". "depth=0" indique qu'il n'y a pas de
   récursion.

   If *show_caches* is "True", this function will display inline cache
   entries used by the interpreter to specialize the bytecode.

   If *adaptive* is "True", this function will display specialized
   bytecode that may be different from the original bytecode.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre *file*.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Le désassemblage récursif a été
   implémenté, et le paramètre *depth* a été ajouté.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Cette version supporte la coroutine et
   les objets générateurs asynchrones.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and
   *adaptive* parameters.

dis.distb(tb=None, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Désassemble la fonction du haut de la pile des traces d'appels, en
   utilisant la dernière trace d'appels si rien n'a été envoyé.
   L'instruction à l'origine de l'exception est indiquée.

   Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du
   fichier *file* si il est fourni, et à "sys.stdout" sinon.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre *file*.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and
   *adaptive* parameters.

dis.disassemble(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)
dis.disco(code, lasti=-1, *, file=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Désassemble un code objet, en indiquant la dernière instruction si
   *lasti* est fournie. La sortie est répartie sur les colonnes
   suivantes :

   1. le numéro de ligne, pour la première instruction de chaque ligne

   2. l'instruction en cours, indiquée par "-->",

   3. une instruction libellée, indiquée par "> >",

   4. l'adresse de l'instruction,

   5. le nom de le code d'opération,

   6. paramètres de l'opération, et

   7. interprétation des paramètres entre parenthèses.

   L'interprétation du paramètre reconnaît les noms des variables
   locales et globales, des valeurs constantes, des branchements
   cibles, et des opérateurs de comparaison.

   Le désassemblage est envoyé sous forme de texte à l'argument du
   fichier *file* si il est fourni, et à "sys.stdout" sinon.

   Modifié dans la version 3.4: Ajout du paramètre *file*.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and
   *adaptive* parameters.

dis.get_instructions(x, *, first_line=None, show_caches=False, adaptive=False)

   Retourne un itérateur sur les instructions dans la fonction
   fournie, la méthode, les chaînes de caractères du code source ou
   objet.

   Cet itérateur génère une série de *n*-uplets de "Instruction" qui
   donnent les détails de chacune des opérations dans le code fourni.

   Si *first_line* ne vaut pas "None", elle indique le nombre de la
   ligne qui doit être considérée comme première ligne source dans le
   code désassemblé. Autrement, les informations sur la ligne source
   sont prises directement à partir de la classe du code désassemblé.

   The *show_caches* and *adaptive* parameters work as they do in
   "dis()".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Added the *show_caches* and
   *adaptive* parameters.

dis.findlinestarts(code)

   This generator function uses the "co_lines()" method of the code
   object *code* to find the offsets which are starts of lines in the
   source code.  They are generated as "(offset, lineno)" pairs.

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Les numéros de lignes peuvent être
   décroissants. Avant, ils étaient toujours croissants.

   Modifié dans la version 3.10: The **PEP 626** "co_lines()" method
   is used instead of the "co_firstlineno" and "co_lnotab" attributes
   of the code object.

dis.findlabels(code)

   Detect all offsets in the raw compiled bytecode string *code* which
   are jump targets, and return a list of these offsets.

dis.stack_effect(opcode, oparg=None, *, jump=None)

   Compute the stack effect of *opcode* with argument *oparg*.

   If the code has a jump target and *jump* is "True",
   "stack_effect()" will return the stack effect of jumping.  If
   *jump* is "False", it will return the stack effect of not jumping.
   And if *jump* is "None" (default), it will return the maximal stack
   effect of both cases.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.8: Added *jump* parameter.


Les instructions du code intermédiaire en Python
================================================

La fonction "get_instructions()" et la méthode "Bytecode" fournit des
détails sur le code intermédiaire des instructions comme "Instruction"
instances :

class dis.Instruction

   Détails sur le code intermédiaire de l'opération

   opcode

      code numérique pour l'opération, correspondant aux valeurs de
      l'*opcode* ci-dessous et les valeurs du code intermédiaire dans
      la Opcode collections.

   opname

      nom lisible/compréhensible de l'opération

   arg

      le cas échéant, argument numérique de l'opération sinon "None"

   argval

      resolved arg value (if any), otherwise "None"

   argrepr

      human readable description of operation argument (if any),
      otherwise an empty string.

   offset

      start index of operation within bytecode sequence

   starts_line

      line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise "None"

   is_jump_target

      "True" if other code jumps to here, otherwise "False"

   positions

      "dis.Positions" object holding the start and end locations that
      are covered by this instruction.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Field "positions" is added.

class dis.Positions

   In case the information is not available, some fields might be
   "None".

   lineno

   end_lineno

   col_offset

   end_col_offset

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode
instructions.

**General instructions**

NOP

   Do nothing code.  Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer,
   and to generate line tracing events.

POP_TOP

   Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.

COPY(i)

   Push the *i*-th item to the top of the stack. The item is not
   removed from its original location.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

SWAP(i)

   Swap TOS with the item at position *i*.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

CACHE

   Rather than being an actual instruction, this opcode is used to
   mark extra space for the interpreter to cache useful data directly
   in the bytecode itself. It is automatically hidden by all "dis"
   utilities, but can be viewed with "show_caches=True".

   Logically, this space is part of the preceding instruction. Many
   opcodes expect to be followed by an exact number of caches, and
   will instruct the interpreter to skip over them at runtime.

   Populated caches can look like arbitrary instructions, so great
   care should be taken when reading or modifying raw, adaptive
   bytecode containing quickened data.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

**Unary operations**

Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and
push the result back on the stack.

UNARY_POSITIVE

   Implements "TOS = +TOS".

UNARY_NEGATIVE

   Implements "TOS = -TOS".

UNARY_NOT

   Implements "TOS = not TOS".

UNARY_INVERT

   Implements "TOS = ~TOS".

GET_ITER

   Implements "TOS = iter(TOS)".

GET_YIELD_FROM_ITER

   If "TOS" is a *generator iterator* or *coroutine* object it is left
   as is.  Otherwise, implements "TOS = iter(TOS)".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.5.

**Binary and in-place operations**

Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second
top-most stack item (TOS1) from the stack.  They perform the
operation, and put the result back on the stack.

In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove
TOS and TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation
is done in-place when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be
(but does not have to be) the original TOS1.

BINARY_OP(op)

   Implements the binary and in-place operators (depending on the
   value of *op*).

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

BINARY_SUBSCR

   Implements "TOS = TOS1[TOS]".

STORE_SUBSCR

   Implements "TOS1[TOS] = TOS2".

DELETE_SUBSCR

   Implements "del TOS1[TOS]".

**Coroutine opcodes**

GET_AWAITABLE(where)

   Implements "TOS = get_awaitable(TOS)", where "get_awaitable(o)"
   returns "o" if "o" is a coroutine object or a generator object with
   the CO_ITERABLE_COROUTINE flag, or resolves "o.__await__".

      If the "where" operand is nonzero, it indicates where the
      instruction occurs:

      * "1" After a call to "__aenter__"

      * "2" After a call to "__aexit__"

   Nouveau dans la version 3.5.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction did not
   have an oparg.

GET_AITER

   Implements "TOS = TOS.__aiter__()".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.5.

   Modifié dans la version 3.7: Returning awaitable objects from
   "__aiter__" is no longer supported.

GET_ANEXT

   Pushes "get_awaitable(TOS.__anext__())" to the stack.  See
   "GET_AWAITABLE" for details about "get_awaitable".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.5.

END_ASYNC_FOR

   Terminates an "async for" loop.  Handles an exception raised when
   awaiting a next item. The stack contains the async iterable in TOS1
   and the raised exception in TOS. Both are popped. If the exception
   is not "StopAsyncIteration", it is re-raised.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.8.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack
   now consist of one, not three, items.

BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH

   Resolves "__aenter__" and "__aexit__" from the object on top of the
   stack.  Pushes "__aexit__" and result of "__aenter__()" to the
   stack.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.5.

**Miscellaneous opcodes**

PRINT_EXPR

   Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode.  TOS
   is removed from the stack and printed.  In non-interactive mode, an
   expression statement is terminated with "POP_TOP".

SET_ADD(i)

   Calls "set.add(TOS1[-i], TOS)".  Used to implement set
   comprehensions.

LIST_APPEND(i)

   Calls "list.append(TOS1[-i], TOS)".  Used to implement list
   comprehensions.

MAP_ADD(i)

   Calls "dict.__setitem__(TOS1[-i], TOS1, TOS)".  Used to implement
   dict comprehensions.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.1.

   Modifié dans la version 3.8: Map value is TOS and map key is TOS1.
   Before, those were reversed.

For all of the "SET_ADD", "LIST_APPEND" and "MAP_ADD" instructions,
while the added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container
object remains on the stack so that it is available for further
iterations of the loop.

RETURN_VALUE

   Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.

YIELD_VALUE

   Pops TOS and yields it from a *generator*.

SETUP_ANNOTATIONS

   Checks whether "__annotations__" is defined in "locals()", if not
   it is set up to an empty "dict". This opcode is only emitted if a
   class or module body contains *variable annotations* statically.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.6.

IMPORT_STAR

   Loads all symbols not starting with "'_'" directly from the module
   TOS to the local namespace. The module is popped after loading all
   names. This opcode implements "from module import *".

POP_EXCEPT

   Pops a value from the stack, which is used to restore the exception
   state.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack
   now consist of one, not three, items.

RERAISE

   Re-raises the exception currently on top of the stack. If oparg is
   non-zero, pops an additional value from the stack which is used to
   set "f_lasti" of the current frame.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Exception representation on the stack
   now consist of one, not three, items.

PUSH_EXC_INFO

   Pops a value from the stack. Pushes the current exception to the
   top of the stack. Pushes the value originally popped back to the
   stack. Used in exception handlers.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

CHECK_EXC_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except". Tests whether the TOS1 is
   an exception matching TOS. Pops TOS and pushes the boolean result
   of the test.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

CHECK_EG_MATCH

   Performs exception matching for "except*". Applies "split(TOS)" on
   the exception group representing TOS1.

   In case of a match, pops two items from the stack and pushes the
   non-matching subgroup ("None" in case of full match) followed by
   the matching subgroup. When there is no match, pops one item (the
   match type) and pushes "None".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

PREP_RERAISE_STAR

   Combines the raised and reraised exceptions list from TOS, into an
   exception group to propagate from a try-except* block. Uses the
   original exception group from TOS1 to reconstruct the structure of
   reraised exceptions. Pops two items from the stack and pushes the
   exception to reraise or "None" if there isn't one.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

WITH_EXCEPT_START

   Calls the function in position 4 on the stack with arguments (type,
   val, tb) representing the exception at the top of the stack. Used
   to implement the call "context_manager.__exit__(*exc_info())" when
   an exception has occurred in a "with" statement.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: The "__exit__" function is in
   position 4 of the stack rather than 7. Exception representation on
   the stack now consist of one, not three, items.

LOAD_ASSERTION_ERROR

   Pushes "AssertionError" onto the stack.  Used by the "assert"
   statement.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

LOAD_BUILD_CLASS

   Pushes "builtins.__build_class__()" onto the stack.  It is later
   called to construct a class.

BEFORE_WITH(delta)

   This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts.
   First, it loads "__exit__()" from the context manager and pushes it
   onto the stack for later use by "WITH_EXCEPT_START".  Then,
   "__enter__()" is called. Finally, the result of calling the
   "__enter__()" method is pushed onto the stack.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

GET_LEN

   Push "len(TOS)" onto the stack.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_MAPPING

   If TOS is an instance of "collections.abc.Mapping" (or, more
   technically: if it has the "Py_TPFLAGS_MAPPING" flag set in its
   "tp_flags"), push "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push "False".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_SEQUENCE

   If TOS is an instance of "collections.abc.Sequence" and is *not* an
   instance of "str"/"bytes"/"bytearray" (or, more technically: if it
   has the "Py_TPFLAGS_SEQUENCE" flag set in its "tp_flags"), push
   "True" onto the stack.  Otherwise, push "False".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.10.

MATCH_KEYS

   TOS is a tuple of mapping keys, and TOS1 is the match subject.  If
   TOS1 contains all of the keys in TOS, push a "tuple" containing the
   corresponding values. Otherwise, push "None".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.10.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction also
   pushed a boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure
   ("False").

STORE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "name = TOS". *namei* is the index of *name* in the
   attribute "co_names" of the code object. The compiler tries to use
   "STORE_FAST" or "STORE_GLOBAL" if possible.

DELETE_NAME(namei)

   Implements "del name", where *namei* is the index into "co_names"
   attribute of the code object.

UNPACK_SEQUENCE(count)

   Unpacks TOS into *count* individual values, which are put onto the
   stack right-to-left.

UNPACK_EX(counts)

   Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in
   TOS into individual values, where the total number of values can be
   smaller than the number of items in the iterable: one of the new
   values will be a list of all leftover items.

   The low byte of *counts* is the number of values before the list
   value, the high byte of *counts* the number of values after it.
   The resulting values are put onto the stack right-to-left.

STORE_ATTR(namei)

   Implements "TOS.name = TOS1", where *namei* is the index of name in
   "co_names".

DELETE_ATTR(namei)

   Implements "del TOS.name", using *namei* as index into "co_names"
   of the code object.

STORE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "STORE_NAME", but stores the name as a global.

DELETE_GLOBAL(namei)

   Works as "DELETE_NAME", but deletes a global name.

LOAD_CONST(consti)

   Pushes "co_consts[consti]" onto the stack.

LOAD_NAME(namei)

   Pushes the value associated with "co_names[namei]" onto the stack.

BUILD_TUPLE(count)

   Creates a tuple consuming *count* items from the stack, and pushes
   the resulting tuple onto the stack.

BUILD_LIST(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a list.

BUILD_SET(count)

   Works as "BUILD_TUPLE", but creates a set.

BUILD_MAP(count)

   Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack.  Pops "2 * count"
   items so that the dictionary holds *count* entries: "{..., TOS3:
   TOS2, TOS1: TOS}".

   Modifié dans la version 3.5: The dictionary is created from stack
   items instead of creating an empty dictionary pre-sized to hold
   *count* items.

BUILD_CONST_KEY_MAP(count)

   The version of "BUILD_MAP" specialized for constant keys. Pops the
   top element on the stack which contains a tuple of keys, then
   starting from "TOS1", pops *count* values to form values in the
   built dictionary.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.6.

BUILD_STRING(count)

   Concatenates *count* strings from the stack and pushes the
   resulting string onto the stack.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.6.

LIST_TO_TUPLE

   Pops a list from the stack and pushes a tuple containing the same
   values.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

LIST_EXTEND(i)

   Calls "list.extend(TOS1[-i], TOS)".  Used to build lists.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

SET_UPDATE(i)

   Calls "set.update(TOS1[-i], TOS)".  Used to build sets.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

DICT_UPDATE(i)

   Calls "dict.update(TOS1[-i], TOS)".  Used to build dicts.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

DICT_MERGE(i)

   Like "DICT_UPDATE" but raises an exception for duplicate keys.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

LOAD_ATTR(namei)

   Replaces TOS with "getattr(TOS, co_names[namei])".

COMPARE_OP(opname)

   Performs a Boolean operation.  The operation name can be found in
   "cmp_op[opname]".

IS_OP(invert)

   Performs "is" comparison, or "is not" if "invert" is 1.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

CONTAINS_OP(invert)

   Performs "in" comparison, or "not in" if "invert" is 1.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.9.

IMPORT_NAME(namei)

   Imports the module "co_names[namei]".  TOS and TOS1 are popped and
   provide the *fromlist* and *level* arguments of "__import__()".
   The module object is pushed onto the stack.  The current namespace
   is not affected: for a proper import statement, a subsequent
   "STORE_FAST" instruction modifies the namespace.

IMPORT_FROM(namei)

   Loads the attribute "co_names[namei]" from the module found in TOS.
   The resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently
   stored by a "STORE_FAST" instruction.

JUMP_FORWARD(delta)

   Increments bytecode counter by *delta*.

JUMP_BACKWARD(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Checks for interrupts.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

JUMP_BACKWARD_NO_INTERRUPT(delta)

   Decrements bytecode counter by *delta*. Does not check for
   interrupts.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_TRUE(delta)

   If TOS is true, increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS is
   popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_TRUE(delta)

   If TOS is true, decrements the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS is
   popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_FALSE(delta)

   If TOS is false, increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS
   is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_FALSE(delta)

   If TOS is false, decrements the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS
   is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)

   If TOS is not "None", increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.
   TOS is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NOT_NONE(delta)

   If TOS is not "None", decrements the bytecode counter by *delta*.
   TOS is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_FORWARD_IF_NONE(delta)

   If TOS is "None", increments the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS
   is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

POP_JUMP_BACKWARD_IF_NONE(delta)

   If TOS is "None", decrements the bytecode counter by *delta*.  TOS
   is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP(delta)

   If TOS is true, increments the bytecode counter by *delta* and
   leaves TOS on the stack.  Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.1.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta
   rather than an absolute target.

JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP(delta)

   If TOS is false, increments the bytecode counter by *delta* and
   leaves TOS on the stack.  Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.1.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: The oparg is now a relative delta
   rather than an absolute target.

FOR_ITER(delta)

   TOS is an *iterator*.  Call its "__next__()" method.  If this
   yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator
   below it).  If the iterator indicates it is exhausted, TOS is
   popped, and the byte code counter is incremented by *delta*.

LOAD_GLOBAL(namei)

   Loads the global named "co_names[namei>>1]" onto the stack.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: If the low bit of "namei" is set,
   then a "NULL" is pushed to the stack before the global variable.

LOAD_FAST(var_num)

   Pushes a reference to the local "co_varnames[var_num]" onto the
   stack.

STORE_FAST(var_num)

   Stores TOS into the local "co_varnames[var_num]".

DELETE_FAST(var_num)

   Deletes local "co_varnames[var_num]".

MAKE_CELL(i)

   Creates a new cell in slot "i".  If that slot is nonempty then that
   value is stored into the new cell.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

LOAD_CLOSURE(i)

   Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast
   locals" storage.  The name of the variable is
   "co_fastlocalnames[i]".

   Note that "LOAD_CLOSURE" is effectively an alias for "LOAD_FAST".
   It exists to keep bytecode a little more readable.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length
   of "co_varnames".

LOAD_DEREF(i)

   Loads the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals" storage.
   Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length
   of "co_varnames".

LOAD_CLASSDEREF(i)

   Much like "LOAD_DEREF" but first checks the locals dictionary
   before consulting the cell.  This is used for loading free
   variables in class bodies.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.4.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length
   of "co_varnames".

STORE_DEREF(i)

   Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals"
   storage.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length
   of "co_varnames".

DELETE_DEREF(i)

   Empties the cell contained in slot "i" of the "fast locals"
   storage. Used by the "del" statement.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.2.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: "i" is no longer offset by the length
   of "co_varnames".

COPY_FREE_VARS(n)

   Copies the "n" free variables from the closure into the frame.
   Removes the need for special code on the caller's side when calling
   closures.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

RAISE_VARARGS(argc)

   Raises an exception using one of the 3 forms of the "raise"
   statement, depending on the value of *argc*:

   * 0: "raise" (re-raise previous exception)

   * 1: "raise TOS" (raise exception instance or type at "TOS")

   * 2: "raise TOS1 from TOS" (raise exception instance or type at
     "TOS1" with "__cause__" set to "TOS")

CALL(argc)

   Calls a callable object with the number of arguments specified by
   "argc", including the named arguments specified by the preceding
   "KW_NAMES", if any. On the stack are (in ascending order), either:

   * NULL

   * The callable

   * The positional arguments

   * The named arguments

   or:

   * The callable

   * "self"

   * The remaining positional arguments

   * The named arguments

   "argc" is the total of the positional and named arguments,
   excluding "self" when a "NULL" is not present.

   "CALL" pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack,
   calls the callable object with those arguments, and pushes the
   return value returned by the callable object.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

CALL_FUNCTION_EX(flags)

   Calls a callable object with variable set of positional and keyword
   arguments.  If the lowest bit of *flags* is set, the top of the
   stack contains a mapping object containing additional keyword
   arguments. Before the callable is called, the mapping object and
   iterable object are each "unpacked" and their contents passed in as
   keyword and positional arguments respectively. "CALL_FUNCTION_EX"
   pops all arguments and the callable object off the stack, calls the
   callable object with those arguments, and pushes the return value
   returned by the callable object.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.6.

LOAD_METHOD(namei)

   Loads a method named "co_names[namei]" from the TOS object. TOS is
   popped. This bytecode distinguishes two cases: if TOS has a method
   with the correct name, the bytecode pushes the unbound method and
   TOS. TOS will be used as the first argument ("self") by "CALL" when
   calling the unbound method. Otherwise, "NULL" and the object return
   by the attribute lookup are pushed.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.7.

PRECALL(argc)

   Prefixes "CALL". Logically this is a no op. It exists to enable
   effective specialization of calls. "argc" is the number of
   arguments as described in "CALL".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

PUSH_NULL

      Pushes a "NULL" to the stack. Used in the call sequence to match
      the "NULL" pushed by "LOAD_METHOD" for non-method calls.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

KW_NAMES(i)

   Prefixes "PRECALL". Stores a reference to "co_consts[consti]" into
   an internal variable for use by "CALL". "co_consts[consti]" must be
   a tuple of strings.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

MAKE_FUNCTION(flags)

   Pushes a new function object on the stack.  From bottom to top, the
   consumed stack must consist of values if the argument carries a
   specified flag value

   * "0x01" a tuple of default values for positional-only and
     positional-or-keyword parameters in positional order

   * "0x02" a dictionary of keyword-only parameters' default values

   * "0x04" a tuple of strings containing parameters' annotations

   * "0x08" a tuple containing cells for free variables, making a
     closure

   * the code associated with the function (at TOS)

   Modifié dans la version 3.10: Flag value "0x04" is a tuple of
   strings instead of dictionary

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Qualified name at TOS was removed.

BUILD_SLICE(argc)

   Pushes a slice object on the stack.  *argc* must be 2 or 3.  If it
   is 2, "slice(TOS1, TOS)" is pushed; if it is 3, "slice(TOS2, TOS1,
   TOS)" is pushed. See the "slice()" built-in function for more
   information.

EXTENDED_ARG(ext)

   Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the
   default one byte. *ext* holds an additional byte which act as
   higher bits in the argument. For each opcode, at most three
   prefixal "EXTENDED_ARG" are allowed, forming an argument from two-
   byte to four-byte.

FORMAT_VALUE(flags)

   Used for implementing formatted literal strings (f-strings).  Pops
   an optional *fmt_spec* from the stack, then a required *value*.
   *flags* is interpreted as follows:

   * "(flags & 0x03) == 0x00": *value* is formatted as-is.

   * "(flags & 0x03) == 0x01": call "str()" on *value* before
     formatting it.

   * "(flags & 0x03) == 0x02": call "repr()" on *value* before
     formatting it.

   * "(flags & 0x03) == 0x03": call "ascii()" on *value* before
     formatting it.

   * "(flags & 0x04) == 0x04": pop *fmt_spec* from the stack and use
     it, else use an empty *fmt_spec*.

   Formatting is performed using "PyObject_Format()".  The result is
   pushed on the stack.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.6.

MATCH_CLASS(count)

   TOS is a tuple of keyword attribute names, TOS1 is the class being
   matched against, and TOS2 is the match subject.  *count* is the
   number of positional sub-patterns.

   Pop TOS, TOS1, and TOS2.  If TOS2 is an instance of TOS1 and has
   the positional and keyword attributes required by *count* and TOS,
   push a tuple of extracted attributes.  Otherwise, push "None".

   Nouveau dans la version 3.10.

   Modifié dans la version 3.11: Previously, this instruction also
   pushed a boolean value indicating success ("True") or failure
   ("False").

RESUME(where)

      A no-op. Performs internal tracing, debugging and optimization
      checks.

      The "where" operand marks where the "RESUME" occurs:

      * "0" The start of a function

      * "1" After a "yield" expression

      * "2" After a "yield from" expression

      * "3" After an "await" expression

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

RETURN_GENERATOR

   Create a generator, coroutine, or async generator from the current
   frame. Clear the current frame and return the newly created
   generator.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

SEND

   Sends "None" to the sub-generator of this generator. Used in "yield
   from" and "await" statements.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

ASYNC_GEN_WRAP

   Wraps the value on top of the stack in an
   "async_generator_wrapped_value". Used to yield in async generators.

   Nouveau dans la version 3.11.

HAVE_ARGUMENT

   This is not really an opcode.  It identifies the dividing line
   between opcodes which don't use their argument and those that do
   ("< HAVE_ARGUMENT" and ">= HAVE_ARGUMENT", respectively).

   Modifié dans la version 3.6: Now every instruction has an argument,
   but opcodes "< HAVE_ARGUMENT" ignore it. Before, only opcodes ">=
   HAVE_ARGUMENT" had an argument.


Opcode collections
==================

These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:

dis.opname

   Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.

dis.opmap

   Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.

dis.cmp_op

   Sequence of all compare operation names.

dis.hasconst

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a constant.

dis.hasfree

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that 'free'
   in this context refers to names in the current scope that are
   referenced by inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are
   referenced from this scope.  It does *not* include references to
   global or builtin scopes).

dis.hasname

   Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.

dis.hasjrel

   Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.

dis.hasjabs

   Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.

dis.haslocal

   Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.

dis.hascompare

   Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.
