"pathlib" --- Object-oriented filesystem paths
**********************************************

Added in version 3.4.

**Source code:** Lib/pathlib/

======================================================================

Este módulo ofrece clases que representan rutas del sistema de
archivos con semántica apropiada para diferentes sistemas operativos.
Las clases ruta se dividen entre rutas puras, que proporcionan
operaciones puramente computacionales sin E/S; y rutas concretas, que
heredan de rutas puras pero también proporcionan operaciones de E/S.

[imagen: Inheritance diagram showing the classes available in pathlib.
The most basic class is PurePath, which has three direct subclasses:
PurePosixPath, PureWindowsPath, and Path. Further to these four
classes, there are two classes that use multiple inheritance:
PosixPath subclasses PurePosixPath and Path, and WindowsPath
subclasses PureWindowsPath and Path.][imagen]

Si nunca has usado este módulo o simplemente no estás seguro de qué
clase es la adecuada para tu tarea, "Path" es probablemente lo que
necesitas. Crea una instancia ruta concreta para la plataforma en la
que se ejecuta el código.

Las rutas puras son útiles en algunos casos especiales, por ejemplo:

1. Si deseas manipular las rutas de Windows en una máquina Unix (o
   viceversa). No puedes crear una instancia de "WindowsPath" cuando
   se ejecuta en Unix, pero puedes crear una instancia de
   "PureWindowsPath".

2. Desea asegurar que su código solo manipule rutas sin acceder
   realmente al sistema operativo. En este caso, crear instancias de
   una de las clases puras puede ser útil, ya que simplemente no
   tienen ninguna operación de acceso al sistema operativo.

Ver también:

  **PEP 428**: El módulo pathlib -- rutas de sistema orientadas a
  objetos.

Ver también:

  Para la manipulación de rutas de bajo nivel en cadenas, también
  puede usar el módulo "os.path".


Uso básico
==========

Importar la clase principal:

   >>> from pathlib import Path

Listado de subdirectorios:

   >>> p = Path('.')
   >>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
   [PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
    PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

Listado de archivos fuente de Python en este árbol de directorios:

   >>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
   [PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
    PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
    PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

Navegar dentro de un árbol de directorios:

   >>> p = Path('/etc')
   >>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
   >>> q
   PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
   >>> q.resolve()
   PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

Consultar propiedades de ruta:

   >>> q.exists()
   True
   >>> q.is_dir()
   False

Abrir un archivo:

   >>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
   ...
   '#!/bin/bash\n'


Exceptions
==========

exception pathlib.UnsupportedOperation

   An exception inheriting "NotImplementedError" that is raised when
   an unsupported operation is called on a path object.

   Added in version 3.13.


Rutas puras
===========

Los objetos ruta pura proporcionan operaciones de manejo de rutas que
en realidad no acceden al sistema de archivos. Hay tres formas de
acceder a estas clases, que llamaremos *familias*:

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

   Una clase genérica que representa la familia de rutas del sistema
   (al crear una instancia se crea "PurePosixPath" o
   "PureWindowsPath"):

      >>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
      PurePosixPath('setup.py')

   Each element of *pathsegments* can be either a string representing
   a path segment, or an object implementing the "os.PathLike"
   interface where the "__fspath__()" method returns a string, such as
   another path object:

      >>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
      >>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

   Cuando *pathsegments* está vacío, se asume el directorio actual:

      >>> PurePath()
      PurePosixPath('.')

   If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored
   (like "os.path.join()"):

      >>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
      PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
      PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

   On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path
   segment (e.g., "r'\foo'") is encountered:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

   Las barras espurias y los puntos simples se colapsan, pero los
   puntos dobles ("'..'") y las barras dobles iniciales ("'//'") no,
   ya que esto cambiaría el significado de una ruta por varias razones
   (por ejemplo, enlaces simbólicos, rutas UNC):

      >>> PurePath('foo//bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
      PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

   (un enfoque naif haría pensar que "PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')" es
   equivalente a "PurePosixPath('bar')", lo cual es incorrecto si
   "foo" es un enlace simbólico a otro directorio)

   Los objetos ruta pura implementan la interfaz "os.PathLike", lo que
   permite su uso en cualquier lugar donde se acepte la interfaz.

   Distinto en la versión 3.6: Se agregó soporte para la interfaz
   "os.PathLike".

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

   Una subclase de "PurePath", esta *familia* representa rutas que no
   son del sistema de archivos de Windows:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments* se especifica de manera similar a "PurePath".

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   Una subclase de "PurePath", este tipo de ruta representa las rutas
   del sistema de archivos de Windows, incluido UNC paths:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
      PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

   *pathsegments* se especifica de manera similar a "PurePath".

Independientemente del sistema en el que se encuentre, puede crear
instancias de todas estas clases, ya que no proporcionan ninguna
operación que llame al sistema operativo.


Propiedades generales
---------------------

Paths are immutable and *hashable*.  Paths of a same flavour are
comparable and orderable.  These properties respect the flavour's
case-folding semantics:

   >>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
   True
   >>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
   True

Rutas de diferentes familias no son iguales y no se pueden ordenar:

   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
   False
   >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
   TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'


Operadores
----------

The slash operator helps create child paths, like "os.path.join()". If
the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored. On
Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted relative
path (e.g., "r'\foo'"):

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> p
   PurePosixPath('/etc')
   >>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
   PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
   >>> q = PurePath('bin')
   >>> '/usr' / q
   PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
   >>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
   PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
   >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
   PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

Se puede usar un objeto ruta en cualquier lugar donde se acepte un
objeto que implemente "os.PathLike":

   >>> import os
   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> os.fspath(p)
   '/etc'

La representación de una ruta en una cadena de caracteres es la ruta
del sistema de archivos sin procesar en sí (en forma nativa, por
ejemplo con barras invertidas en Windows), y que puede pasar a
cualquier función que tome una ruta como una cadena de caracteres:

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
   >>> str(p)
   '/etc'
   >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
   >>> str(p)
   'c:\\Program Files'

Del mismo modo, llamar a "bytes" en una ruta proporciona la ruta cruda
del sistema de archivos como un objeto bytes, codificado por
"os.fsencode()":

   >>> bytes(p)
   b'/etc'

Nota:

  Llamar a "bytes" solo se recomienda en Unix. En Windows, la forma
  unicode es la representación canónica de las rutas del sistema de
  archivos.


Acceso a partes individuales
----------------------------

Para acceder a las "partes" (componentes) individuales de una ruta,
use la siguiente propiedad:

PurePath.parts

   Una tupla que da acceso a los diversos componentes de la ruta:

      >>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
      >>> p.parts
      ('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
      >>> p.parts
      ('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

   (obsérvese cómo la unidad y la raíz local se reagrupan en una sola
   parte)


Métodos y propiedades
---------------------

Las rutas puras proporcionan los siguientes métodos y propiedades:

PurePath.parser

   The implementation of the "os.path" module used for low-level path
   parsing and joining: either "posixpath" or "ntpath".

   Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.drive

   Una cadena que representa la letra o el nombre de la unidad, si
   corresponde:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
      'c:'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
      ''

   Las localizaciones UNC también son consideradas como unidades:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
      '\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

   Una cadena que representa la raíz (local o global), si la hay:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
      '\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
      '/'

   Las localizaciones UNC siempre tienen una raíz:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
      '\\'

   Si la ruta comienza con más de dos barras diagonales sucesivas,
   "PurePosixPath" las contrae:

      >>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
      '//'
      >>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
      '/'
      >>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
      '/'

   Nota:

     Este comportamiento se ajusta a *The Open Group Base
     Specifications Issue 6*, párrafo 4.11 Pathname Resolution:*"Un
     nombre de ruta que comienza con dos barras oblicuas sucesivas se
     puede interpretar de una manera definida por la implementación,
     aunque más de dos barras oblicuas iniciales se tratarán como una
     sola barra oblicua."*

PurePath.anchor

   La concatenación de la unidad y la raíz:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
      'c:\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
      'c:'
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
      '/'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
      '\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

   Una secuencia inmutable que proporciona acceso a los ancestros
   lógicos de la ruta:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
      >>> p.parents[0]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
      >>> p.parents[1]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
      >>> p.parents[2]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/')

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: La secuencia de padres ahora admite
   *rebanada* y valores de índice negativos.

PurePath.parent

   El padre lógico de la ruta

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

   No puede ir más allá de un ancla o una ruta vacía:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('.')

   Nota:

     Esta es una operación puramente léxica, de ahí el siguiente
     comportamiento:

        >>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
        >>> p.parent
        PurePosixPath('foo')

     Si desea recorrer una ruta de sistema de archivos arbitraria
     hacia arriba, se recomienda llamar primero a "Path.resolve()"
     para resolver los enlaces simbólicos y eliminar los componentes
     "".."".

PurePath.name

   Una cadena que representa el componente final de la ruta,
   excluyendo la unidad y la raíz, si hay alguna:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'

   Los nombres de unidad UNC no se consideran:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
      ''

PurePath.suffix

   The last dot-separated portion of the final component, if any:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
      '.py'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
      '.gz'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
      ''

   This is commonly called the file extension.

PurePath.suffixes

   A list of the path's suffixes, often called file extensions:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gar']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gz']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
      []

PurePath.stem

   El componente final de la ruta, sin su sufijo:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
      'library.tar'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
      'library'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
      'library'

PurePath.as_posix()

   Retorna una cadena que representa la ruta con barras invertidas
   ("/"):

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
      >>> str(p)
      'c:\\windows'
      >>> p.as_posix()
      'c:/windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

   Retorna si la ruta es absoluta o no. Una ruta se considera absoluta
   si tiene una raíz y (si la **familia** lo permite) una unidad:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
      False

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
      True

PurePath.is_relative_to(other)

   Retorna si esta ruta es relativa o no a la *otra* ruta.

   >>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
   True
   >>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
   False

   This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor
   treats "".."" segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

   >>> u = PurePath('/usr')
   >>> u == p or u in p.parents
   False

   Added in version 3.9.

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14:
   Passing additional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are
   joined with *other*.

PurePath.is_reserved()

   Con "PureWindowsPath", retorna "True" si la ruta se considera
   reservada en Windows, "False" en caso contrario. Con
   "PurePosixPath", siempre retorna "False".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Windows path names that contain a
   colon, or end with a dot or a space, are considered reserved. UNC
   paths may be reserved.

   Deprecated since version 3.13, will be removed in version 3.15:
   This method is deprecated; use "os.path.isreserved()" to detect
   reserved paths on Windows.

PurePath.joinpath(*pathsegments)

   Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each
   of the given *pathsegments* in turn:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.full_match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern.  Return
   "True" if matching is successful, "False" otherwise.  For example:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('a/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('*.py')
      False
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('/a/**')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('**/*.py')
      True

   Ver también: Pattern language documentation.

   Al igual que con otros métodos, la distinción entre mayúsculas y
   minúsculas sigue los valores predeterminados de la plataforma:

      >>> PurePosixPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      True

   Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False" to override this
   behaviour.

   Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

   Match this path against the provided non-recursive glob-style
   pattern. Return "True" if matching is successful, "False"
   otherwise.

   This method is similar to "full_match()", but empty patterns aren't
   allowed ("ValueError" is raised), the recursive wildcard ""**""
   isn't supported (it acts like non-recursive ""*""), and if a
   relative pattern is provided, then matching is done from the right:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
      False

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: The *pattern* parameter accepts a
   *path-like object*.

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was
   added.

PurePath.relative_to(other, walk_up=False)

   Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by
   *other*.  If it's impossible, "ValueError" is raised:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/')
      PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/etc')
      PurePosixPath('passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/usr')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   When *walk_up* is false (the default), the path must start with
   *other*. When the argument is true, ".." entries may be added to
   form the relative path. In all other cases, such as the paths
   referencing different drives, "ValueError" is raised.:

      >>> p.relative_to('/usr', walk_up=True)
      PurePosixPath('../etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('foo', walk_up=True)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not on the same drive as 'foo' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

   Advertencia:

     This function is part of "PurePath" and works with strings. It
     does not check or access the underlying file structure. This can
     impact the *walk_up* option as it assumes that no symlinks are
     present in the path; call "resolve()" first if necessary to
     resolve symlinks.

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: The *walk_up* parameter was added (old
   behavior is the same as "walk_up=False").

   Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14:
   Passing additional positional arguments is deprecated; if supplied,
   they are joined with *other*.

PurePath.with_name(name)

   Retorna una nueva ruta con "name" cambiado. Si la ruta original no
   tiene nombre, se genera *ValueError*:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

   Retorna una nueva ruta con "stem" cambiado. Si la ruta original no
   tiene nombre, se lanza *ValueError*:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
      >>> p.with_stem('final')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_stem('lib')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_stem('')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
          return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

   Added in version 3.9.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

   Retorna una nueva ruta con "suffix" cambiado. Si la ruta original
   no tiene un sufijo, se agrega el nuevo *suffix*. Si *suffix* es una
   cadena vacía, el sufijo original se elimina:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
      PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p.with_suffix('')
      PureWindowsPath('README')

PurePath.with_segments(*pathsegments)

   Create a new path object of the same type by combining the given
   *pathsegments*. This method is called whenever a derivative path is
   created, such as from "parent" and "relative_to()". Subclasses may
   override this method to pass information to derivative paths, for
   example:

      from pathlib import PurePosixPath

      class MyPath(PurePosixPath):
          def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
              super().__init__(*pathsegments)
              self.session_id = session_id

          def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
              return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)

      etc = MyPath('/etc', session_id=42)
      hosts = etc / 'hosts'
      print(hosts.session_id)  # 42

   Added in version 3.12.


Rutas concretas
===============

Las rutas concretas son subclases de las rutas puras. Además de las
operaciones proporcionadas por estas últimas, también proporcionan
métodos realizar llamadas del sistema a objetos ruta. Hay tres formas
de crear instancias de rutas concretas:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

   Una subclase de "PurePath", esta clase representa rutas concretas
   de la *familia* ruta del sistema (al crear una instancia crea ya
   sea "PosixPath" o "WindowsPath"):

      >>> Path('setup.py')
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   *pathsegments* se especifica de manera similar a "PurePath".

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

   Una subclase de "Path" y "PurePosixPath", esta clase representa
   rutas concretas de sistemas de archivos que no son de Windows:

      >>> PosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   *pathsegments* se especifica de manera similar a "PurePath".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" on
   Windows. In previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was raised
   instead.

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

   Una subclase de "Path" y "PureWindowsPath", esta clase representa
   rutas concretas del sistema de archivos de Windows:

      >>> WindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      WindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')

   *pathsegments* se especifica de manera similar a "PurePath".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" on non-
   Windows platforms. In previous versions, "NotImplementedError" was
   raised instead.

Solo puedes crear instancias de la *familia* de clase que corresponde
a su sistema operativo (permitir llamadas del sistema no compatibles
podría provocar errores o fallas en su aplicación):

   >>> import os
   >>> os.name
   'posix'
   >>> Path('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> PosixPath('setup.py')
   PosixPath('setup.py')
   >>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
     File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
       % (cls.__name__,))
   UnsupportedOperation: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Some concrete path methods can raise an "OSError" if a system call
fails (for example because the path doesn't exist).


Parsing and generating URIs
---------------------------

Concrete path objects can be created from, and represented as, 'file'
URIs conforming to **RFC 8089**.

Nota:

  File URIs are not portable across machines with different filesystem
  encodings.

classmethod Path.from_uri(uri)

   Return a new path object from parsing a 'file' URI. For example:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

   On Windows, DOS device and UNC paths may be parsed from URIs:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')

   Several variant forms are supported:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:////server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://///server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:/c|/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')

   "ValueError" is raised if the URI does not start with "file:", or
   the parsed path isn't absolute.

   Added in version 3.13.

Path.as_uri()

   Represent the path as a 'file' URI.  "ValueError" is raised if the
   path isn't absolute.

      >>> p = PosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///etc/passwd'
      >>> p = WindowsPath('c:/Windows')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///c:/Windows'

   For historical reasons, this method is also available from
   "PurePath" objects. However, its use of "os.fsencode()" makes it
   strictly impure.


Expanding and resolving paths
-----------------------------

classmethod Path.home()

   Retorna un nuevo objeto ruta que representa el directorio de inicio
   del usuario (como lo retorna "os.path.expanduser()" con el agregado
   "~"). Si el directorio de inicio no se puede resolver, se lanza
   "RuntimeError".

      >>> Path.home()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine')

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.expanduser()

   Retorna una nueva ruta con las construcciones "~" y "~user"
   expandidas, como lo retorna "os.path.expanduser()". Si el
   directorio de inicio no se puede resolver, se lanza "RuntimeError".

      >>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
      >>> p.expanduser()
      PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

   Added in version 3.5.

classmethod Path.cwd()

   Retorna un nuevo objeto ruta que representa el directorio actual
   (como lo retorna "os.getcwd()"):

      >>> Path.cwd()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

Path.absolute()

   Hace que la ruta sea absoluta, sin normalización ni resolución de
   enlaces simbólicos. Retorna un nuevo objeto de ruta:

      >>> p = Path('tests')
      >>> p
      PosixPath('tests')
      >>> p.absolute()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

   Hace que la ruta sea absoluta, resolviendo los enlaces simbólicos.
   Se retorna un nuevo objeto ruta:

      >>> p = Path()
      >>> p
      PosixPath('.')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

   Los componentes "".."" también se eliminan (este es el único método
   para hacerlo):

      >>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

   If a path doesn't exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and
   *strict* is "True", "OSError" is raised.  If *strict* is "False",
   the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is
   appended without checking whether it exists.

   Distinto en la versión 3.6: The *strict* parameter was added
   (pre-3.6 behavior is strict).

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Symlink loops are treated like other
   errors: "OSError" is raised in strict mode, and no exception is
   raised in non-strict mode. In previous versions, "RuntimeError" is
   raised no matter the value of *strict*.

Path.readlink()

   Retorna la ruta a la que apunta el vínculo simbólico (como lo
   retorna "os.readlink()"):

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.readlink()
      PosixPath('setup.py')

   Added in version 3.9.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if
   "os.readlink()" is not available. In previous versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.


Querying file type and status
-----------------------------

Distinto en la versión 3.8: "exists()", "is_dir()", "is_file()",
"is_mount()", "is_symlink()", "is_block_device()", "is_char_device()",
"is_fifo()", "is_socket()" now return "False" instead of raising an
exception for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS
level.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return an "os.stat_result" object containing information about this
   path, like "os.stat()". The result is looked up at each call to
   this method.

   Este método normalmente sigue enlaces simbólicos; para evitar
   enlaces simbólicos, agregue el argumento "follow_symlinks = False",
   o use "lstat()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.stat().st_mtime
      1327883547.852554

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.lstat()

   Del mismo modo que "Path.stat()" pero si la ruta apunta a un enlace
   simbólico, retorna la información del enlace simbólico en lugar de
   la de su objetivo.

Path.exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to an existing file or directory.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to check if a symlink
   exists, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

      >>> Path('.').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('setup.py').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('/etc').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
      False

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to a regular file, "False" if it
   points to another kind of file.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

   This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks, add the
   argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return "True" if the path points to a directory, "False" if it
   points to another kind of file.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

   This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks to
   directories, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.is_symlink()

   Retorna "True" si la ruta apunta a un enlace simbólico, "False" de
   lo contrario.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe; se extiende a
   otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.is_junction()

   Return "True" if the path points to a junction, and "False" for any
   other type of file. Currently only Windows supports junctions.

   Added in version 3.12.

Path.is_mount()

   Return "True" if the path is a *mount point*: a point in a file
   system where a different file system has been mounted.  On POSIX,
   the function checks whether *path*'s parent, "path/..", is on a
   different device than *path*, or whether "path/.." and *path* point
   to the same i-node on the same device --- this should detect mount
   points for all Unix and POSIX variants.  On Windows, a mount point
   is considered to be a drive letter root (e.g. "c:\"), a UNC share
   (e.g. "\\server\share"), or a mounted filesystem directory.

   Added in version 3.7.

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: Windows support was added.

Path.is_socket()

   Retorna "True" si la ruta apunta a un *socket* Unix (o un enlace
   simbólico que apunta a uno), "False" si apunta a otro tipo de
   archivo.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

Path.is_fifo()

   Retorna "True" si la ruta apunta a un *FIFO* (o un enlace simbólico
   que apunta a un *FIFO*), "False" si apunta a otro tipo de archivo.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

Path.is_block_device()

   Retorna "True" si la ruta apunta a un dispositivo de bloques (o un
   enlace simbólico que apunta a uno), "False" si apunta a otro tipo
   de archivo.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

Path.is_char_device()

   Retorna "True" si la ruta apunta a un dispositivo de caracteres (o
   un enlace simbólico que apunta a uno), "False" si apunta a otro
   tipo de archivo.

   "False" también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace
   simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de
   permiso).

Path.samefile(other_path)

   Retorna si la ruta apunta al mismo archivo que *other_path*, que
   puede ser un objeto *Path* o una cadena. La semántica es similar a
   "os.path.samefile()" y "os.path.samestat()".

   Se puede generar "OSError" si no se accede a alguno de los archivos
   por algún motivo.

      >>> p = Path('spam')
      >>> q = Path('eggs')
      >>> p.samefile(q)
      False
      >>> p.samefile('spam')
      True

   Added in version 3.5.


Reading and writing files
-------------------------

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Abre el archivo señalado por la ruta, como lo hace la función
   incorporada "open()":

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> with p.open() as f:
      ...     f.readline()
      ...
      '#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Retorna el contenido decodificado del archivo apuntado como una
   cadena:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   El archivo se abre y luego se cierra. Los parámetros opcionales
   funcionan de la misma manera que en "open()".

   Added in version 3.5.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro *newline*.

Path.read_bytes()

   Retorna el contenido binario del archivo apuntado como un objeto
   bytes:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   Added in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

   Abre el archivo apuntado en modo texto, escribe *data* y cierra el
   archivo:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

   Se sobrescribe un archivo existente con el mismo nombre. Los
   parámetros opcionales tienen el mismo significado que en "open()".

   Added in version 3.5.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro *newline*.

Path.write_bytes(data)

   Abre el archivo apuntado en modo bytes, escribe *data* y cierra el
   archivo:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

   Se sobrescribe un archivo existente con el mismo nombre.

   Added in version 3.5.


Reading directories
-------------------

Path.iterdir()

   Cuando la ruta apunta a un directorio, produce objetos de ruta del
   contenido del directorio:

      >>> p = Path('docs')
      >>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
      ...
      PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
      PosixPath('docs/_templates')
      PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
      PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
      PosixPath('docs/_build')
      PosixPath('docs/_static')
      PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

   The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special
   entries "'.'" and "'..'" are not included.  If a file is removed
   from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, it is
   unspecified whether a path object for that file is included.

   If the path is not a directory or otherwise inaccessible, "OSError"
   is raised.

Path.glob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

   Analiza el patrón comodín relativo a esta ruta para producir todos
   los archivos coincidentes (de cualquier tipo):

      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
      [PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
       PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('setup.py'),
       PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

   Ver también: Pattern language documentation.

   By default, or when the *case_sensitive* keyword-only argument is
   set to "None", this method matches paths using platform-specific
   casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-
   insensitive on Windows. Set *case_sensitive* to "True" or "False"
   to override this behaviour.

   By default, or when the *recurse_symlinks* keyword-only argument is
   set to "False", this method follows symlinks except when expanding
   ""**"" wildcards. Set *recurse_symlinks* to "True" to always follow
   symlinks.

   Levanta un auditing event "pathlib.Path.glob" con argumentos
   "self", "pattern".

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was
   added.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: The *recurse_symlinks* parameter was
   added.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: The *pattern* parameter accepts a
   *path-like object*.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Any "OSError" exceptions raised from
   scanning the filesystem are suppressed. In previous versions, such
   exceptions are suppressed in many cases, but not all.

Path.rglob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

   Glob the given relative *pattern* recursively.  This is like
   calling "Path.glob()" with ""**/"" added in front of the *pattern*.

   Ver también: Pattern language and "Path.glob()" documentation.

   Levanta un auditing event "pathlib.Path.rglob" con argumentos
   "self", "pattern".

   Distinto en la versión 3.12: The *case_sensitive* parameter was
   added.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: The *recurse_symlinks* parameter was
   added.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: The *pattern* parameter accepts a
   *path-like object*.

Path.walk(top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False)

   Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree
   either top-down or bottom-up.

   For each directory in the directory tree rooted at *self*
   (including *self* but excluding '.' and '..'), the method yields a
   3-tuple of "(dirpath, dirnames, filenames)".

   *dirpath* is a "Path" to the directory currently being walked,
   *dirnames* is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in
   *dirpath* (excluding "'.'" and "'..'"), and *filenames* is a list
   of strings for the names of the non-directory files in *dirpath*.
   To get a full path (which begins with *self*) to a file or
   directory in *dirpath*, do "dirpath / name". Whether or not the
   lists are sorted is file system-dependent.

   If the optional argument *top_down* is true (which is the default),
   the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any
   of its subdirectories (directories are walked top-down).  If
   *top_down* is false, the triple for a directory is generated after
   the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are walked
   bottom-up). No matter the value of *top_down*, the list of
   subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory
   and its subdirectories are walked.

   When *top_down* is true, the caller can modify the *dirnames* list
   in-place (for example, using "del" or slice assignment), and
   "Path.walk()" will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names
   remain in *dirnames*. This can be used to prune the search, or to
   impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform
   "Path.walk()" about directories the caller creates or renames
   before it resumes "Path.walk()" again. Modifying *dirnames* when
   *top_down* is false has no effect on the behavior of "Path.walk()"
   since the directories in *dirnames* have already been generated by
   the time *dirnames* is yielded to the caller.

   By default, errors from "os.scandir()" are ignored.  If the
   optional argument *on_error* is specified, it should be a callable;
   it will be called with one argument, an "OSError" instance. The
   callable can handle the error to continue the walk or re-raise it
   to stop the walk. Note that the filename is available as the
   "filename" attribute of the exception object.

   By default, "Path.walk()" does not follow symbolic links, and
   instead adds them to the *filenames* list. Set *follow_symlinks* to
   true to resolve symlinks and place them in *dirnames* and
   *filenames* as appropriate for their targets, and consequently
   visit directories pointed to by symlinks (where supported).

   Nota:

     Be aware that setting *follow_symlinks* to true can lead to
     infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of
     itself. "Path.walk()" does not keep track of the directories it
     has already visited.

   Nota:

     "Path.walk()" assumes the directories it walks are not modified
     during execution. For example, if a directory from *dirnames* has
     been replaced with a symlink and *follow_symlinks* is false,
     "Path.walk()" will still try to descend into it. To prevent such
     behavior, remove directories from *dirnames* as appropriate.

   Nota:

     Unlike "os.walk()", "Path.walk()" lists symlinks to directories
     in *filenames* if *follow_symlinks* is false.

   This example displays the number of bytes used by all files in each
   directory, while ignoring "__pycache__" directories:

      from pathlib import Path
      for root, dirs, files in Path("cpython/Lib/concurrent").walk(on_error=print):
        print(
            root,
            "consumes",
            sum((root / file).stat().st_size for file in files),
            "bytes in",
            len(files),
            "non-directory files"
        )
        if '__pycache__' in dirs:
              dirs.remove('__pycache__')

   This next example is a simple implementation of "shutil.rmtree()".
   Walking the tree bottom-up is essential as "rmdir()" doesn't allow
   deleting a directory before it is empty:

      # Delete everything reachable from the directory "top".
      # CAUTION:  This is dangerous! For example, if top == Path('/'),
      # it could delete all of your files.
      for root, dirs, files in top.walk(top_down=False):
          for name in files:
              (root / name).unlink()
          for name in dirs:
              (root / name).rmdir()

   Added in version 3.12.


Creating files and directories
------------------------------

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

   Create a file at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it is
   combined with the process's "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the file already exists, the function
   succeeds when *exist_ok* is true (and its modification time is
   updated to the current time), otherwise "FileExistsError" is
   raised.

   Ver también:

     The "open()", "write_text()" and "write_bytes()" methods are
     often used to create files.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

   Create a new directory at this given path.  If *mode* is given, it
   is combined with the process's "umask" value to determine the file
   mode and access flags.  If the path already exists,
   "FileExistsError" is raised.

   Si *parents* es verdadero, los padres que faltan de esta ruta se
   crean según sea necesario; se crean con los permisos
   predeterminados sin tener en cuenta *mode* (imitando el comando
   POSIX "mkdir -p").

   Si *parents* es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera un padre
   que falta "FileNotFoundError".

   Si *exist_ok* es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera
   "FileExistsError" si el directorio de destino ya existe.

   If *exist_ok* is true, "FileExistsError" will not be raised unless
   the given path already exists in the file system and is not a
   directory (same behavior as the POSIX "mkdir -p" command).

   Distinto en la versión 3.5: Se agregó el parámetro *exist_ok*.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

   Make this path a symbolic link pointing to *target*.

   On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and
   does not morph to the target dynamically.  If the target is
   present, the type of the symlink will be created to match.
   Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if
   *target_is_directory* is true or a file symlink (the default)
   otherwise.  On non-Windows platforms, *target_is_directory* is
   ignored.

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.lstat().st_size
      8

   Nota:

     El orden de los argumentos (*link*, *target*) es el reverso de
     "os.symlink()"'s.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if
   "os.symlink()" is not available. In previous versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

   Hace de esta ruta un enlace fijo que apunta al mismo archivo que
   *target*.

   Nota:

     El orden de los argumentos (link, target) es el reverso de
     "os.link()".

   Added in version 3.10.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if
   "os.link()" is not available. In previous versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.


Renaming and deleting
---------------------

Path.rename(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  On Unix, if *target*
   exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has
   permission. On Windows, if *target* exists, "FileExistsError" will
   be raised. *target* can be either a string or another path object:

      >>> p = Path('foo')
      >>> p.open('w').write('some text')
      9
      >>> target = Path('bar')
      >>> p.rename(target)
      PosixPath('bar')
      >>> target.open().read()
      'some text'

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   It is implemented in terms of "os.rename()" and gives the same
   guarantees.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Added return value, return the new
   "Path" instance.

Path.replace(target)

   Rename this file or directory to the given *target*, and return a
   new "Path" instance pointing to *target*.  If *target* points to an
   existing file or empty directory, it will be unconditionally
   replaced.

   The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are
   interpreted relative to the current working directory, *not* the
   directory of the "Path" object.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Added return value, return the new
   "Path" instance.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

   Elimine el archivo o enlace simbólico. Si la ruta apunta a un
   directorio, use "Path.rmdir()" en su lugar.

   Si *missing_ok* es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera
   "FileNotFoundError" si la ruta no existe.

   Si *missing_ok* es verdadero, las excepciones "FileNotFoundError"
   serán ignoradas (el mismo comportamiento que el comando POSIX "rm
   -f").

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Se agregó el parámetro *missing_ok*.

Path.rmdir()

   Elimina el directorio. El directorio debe estar vacío.


Permissions and ownership
-------------------------

Path.owner(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return the name of the user owning the file. "KeyError" is raised
   if the file's user identifier (UID) isn't found in the system
   database.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to get the owner of the
   symlink, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if the
   "pwd" module is not available. In earlier versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.group(*, follow_symlinks=True)

   Return the name of the group owning the file. "KeyError" is raised
   if the file's group identifier (GID) isn't found in the system
   database.

   This method normally follows symlinks; to get the group of the
   symlink, add the argument "follow_symlinks=False".

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises "UnsupportedOperation" if the
   "grp" module is not available. In earlier versions,
   "NotImplementedError" was raised.

   Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

   Cambia el modo y los permisos de archivo, como "os.chmod()".

   Este método normalmente sigue enlaces simbólicos. Algunas versiones
   de Unix admiten el cambio de permisos en el enlace simbólico en sí;
   en estas plataformas puede agregar el argumento
   "follow_symlinks=False", o usar "lchmod()".

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33277
      >>> p.chmod(0o444)
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33060

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro
   *follow_symlinks*.

Path.lchmod(mode)

   Del mismo modo que "Path.chmod()" pero si la ruta apunta a un
   enlace simbólico, el modo del enlace simbólico cambia en lugar del
   de su objetivo.


Pattern language
================

The following wildcards are supported in patterns for "full_match()",
"glob()" and "rglob()":

"**" (entire segment)
   Matches any number of file or directory segments, including zero.

"*" (entire segment)
   Matches one file or directory segment.

"*" (part of a segment)
   Matches any number of non-separator characters, including zero.

"?"
   Matches one non-separator character.

"[seq]"
   Matches one character in *seq*.

"[!seq]"
   Matches one character not in *seq*.

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For
example, ""[?]"" matches the character ""?"".

The ""**"" wildcard enables recursive globbing. A few examples:

+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pattern                   | Meaning                                                               |
|===========================|=======================================================================|
| ""**/*""                  | Any path with at least one segment.                                   |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""**/*.py""               | Any path with a final segment ending "".py"".                         |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""assets/**""             | Any path starting with ""assets/"".                                   |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ""assets/**/*""           | Any path starting with ""assets/"", excluding ""assets/"" itself.     |
+---------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Nota:

  Globbing with the ""**"" wildcard visits every directory in the
  tree. Large directory trees may take a long time to search.

Distinto en la versión 3.13: Globbing with a pattern that ends with
""**"" returns both files and directories. In previous versions, only
directories were returned.

In "Path.glob()" and "rglob()", a trailing slash may be added to the
pattern to match only directories.

Distinto en la versión 3.11: Globbing with a pattern that ends with a
pathname components separator ("sep" or "altsep") returns only
directories.


Comparison to the "glob" module
===============================

The patterns accepted and results generated by "Path.glob()" and
"Path.rglob()" differ slightly from those by the "glob" module:

1. Files beginning with a dot are not special in pathlib. This is like
   passing "include_hidden=True" to "glob.glob()".

2. ""**"" pattern components are always recursive in pathlib. This is
   like passing "recursive=True" to "glob.glob()".

3. ""**"" pattern components do not follow symlinks by default in
   pathlib. This behaviour has no equivalent in "glob.glob()", but you
   can pass "recurse_symlinks=True" to "Path.glob()" for compatible
   behaviour.

4. Like all "PurePath" and "Path" objects, the values returned from
   "Path.glob()" and "Path.rglob()" don't include trailing slashes.

5. The values returned from pathlib's "path.glob()" and "path.rglob()"
   include the *path* as a prefix, unlike the results of
   "glob.glob(root_dir=path)".

6. The values returned from pathlib's "path.glob()" and "path.rglob()"
   may include *path* itself, for example when globbing ""**"",
   whereas the results of "glob.glob(root_dir=path)" never include an
   empty string that would correspond to *path*.


Comparison to the "os" and "os.path" modules
============================================

pathlib implements path operations using "PurePath" and "Path"
objects, and so it's said to be *object-oriented*. On the other hand,
the "os" and "os.path" modules supply functions that work with low-
level "str" and "bytes" objects, which is a more *procedural*
approach. Some users consider the object-oriented style to be more
readable.

Many functions in "os" and "os.path" support "bytes" paths and paths
relative to directory descriptors. These features aren't available in
pathlib.

Python's "str" and "bytes" types, and portions of the "os" and
"os.path" modules, are written in C and are very speedy. pathlib is
written in pure Python and is often slower, but rarely slow enough to
matter.

pathlib's path normalization is slightly more opinionated and
consistent than "os.path". For example, whereas "os.path.abspath()"
eliminates "".."" segments from a path, which may change its meaning
if symlinks are involved, "Path.absolute()" preserves these segments
for greater safety.

pathlib's path normalization may render it unsuitable for some
applications:

1. pathlib normalizes "Path("my_folder/")" to "Path("my_folder")",
   which changes a path's meaning when supplied to various operating
   system APIs and command-line utilities. Specifically, the absence
   of a trailing separator may allow the path to be resolved as either
   a file or directory, rather than a directory only.

2. pathlib normalizes "Path("./my_program")" to "Path("my_program")",
   which changes a path's meaning when used as an executable search
   path, such as in a shell or when spawning a child process.
   Specifically, the absence of a separator in the path may force it
   to be looked up in "PATH" rather than the current directory.

As a consequence of these differences, pathlib is not a drop-in
replacement for "os.path".


Corresponding tools
-------------------

A continuación se muestra una tabla que asigna varias funciones "os" a
sus equivalentes en "PurePath"/"Path".

+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os" y "os.path"                      | "pathlib"                                      |
|=======================================|================================================|
| "os.path.dirname()"                   | "PurePath.parent"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.basename()"                  | "PurePath.name"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.splitext()"                  | "PurePath.stem", "PurePath.suffix"             |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.join()"                      | "PurePath.joinpath()"                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isabs()"                     | "PurePath.is_absolute()"                       |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.relpath()"                   | "PurePath.relative_to()" [1]                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.expanduser()"                | "Path.expanduser()" [2]                        |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.realpath()"                  | "Path.resolve()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.abspath()"                   | "Path.absolute()" [3]                          |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.exists()"                    | "Path.exists()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isfile()"                    | "Path.is_file()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isdir()"                     | "Path.is_dir()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.islink()"                    | "Path.is_symlink()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.isjunction()"                | "Path.is_junction()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.ismount()"                   | "Path.is_mount()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.path.samefile()"                  | "Path.samefile()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.getcwd()"                         | "Path.cwd()"                                   |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.stat()"                           | "Path.stat()"                                  |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lstat()"                          | "Path.lstat()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.listdir()"                        | "Path.iterdir()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.walk()"                           | "Path.walk()" [4]                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.mkdir()", "os.makedirs()"         | "Path.mkdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.link()"                           | "Path.hardlink_to()"                           |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.symlink()"                        | "Path.symlink_to()"                            |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.readlink()"                       | "Path.readlink()"                              |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rename()"                         | "Path.rename()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.replace()"                        | "Path.replace()"                               |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.remove()", "os.unlink()"          | "Path.unlink()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.rmdir()"                          | "Path.rmdir()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.chmod()"                          | "Path.chmod()"                                 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| "os.lchmod()"                         | "Path.lchmod()"                                |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------+

-[ Notas al pie ]-

[1] "os.path.relpath()" calls "abspath()" to make paths absolute and
    remove "".."" parts, whereas "PurePath.relative_to()" is a lexical
    operation that raises "ValueError" when its inputs' anchors differ
    (e.g. if one path is absolute and the other relative.)

[2] "os.path.expanduser()" returns the path unchanged if the home
    directory can't be resolved, whereas "Path.expanduser()" raises
    "RuntimeError".

[3] "os.path.abspath()" removes "".."" components without resolving
    symlinks, which may change the meaning of the path, whereas
    "Path.absolute()" leaves any "".."" components in the path.

[4] "os.walk()" always follows symlinks when categorizing paths into
    *dirnames* and *filenames*, whereas "Path.walk()" categorizes all
    symlinks into *filenames* when *follow_symlinks* is false (the
    default.)
