# `pathlib` — Object-oriented filesystem paths

Added in version 3.4.

Source code: Lib/pathlib/

Este módulo ofrece clases que representan rutas del sistema de archivos con semántica apropiada para diferentes sistemas operativos. Las clases ruta se dividen entre rutas puras, que proporcionan operaciones puramente computacionales sin E/S; y rutas concretas, que heredan de rutas puras pero también proporcionan operaciones de E/S.

Si nunca has usado este módulo o simplemente no estás seguro de qué clase es la adecuada para tu tarea, `Path` es probablemente lo que necesitas. Crea una instancia ruta concreta para la plataforma en la que se ejecuta el código.

Las rutas puras son útiles en algunos casos especiales, por ejemplo:

1. Si deseas manipular las rutas de Windows en una máquina Unix (o viceversa). No puedes crear una instancia de `WindowsPath` cuando se ejecuta en Unix, pero puedes crear una instancia de `PureWindowsPath`.

2. Desea asegurar que su código solo manipule rutas sin acceder realmente al sistema operativo. En este caso, crear instancias de una de las clases puras puede ser útil, ya que simplemente no tienen ninguna operación de acceso al sistema operativo.

Ver también

PEP 428: El módulo pathlib – rutas de sistema orientadas a objetos.

Ver también

Para la manipulación de rutas de bajo nivel en cadenas, también puede usar el módulo `os.path`.

## Uso básico

Importar la clase principal:

    >>> from pathlib import Path

Listado de subdirectorios:

    >>> p = Path('.')
    >>> [x for x in p.iterdir() if x.is_dir()]
    [PosixPath('.hg'), PosixPath('docs'), PosixPath('dist'),
     PosixPath('__pycache__'), PosixPath('build')]

Listado de archivos fuente de Python en este árbol de directorios:

    >>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
    [PosixPath('test_pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'),
     PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
     PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py')]

Navegar dentro de un árbol de directorios:

    >>> p = Path('/etc')
    >>> q = p / 'init.d' / 'reboot'
    >>> q
    PosixPath('/etc/init.d/reboot')
    >>> q.resolve()
    PosixPath('/etc/rc.d/init.d/halt')

Consultar propiedades de ruta:

    >>> q.exists()
    True
    >>> q.is_dir()
    False

Abrir un archivo:

    >>> with q.open() as f: f.readline()
    ...
    '#!/bin/bash\n'

## Exceptions

exception pathlib.UnsupportedOperation

  An exception inheriting `NotImplementedError` that is raised when an unsupported operation is called on a path object.

  Added in version 3.13.

## Rutas puras

Los objetos ruta pura proporcionan operaciones de manejo de rutas que en realidad no acceden al sistema de archivos. Hay tres formas de acceder a estas clases, que llamaremos familias:

class pathlib.PurePath(*pathsegments)

  Una clase genérica que representa la familia de rutas del sistema (al crear una instancia se crea `PurePosixPath` o `PureWindowsPath`):

      >>> PurePath('setup.py')      # Running on a Unix machine
      PurePosixPath('setup.py')

  Each element of pathsegments can be either a string representing a path segment, or an object implementing the `os.PathLike` interface where the `__fspath__()` method returns a string, such as another path object:

      >>> PurePath('foo', 'some/path', 'bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/some/path/bar')
      >>> PurePath(Path('foo'), Path('bar'))
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')

  Cuando pathsegments está vacío, se asume el directorio actual:

      >>> PurePath()
      PurePosixPath('.')

  If a segment is an absolute path, all previous segments are ignored (like `os.path.join()`):

      >>> PurePath('/etc', '/usr', 'lib64')
      PurePosixPath('/usr/lib64')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', 'd:bar')
      PureWindowsPath('d:bar')

  On Windows, the drive is not reset when a rooted relative path segment (e.g., `r'\foo'`) is encountered:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

  Las barras espurias y los puntos simples se colapsan, pero los puntos dobles (`'..'`) y las barras dobles iniciales (`'//'`) no, ya que esto cambiaría el significado de una ruta por varias razones (por ejemplo, enlaces simbólicos, rutas UNC):

      >>> PurePath('foo//bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('//foo/bar')
      PurePosixPath('//foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/./bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/bar')
      >>> PurePath('foo/../bar')
      PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')

  (un enfoque naif haría pensar que `PurePosixPath('foo/../bar')` es equivalente a `PurePosixPath('bar')`, lo cual es incorrecto si `foo` es un enlace simbólico a otro directorio)

  Los objetos ruta pura implementan la interfaz `os.PathLike`, lo que permite su uso en cualquier lugar donde se acepte la interfaz.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Se agregó soporte para la interfaz `os.PathLike`.

class pathlib.PurePosixPath(*pathsegments)

  Una subclase de `PurePath`, esta familia representa rutas que no son del sistema de archivos de Windows:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/hosts')

  pathsegments se especifica de manera similar a `PurePath`.

class pathlib.PureWindowsPath(*pathsegments)

  Una subclase de `PurePath`, este tipo de ruta representa las rutas del sistema de archivos de Windows, incluido UNC paths:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')
      PureWindowsPath('//server/share/file')

  pathsegments se especifica de manera similar a `PurePath`.

Independientemente del sistema en el que se encuentre, puede crear instancias de todas estas clases, ya que no proporcionan ninguna operación que llame al sistema operativo.

### Propiedades generales

Paths are immutable and hashable. Paths of a same flavour are comparable and orderable. These properties respect the flavour’s case-folding semantics:

    >>> PurePosixPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('FOO')
    False
    >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PureWindowsPath('FOO')
    True
    >>> PureWindowsPath('FOO') in { PureWindowsPath('foo') }
    True
    >>> PureWindowsPath('C:') < PureWindowsPath('d:')
    True

Rutas de diferentes familias no son iguales y no se pueden ordenar:

    >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') == PurePosixPath('foo')
    False
    >>> PureWindowsPath('foo') < PurePosixPath('foo')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'PureWindowsPath' and 'PurePosixPath'

### Operadores

The slash operator helps create child paths, like `os.path.join()`. If the argument is an absolute path, the previous path is ignored. On Windows, the drive is not reset when the argument is a rooted relative path (e.g., `r'\foo'`):

    >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
    >>> p
    PurePosixPath('/etc')
    >>> p / 'init.d' / 'apache2'
    PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
    >>> q = PurePath('bin')
    >>> '/usr' / q
    PurePosixPath('/usr/bin')
    >>> p / '/an_absolute_path'
    PurePosixPath('/an_absolute_path')
    >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Windows', '/Program Files')
    PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

Se puede usar un objeto ruta en cualquier lugar donde se acepte un objeto que implemente `os.PathLike`:

    >>> import os
    >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
    >>> os.fspath(p)
    '/etc'

La representación de una ruta en una cadena de caracteres es la ruta del sistema de archivos sin procesar en sí (en forma nativa, por ejemplo con barras invertidas en Windows), y que puede pasar a cualquier función que tome una ruta como una cadena de caracteres:

    >>> p = PurePath('/etc')
    >>> str(p)
    '/etc'
    >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')
    >>> str(p)
    'c:\\Program Files'

Del mismo modo, llamar a `bytes` en una ruta proporciona la ruta cruda del sistema de archivos como un objeto bytes, codificado por `os.fsencode()`:

    >>> bytes(p)
    b'/etc'

Nota

Llamar a `bytes` solo se recomienda en Unix. En Windows, la forma unicode es la representación canónica de las rutas del sistema de archivos.

### Acceso a partes individuales

Para acceder a las «partes» (componentes) individuales de una ruta, use la siguiente propiedad:

PurePath.parts

  Una tupla que da acceso a los diversos componentes de la ruta:

      >>> p = PurePath('/usr/bin/python3')
      >>> p.parts
      ('/', 'usr', 'bin', 'python3')

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/PSF')
      >>> p.parts
      ('c:\\', 'Program Files', 'PSF')

  (obsérvese cómo la unidad y la raíz local se reagrupan en una sola parte)

### Métodos y propiedades

Las rutas puras proporcionan los siguientes métodos y propiedades:

PurePath.parser

  The implementation of the `os.path` module used for low-level path parsing and joining: either `posixpath` or `ntpath`.

  Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.drive

  Una cadena que representa la letra o el nombre de la unidad, si corresponde:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').drive
      'c:'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/Program Files/').drive
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').drive
      ''

  Las localizaciones UNC también son consideradas como unidades:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share/foo.txt').drive
      '\\\\host\\share'

PurePath.root

  Una cadena que representa la raíz (local o global), si la hay:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').root
      '\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').root
      ''
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').root
      '/'

  Las localizaciones UNC siempre tienen una raíz:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').root
      '\\'

  Si la ruta comienza con más de dos barras diagonales sucesivas, `PurePosixPath` las contrae:

      >>> PurePosixPath('//etc').root
      '//'
      >>> PurePosixPath('///etc').root
      '/'
      >>> PurePosixPath('////etc').root
      '/'

  Nota

  Este comportamiento se ajusta a The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, párrafo 4.11 Pathname Resolution:

  «Un nombre de ruta que comienza con dos barras oblicuas sucesivas se puede interpretar de una manera definida por la implementación, aunque más de dos barras oblicuas iniciales se tratarán como una sola barra oblicua.»

PurePath.anchor

  La concatenación de la unidad y la raíz:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files/').anchor
      'c:\\'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:Program Files/').anchor
      'c:'
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').anchor
      '/'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//host/share').anchor
      '\\\\host\\share\\'

PurePath.parents

  Una secuencia inmutable que proporciona acceso a los ancestros lógicos de la ruta:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar/setup.py')
      >>> p.parents[0]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo/bar')
      >>> p.parents[1]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/foo')
      >>> p.parents[2]
      PureWindowsPath('c:/')

  Distinto en la versión 3.10: La secuencia de padres ahora admite rebanada y valores de índice negativos.

PurePath.parent

  El padre lógico de la ruta

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/a/b/c/d')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/a/b/c')

  No puede ir más allá de un ancla o una ruta vacía:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('/')
      >>> p = PurePosixPath('.')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('.')

  Nota

  Esta es una operación puramente léxica, de ahí el siguiente comportamiento:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('foo/..')
      >>> p.parent
      PurePosixPath('foo')

  Si desea recorrer una ruta de sistema de archivos arbitraria hacia arriba, se recomienda llamar primero a `Path.resolve()` para resolver los enlaces simbólicos y eliminar los componentes `".."`.

PurePath.name

  Una cadena que representa el componente final de la ruta, excluyendo la unidad y la raíz, si hay alguna:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'

  Los nombres de unidad UNC no se consideran:

      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share/setup.py').name
      'setup.py'
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').name
      ''

PurePath.suffix

  The last dot-separated portion of the final component, if any:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library/setup.py').suffix
      '.py'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffix
      '.gz'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffix
      ''

  This is commonly called the file extension.

PurePath.suffixes

  A list of the path’s suffixes, often called file extensions:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gar').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gar']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').suffixes
      ['.tar', '.gz']
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').suffixes
      []

PurePath.stem

  El componente final de la ruta, sin su sufijo:

      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar.gz').stem
      'library.tar'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library.tar').stem
      'library'
      >>> PurePosixPath('my/library').stem
      'library'

PurePath.as_posix()

  Retorna una cadena que representa la ruta con barras invertidas (`/`):

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:\\windows')
      >>> str(p)
      'c:\\windows'
      >>> p.as_posix()
      'c:/windows'

PurePath.is_absolute()

  Retorna si la ruta es absoluta o no. Una ruta se considera absoluta si tiene una raíz y (si la familia lo permite) una unidad:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PurePosixPath('a/b').is_absolute()
      False

      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:/a/b').is_absolute()
      True
      >>> PureWindowsPath('/a/b').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').is_absolute()
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('//some/share').is_absolute()
      True

PurePath.is_relative_to(other)

  Retorna si esta ruta es relativa o no a la otra ruta.

      >>> p = PurePath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.is_relative_to('/etc')
      True
      >>> p.is_relative_to('/usr')
      False

  This method is string-based; it neither accesses the filesystem nor treats «`..`» segments specially. The following code is equivalent:

      >>> u = PurePath('/usr')
      >>> u == p or u in p.parents
      False

  Added in version 3.9.

  Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14: Passing additional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are joined with other.

PurePath.is_reserved()

  Con `PureWindowsPath`, retorna `True` si la ruta se considera reservada en Windows, `False` en caso contrario. Con `PurePosixPath`, siempre retorna `False`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Windows path names that contain a colon, or end with a dot or a space, are considered reserved. UNC paths may be reserved.

  Deprecated since version 3.13, will be removed in version 3.15: This method is deprecated; use `os.path.isreserved()` to detect reserved paths on Windows.

PurePath.joinpath(*pathsegments)

  Calling this method is equivalent to combining the path with each of the given pathsegments in turn:

      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('passwd')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath(PurePosixPath('passwd'))
      PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> PurePosixPath('/etc').joinpath('init.d', 'apache2')
      PurePosixPath('/etc/init.d/apache2')
      >>> PureWindowsPath('c:').joinpath('/Program Files')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Program Files')

PurePath.full_match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

  Match this path against the provided glob-style pattern. Return `True` if matching is successful, `False` otherwise. For example:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('a/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').full_match('*.py')
      False
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('/a/**')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').full_match('**/*.py')
      True

  Ver también

  Pattern language documentation.

  Al igual que con otros métodos, la distinción entre mayúsculas y minúsculas sigue los valores predeterminados de la plataforma:

      >>> PurePosixPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      False
      >>> PureWindowsPath('b.py').full_match('*.PY')
      True

  Set case_sensitive to `True` or `False` to override this behaviour.

  Added in version 3.13.

PurePath.match(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None)

  Match this path against the provided non-recursive glob-style pattern. Return `True` if matching is successful, `False` otherwise.

  This method is similar to `full_match()`, but empty patterns aren’t allowed (`ValueError` is raised), the recursive wildcard «`**`» isn’t supported (it acts like non-recursive «`*`»), and if a relative pattern is provided, then matching is done from the right:

      >>> PurePath('a/b.py').match('*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('b/*.py')
      True
      >>> PurePath('/a/b/c.py').match('a/*.py')
      False

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

PurePath.relative_to(other, walk_up=False)

  Compute a version of this path relative to the path represented by other. If it’s impossible, `ValueError` is raised:

      >>> p = PurePosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/')
      PurePosixPath('etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/etc')
      PurePosixPath('passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('/usr')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not in the subpath of '/usr' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

  When walk_up is false (the default), the path must start with other. When the argument is true, `..` entries may be added to form the relative path. In all other cases, such as the paths referencing different drives, `ValueError` is raised.:

      >>> p.relative_to('/usr', walk_up=True)
      PurePosixPath('../etc/passwd')
      >>> p.relative_to('foo', walk_up=True)
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "pathlib.py", line 941, in relative_to
          raise ValueError(error_message.format(str(self), str(formatted)))
      ValueError: '/etc/passwd' is not on the same drive as 'foo' OR one path is relative and the other is absolute.

  Advertencia

  This function is part of `PurePath` and works with strings. It does not check or access the underlying file structure. This can impact the walk_up option as it assumes that no symlinks are present in the path; call `resolve()` first if necessary to resolve symlinks.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: The walk_up parameter was added (old behavior is the same as `walk_up=False`).

  Deprecated since version 3.12, will be removed in version 3.14: Passing additional positional arguments is deprecated; if supplied, they are joined with other.

PurePath.with_name(name)

  Retorna una nueva ruta con `name` cambiado. Si la ruta original no tiene nombre, se genera ValueError:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/setup.py')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_name('setup.py')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 751, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

PurePath.with_stem(stem)

  Retorna una nueva ruta con `stem` cambiado. Si la ruta original no tiene nombre, se lanza ValueError:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/draft.txt')
      >>> p.with_stem('final')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/final.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_stem('lib')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/lib.gz')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/')
      >>> p.with_stem('')
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 861, in with_stem
          return self.with_name(stem + self.suffix)
        File "/home/antoine/cpython/default/Lib/pathlib.py", line 851, in with_name
          raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
      ValueError: PureWindowsPath('c:/') has an empty name

  Added in version 3.9.

PurePath.with_suffix(suffix)

  Retorna una nueva ruta con `suffix` cambiado. Si la ruta original no tiene un sufijo, se agrega el nuevo suffix. Si suffix es una cadena vacía, el sufijo original se elimina:

      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.gz')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.bz2')
      PureWindowsPath('c:/Downloads/pathlib.tar.bz2')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README')
      >>> p.with_suffix('.txt')
      PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p = PureWindowsPath('README.txt')
      >>> p.with_suffix('')
      PureWindowsPath('README')

PurePath.with_segments(*pathsegments)

  Create a new path object of the same type by combining the given pathsegments. This method is called whenever a derivative path is created, such as from `parent` and `relative_to()`. Subclasses may override this method to pass information to derivative paths, for example:

      from pathlib import PurePosixPath

      class MyPath(PurePosixPath):
          def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
              super().__init__(*pathsegments)
              self.session_id = session_id

          def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
              return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)

      etc = MyPath('/etc', session_id=42)
      hosts = etc / 'hosts'
      print(hosts.session_id)  # 42

  Added in version 3.12.

## Rutas concretas

Las rutas concretas son subclases de las rutas puras. Además de las operaciones proporcionadas por estas últimas, también proporcionan métodos realizar llamadas del sistema a objetos ruta. Hay tres formas de crear instancias de rutas concretas:

class pathlib.Path(*pathsegments)

  Una subclase de `PurePath`, esta clase representa rutas concretas de la familia ruta del sistema (al crear una instancia crea ya sea `PosixPath` o `WindowsPath`):

      >>> Path('setup.py')
      PosixPath('setup.py')

  pathsegments se especifica de manera similar a `PurePath`.

class pathlib.PosixPath(*pathsegments)

  Una subclase de `Path` y `PurePosixPath`, esta clase representa rutas concretas de sistemas de archivos que no son de Windows:

      >>> PosixPath('/etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

  pathsegments se especifica de manera similar a `PurePath`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` on Windows. In previous versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised instead.

class pathlib.WindowsPath(*pathsegments)

  Una subclase de `Path` y `PureWindowsPath`, esta clase representa rutas concretas del sistema de archivos de Windows:

      >>> WindowsPath('c:/', 'Users', 'Ximénez')
      WindowsPath('c:/Users/Ximénez')

  pathsegments se especifica de manera similar a `PurePath`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` on non-Windows platforms. In previous versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised instead.

Solo puedes crear instancias de la familia de clase que corresponde a su sistema operativo (permitir llamadas del sistema no compatibles podría provocar errores o fallas en su aplicación):

    >>> import os
    >>> os.name
    'posix'
    >>> Path('setup.py')
    PosixPath('setup.py')
    >>> PosixPath('setup.py')
    PosixPath('setup.py')
    >>> WindowsPath('setup.py')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "pathlib.py", line 798, in __new__
        % (cls.__name__,))
    UnsupportedOperation: cannot instantiate 'WindowsPath' on your system

Some concrete path methods can raise an `OSError` if a system call fails (for example because the path doesn’t exist).

### Parsing and generating URIs

Concrete path objects can be created from, and represented as, “file” URIs conforming to RFC 8089.

Nota

File URIs are not portable across machines with different filesystem encodings.

classmethod Path.from_uri(uri)

  Return a new path object from parsing a “file” URI. For example:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///etc/hosts')
      PosixPath('/etc/hosts')

  On Windows, DOS device and UNC paths may be parsed from URIs:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:///c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')

  Several variant forms are supported:

      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:////server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file://///server/share')
      WindowsPath('//server/share')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:c:/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')
      >>> p = Path.from_uri('file:/c|/windows')
      WindowsPath('c:/windows')

  `ValueError` is raised if the URI does not start with `file:`, or the parsed path isn’t absolute.

  Added in version 3.13.

Path.as_uri()

  Represent the path as a “file” URI. `ValueError` is raised if the path isn’t absolute.

      >>> p = PosixPath('/etc/passwd')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///etc/passwd'
      >>> p = WindowsPath('c:/Windows')
      >>> p.as_uri()
      'file:///c:/Windows'

  For historical reasons, this method is also available from `PurePath` objects. However, its use of `os.fsencode()` makes it strictly impure.

### Expanding and resolving paths

classmethod Path.home()

  Retorna un nuevo objeto ruta que representa el directorio de inicio del usuario (como lo retorna `os.path.expanduser()` con el agregado `~`). Si el directorio de inicio no se puede resolver, se lanza `RuntimeError`.

      >>> Path.home()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine')

  Added in version 3.5.

Path.expanduser()

  Retorna una nueva ruta con las construcciones `~` y `~user` expandidas, como lo retorna `os.path.expanduser()`. Si el directorio de inicio no se puede resolver, se lanza `RuntimeError`.

      >>> p = PosixPath('~/films/Monty Python')
      >>> p.expanduser()
      PosixPath('/home/eric/films/Monty Python')

  Added in version 3.5.

classmethod Path.cwd()

  Retorna un nuevo objeto ruta que representa el directorio actual (como lo retorna `os.getcwd()`):

      >>> Path.cwd()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

Path.absolute()

  Hace que la ruta sea absoluta, sin normalización ni resolución de enlaces simbólicos. Retorna un nuevo objeto de ruta:

      >>> p = Path('tests')
      >>> p
      PosixPath('tests')
      >>> p.absolute()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/tests')

Path.resolve(strict=False)

  Hace que la ruta sea absoluta, resolviendo los enlaces simbólicos. Se retorna un nuevo objeto ruta:

      >>> p = Path()
      >>> p
      PosixPath('.')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib')

  Los componentes «`..`» también se eliminan (este es el único método para hacerlo):

      >>> p = Path('docs/../setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')

  If a path doesn’t exist or a symlink loop is encountered, and strict is `True`, `OSError` is raised. If strict is `False`, the path is resolved as far as possible and any remainder is appended without checking whether it exists.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: The strict parameter was added (pre-3.6 behavior is strict).

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Symlink loops are treated like other errors: `OSError` is raised in strict mode, and no exception is raised in non-strict mode. In previous versions, `RuntimeError` is raised no matter the value of strict.

Path.readlink()

  Retorna la ruta a la que apunta el vínculo simbólico (como lo retorna `os.readlink()`):

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.readlink()
      PosixPath('setup.py')

  Added in version 3.9.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` if `os.readlink()` is not available. In previous versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised.

### Querying file type and status

Distinto en la versión 3.8: `exists()`, `is_dir()`, `is_file()`, `is_mount()`, `is_symlink()`, `is_block_device()`, `is_char_device()`, `is_fifo()`, `is_socket()` now return `False` instead of raising an exception for paths that contain characters unrepresentable at the OS level.

Path.stat(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return an `os.stat_result` object containing information about this path, like `os.stat()`. The result is looked up at each call to this method.

  Este método normalmente sigue enlaces simbólicos; para evitar enlaces simbólicos, agregue el argumento `follow_symlinks = False`, o use `lstat()`.

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.stat().st_mtime
      1327883547.852554

  Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.lstat()

  Del mismo modo que `Path.stat()` pero si la ruta apunta a un enlace simbólico, retorna la información del enlace simbólico en lugar de la de su objetivo.

Path.exists(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return `True` if the path points to an existing file or directory.

  This method normally follows symlinks; to check if a symlink exists, add the argument `follow_symlinks=False`.

      >>> Path('.').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('setup.py').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('/etc').exists()
      True
      >>> Path('nonexistentfile').exists()
      False

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.is_file(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return `True` if the path points to a regular file, `False` if it points to another kind of file.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

  This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks, add the argument `follow_symlinks=False`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.is_dir(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return `True` if the path points to a directory, `False` if it points to another kind of file.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

  This method normally follows symlinks; to exclude symlinks to directories, add the argument `follow_symlinks=False`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.is_symlink()

  Retorna `True` si la ruta apunta a un enlace simbólico, `False` de lo contrario.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe; se extiende a otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.is_junction()

  Return `True` if the path points to a junction, and `False` for any other type of file. Currently only Windows supports junctions.

  Added in version 3.12.

Path.is_mount()

  Return `True` if the path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, `path/..`, is on a different device than path, or whether `path/..` and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. On Windows, a mount point is considered to be a drive letter root (e.g. `c:\`), a UNC share (e.g. `\\server\share`), or a mounted filesystem directory.

  Added in version 3.7.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: Windows support was added.

Path.is_socket()

  Retorna `True` si la ruta apunta a un socket Unix (o un enlace simbólico que apunta a uno), `False` si apunta a otro tipo de archivo.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.is_fifo()

  Retorna `True` si la ruta apunta a un FIFO (o un enlace simbólico que apunta a un FIFO), `False` si apunta a otro tipo de archivo.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.is_block_device()

  Retorna `True` si la ruta apunta a un dispositivo de bloques (o un enlace simbólico que apunta a uno), `False` si apunta a otro tipo de archivo.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.is_char_device()

  Retorna `True` si la ruta apunta a un dispositivo de caracteres (o un enlace simbólico que apunta a uno), `False` si apunta a otro tipo de archivo.

  `False` también se retorna si la ruta no existe o es un enlace simbólico roto; se propagan otros errores (como errores de permiso).

Path.samefile(other_path)

  Retorna si la ruta apunta al mismo archivo que other_path, que puede ser un objeto Path o una cadena. La semántica es similar a `os.path.samefile()` y `os.path.samestat()`.

  Se puede generar `OSError` si no se accede a alguno de los archivos por algún motivo.

      >>> p = Path('spam')
      >>> q = Path('eggs')
      >>> p.samefile(q)
      False
      >>> p.samefile('spam')
      True

  Added in version 3.5.

### Reading and writing files

Path.open(mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

  Abre el archivo señalado por la ruta, como lo hace la función incorporada `open()`:

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> with p.open() as f:
      ...     f.readline()
      ...
      '#!/usr/bin/env python3\n'

Path.read_text(encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

  Retorna el contenido decodificado del archivo apuntado como una cadena:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

  El archivo se abre y luego se cierra. Los parámetros opcionales funcionan de la misma manera que en `open()`.

  Added in version 3.5.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro newline.

Path.read_bytes()

  Retorna el contenido binario del archivo apuntado como un objeto bytes:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

  Added in version 3.5.

Path.write_text(data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None)

  Abre el archivo apuntado en modo texto, escribe data y cierra el archivo:

      >>> p = Path('my_text_file')
      >>> p.write_text('Text file contents')
      18
      >>> p.read_text()
      'Text file contents'

  Se sobrescribe un archivo existente con el mismo nombre. Los parámetros opcionales tienen el mismo significado que en `open()`.

  Added in version 3.5.

  Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro newline.

Path.write_bytes(data)

  Abre el archivo apuntado en modo bytes, escribe data y cierra el archivo:

      >>> p = Path('my_binary_file')
      >>> p.write_bytes(b'Binary file contents')
      20
      >>> p.read_bytes()
      b'Binary file contents'

  Se sobrescribe un archivo existente con el mismo nombre.

  Added in version 3.5.

### Reading directories

Path.iterdir()

  Cuando la ruta apunta a un directorio, produce objetos de ruta del contenido del directorio:

      >>> p = Path('docs')
      >>> for child in p.iterdir(): child
      ...
      PosixPath('docs/conf.py')
      PosixPath('docs/_templates')
      PosixPath('docs/make.bat')
      PosixPath('docs/index.rst')
      PosixPath('docs/_build')
      PosixPath('docs/_static')
      PosixPath('docs/Makefile')

  The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the special entries `'.'` and `'..'` are not included. If a file is removed from or added to the directory after creating the iterator, it is unspecified whether a path object for that file is included.

  If the path is not a directory or otherwise inaccessible, `OSError` is raised.

Path.glob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

  Analiza el patrón comodín relativo a esta ruta para producir todos los archivos coincidentes (de cualquier tipo):

      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*.py'))
      [PosixPath('pathlib.py'), PosixPath('setup.py'), PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('*/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('docs/conf.py')]
      >>> sorted(Path('.').glob('**/*.py'))
      [PosixPath('build/lib/pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('docs/conf.py'),
       PosixPath('pathlib.py'),
       PosixPath('setup.py'),
       PosixPath('test_pathlib.py')]

  Ver también

  Pattern language documentation.

  By default, or when the case_sensitive keyword-only argument is set to `None`, this method matches paths using platform-specific casing rules: typically, case-sensitive on POSIX, and case-insensitive on Windows. Set case_sensitive to `True` or `False` to override this behaviour.

  By default, or when the recurse_symlinks keyword-only argument is set to `False`, this method follows symlinks except when expanding «`**`» wildcards. Set recurse_symlinks to `True` to always follow symlinks.

  Levanta un auditing event `pathlib.Path.glob` con argumentos `self`, `pattern`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: The recurse_symlinks parameter was added.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Any `OSError` exceptions raised from scanning the filesystem are suppressed. In previous versions, such exceptions are suppressed in many cases, but not all.

Path.rglob(pattern, *, case_sensitive=None, recurse_symlinks=False)

  Glob the given relative pattern recursively. This is like calling `Path.glob()` with «`**/`» added in front of the pattern.

  Ver también

  Pattern language and `Path.glob()` documentation.

  Levanta un auditing event `pathlib.Path.rglob` con argumentos `self`, `pattern`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.12: The case_sensitive parameter was added.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: The recurse_symlinks parameter was added.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: The pattern parameter accepts a path-like object.

Path.walk(top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False)

  Generate the file names in a directory tree by walking the tree either top-down or bottom-up.

  For each directory in the directory tree rooted at self (including self but excluding “.” and “..”), the method yields a 3-tuple of `(dirpath, dirnames, filenames)`.

  dirpath is a `Path` to the directory currently being walked, dirnames is a list of strings for the names of subdirectories in dirpath (excluding `'.'` and `'..'`), and filenames is a list of strings for the names of the non-directory files in dirpath. To get a full path (which begins with self) to a file or directory in dirpath, do `dirpath / name`. Whether or not the lists are sorted is file system-dependent.

  If the optional argument top_down is true (which is the default), the triple for a directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories (directories are walked top-down). If top_down is false, the triple for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its subdirectories (directories are walked bottom-up). No matter the value of top_down, the list of subdirectories is retrieved before the triples for the directory and its subdirectories are walked.

  When top_down is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place (for example, using `del` or slice assignment), and `Path.walk()` will only recurse into the subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames. This can be used to prune the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting, or even to inform `Path.walk()` about directories the caller creates or renames before it resumes `Path.walk()` again. Modifying dirnames when top_down is false has no effect on the behavior of `Path.walk()` since the directories in dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames is yielded to the caller.

  By default, errors from `os.scandir()` are ignored. If the optional argument on_error is specified, it should be a callable; it will be called with one argument, an `OSError` instance. The callable can handle the error to continue the walk or re-raise it to stop the walk. Note that the filename is available as the `filename` attribute of the exception object.

  By default, `Path.walk()` does not follow symbolic links, and instead adds them to the filenames list. Set follow_symlinks to true to resolve symlinks and place them in dirnames and filenames as appropriate for their targets, and consequently visit directories pointed to by symlinks (where supported).

  Nota

  Be aware that setting follow_symlinks to true can lead to infinite recursion if a link points to a parent directory of itself. `Path.walk()` does not keep track of the directories it has already visited.

  Nota

  `Path.walk()` assumes the directories it walks are not modified during execution. For example, if a directory from dirnames has been replaced with a symlink and follow_symlinks is false, `Path.walk()` will still try to descend into it. To prevent such behavior, remove directories from dirnames as appropriate.

  Nota

  Unlike `os.walk()`, `Path.walk()` lists symlinks to directories in filenames if follow_symlinks is false.

  This example displays the number of bytes used by all files in each directory, while ignoring `__pycache__` directories:

      from pathlib import Path
      for root, dirs, files in Path("cpython/Lib/concurrent").walk(on_error=print):
        print(
            root,
            "consumes",
            sum((root / file).stat().st_size for file in files),
            "bytes in",
            len(files),
            "non-directory files"
        )
        if '__pycache__' in dirs:
              dirs.remove('__pycache__')

  This next example is a simple implementation of `shutil.rmtree()`. Walking the tree bottom-up is essential as `rmdir()` doesn’t allow deleting a directory before it is empty:

      # Delete everything reachable from the directory "top".
      # CAUTION:  This is dangerous! For example, if top == Path('/'),
      # it could delete all of your files.
      for root, dirs, files in top.walk(top_down=False):
          for name in files:
              (root / name).unlink()
          for name in dirs:
              (root / name).rmdir()

  Added in version 3.12.

### Creating files and directories

Path.touch(mode=0o666, exist_ok=True)

  Create a file at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’s `umask` value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the file already exists, the function succeeds when exist_ok is true (and its modification time is updated to the current time), otherwise `FileExistsError` is raised.

  Ver también

  The `open()`, `write_text()` and `write_bytes()` methods are often used to create files.

Path.mkdir(mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False)

  Create a new directory at this given path. If mode is given, it is combined with the process’s `umask` value to determine the file mode and access flags. If the path already exists, `FileExistsError` is raised.

  Si parents es verdadero, los padres que faltan de esta ruta se crean según sea necesario; se crean con los permisos predeterminados sin tener en cuenta mode (imitando el comando POSIX `mkdir -p`).

  Si parents es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera un padre que falta `FileNotFoundError`.

  Si exist_ok es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera `FileExistsError` si el directorio de destino ya existe.

  If exist_ok is true, `FileExistsError` will not be raised unless the given path already exists in the file system and is not a directory (same behavior as the POSIX `mkdir -p` command).

  Distinto en la versión 3.5: Se agregó el parámetro exist_ok.

Path.symlink_to(target, target_is_directory=False)

  Make this path a symbolic link pointing to target.

  On Windows, a symlink represents either a file or a directory, and does not morph to the target dynamically. If the target is present, the type of the symlink will be created to match. Otherwise, the symlink will be created as a directory if target_is_directory is true or a file symlink (the default) otherwise. On non-Windows platforms, target_is_directory is ignored.

      >>> p = Path('mylink')
      >>> p.symlink_to('setup.py')
      >>> p.resolve()
      PosixPath('/home/antoine/pathlib/setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_size
      956
      >>> p.lstat().st_size
      8

  Nota

  El orden de los argumentos (link, target) es el reverso de `os.symlink()`”s.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` if `os.symlink()` is not available. In previous versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised.

Path.hardlink_to(target)

  Hace de esta ruta un enlace fijo que apunta al mismo archivo que target.

  Nota

  El orden de los argumentos (link, target) es el reverso de `os.link()`.

  Added in version 3.10.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` if `os.link()` is not available. In previous versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised.

### Renaming and deleting

Path.rename(target)

  Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new `Path` instance pointing to target. On Unix, if target exists and is a file, it will be replaced silently if the user has permission. On Windows, if target exists, `FileExistsError` will be raised. target can be either a string or another path object:

      >>> p = Path('foo')
      >>> p.open('w').write('some text')
      9
      >>> target = Path('bar')
      >>> p.rename(target)
      PosixPath('bar')
      >>> target.open().read()
      'some text'

  The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the `Path` object.

  It is implemented in terms of `os.rename()` and gives the same guarantees.

  Distinto en la versión 3.8: Added return value, return the new `Path` instance.

Path.replace(target)

  Rename this file or directory to the given target, and return a new `Path` instance pointing to target. If target points to an existing file or empty directory, it will be unconditionally replaced.

  The target path may be absolute or relative. Relative paths are interpreted relative to the current working directory, not the directory of the `Path` object.

  Distinto en la versión 3.8: Added return value, return the new `Path` instance.

Path.unlink(missing_ok=False)

  Elimine el archivo o enlace simbólico. Si la ruta apunta a un directorio, use `Path.rmdir()` en su lugar.

  Si missing_ok es falso (el valor predeterminado), se genera `FileNotFoundError` si la ruta no existe.

  Si missing_ok es verdadero, las excepciones `FileNotFoundError` serán ignoradas (el mismo comportamiento que el comando POSIX `rm -f`).

  Distinto en la versión 3.8: Se agregó el parámetro missing_ok.

Path.rmdir()

  Elimina el directorio. El directorio debe estar vacío.

### Permissions and ownership

Path.owner(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return the name of the user owning the file. `KeyError` is raised if the file’s user identifier (UID) isn’t found in the system database.

  This method normally follows symlinks; to get the owner of the symlink, add the argument `follow_symlinks=False`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` if the `pwd` module is not available. In earlier versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.group(*, follow_symlinks=True)

  Return the name of the group owning the file. `KeyError` is raised if the file’s group identifier (GID) isn’t found in the system database.

  This method normally follows symlinks; to get the group of the symlink, add the argument `follow_symlinks=False`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Raises `UnsupportedOperation` if the `grp` module is not available. In earlier versions, `NotImplementedError` was raised.

  Distinto en la versión 3.13: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.chmod(mode, *, follow_symlinks=True)

  Cambia el modo y los permisos de archivo, como `os.chmod()`.

  Este método normalmente sigue enlaces simbólicos. Algunas versiones de Unix admiten el cambio de permisos en el enlace simbólico en sí; en estas plataformas puede agregar el argumento `follow_symlinks=False`, o usar `lchmod()`.

      >>> p = Path('setup.py')
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33277
      >>> p.chmod(0o444)
      >>> p.stat().st_mode
      33060

  Distinto en la versión 3.10: Se agregó el parámetro follow_symlinks.

Path.lchmod(mode)

  Del mismo modo que `Path.chmod()` pero si la ruta apunta a un enlace simbólico, el modo del enlace simbólico cambia en lugar del de su objetivo.

## Pattern language

The following wildcards are supported in patterns for `full_match()`, `glob()` and `rglob()`:

`**` (entire segment)

  Matches any number of file or directory segments, including zero.

`*` (entire segment)

  Matches one file or directory segment.

`*` (part of a segment)

  Matches any number of non-separator characters, including zero.

`?`

  Matches one non-separator character.

`[seq]`

  Matches one character in seq.

`[!seq]`

  Matches one character not in seq.

For a literal match, wrap the meta-characters in brackets. For example, `"[?]"` matches the character `"?"`.

The «`**`» wildcard enables recursive globbing. A few examples:

Pattern | Meaning
--- | ---
«`**/*`» | Any path with at least one segment.
«`**/*.py`» | Any path with a final segment ending «`.py`».
«`assets/**`» | Any path starting with «`assets/`».
«`assets/**/*`» | Any path starting with «`assets/`», excluding «`assets/`» itself.

Nota

Globbing with the «`**`» wildcard visits every directory in the tree. Large directory trees may take a long time to search.

Distinto en la versión 3.13: Globbing with a pattern that ends with «`**`» returns both files and directories. In previous versions, only directories were returned.

In `Path.glob()` and `rglob()`, a trailing slash may be added to the pattern to match only directories.

Distinto en la versión 3.11: Globbing with a pattern that ends with a pathname components separator (`sep` or `altsep`) returns only directories.

## Comparison to the `glob` module

The patterns accepted and results generated by `Path.glob()` and `Path.rglob()` differ slightly from those by the `glob` module:

1. Files beginning with a dot are not special in pathlib. This is like passing `include_hidden=True` to `glob.glob()`.

2. «`**`» pattern components are always recursive in pathlib. This is like passing `recursive=True` to `glob.glob()`.

3. «`**`» pattern components do not follow symlinks by default in pathlib. This behaviour has no equivalent in `glob.glob()`, but you can pass `recurse_symlinks=True` to `Path.glob()` for compatible behaviour.

4. Like all `PurePath` and `Path` objects, the values returned from `Path.glob()` and `Path.rglob()` don’t include trailing slashes.

5. The values returned from pathlib’s `path.glob()` and `path.rglob()` include the path as a prefix, unlike the results of `glob.glob(root_dir=path)`.

6. The values returned from pathlib’s `path.glob()` and `path.rglob()` may include path itself, for example when globbing «`**`», whereas the results of `glob.glob(root_dir=path)` never include an empty string that would correspond to path.

## Comparison to the `os` and `os.path` modules

pathlib implements path operations using `PurePath` and `Path` objects, and so it’s said to be object-oriented. On the other hand, the `os` and `os.path` modules supply functions that work with low-level `str` and `bytes` objects, which is a more procedural approach. Some users consider the object-oriented style to be more readable.

Many functions in `os` and `os.path` support `bytes` paths and paths relative to directory descriptors. These features aren’t available in pathlib.

Python’s `str` and `bytes` types, and portions of the `os` and `os.path` modules, are written in C and are very speedy. pathlib is written in pure Python and is often slower, but rarely slow enough to matter.

pathlib’s path normalization is slightly more opinionated and consistent than `os.path`. For example, whereas `os.path.abspath()` eliminates «`..`» segments from a path, which may change its meaning if symlinks are involved, `Path.absolute()` preserves these segments for greater safety.

pathlib’s path normalization may render it unsuitable for some applications:

1. pathlib normalizes `Path("my_folder/")` to `Path("my_folder")`, which changes a path’s meaning when supplied to various operating system APIs and command-line utilities. Specifically, the absence of a trailing separator may allow the path to be resolved as either a file or directory, rather than a directory only.

2. pathlib normalizes `Path("./my_program")` to `Path("my_program")`, which changes a path’s meaning when used as an executable search path, such as in a shell or when spawning a child process. Specifically, the absence of a separator in the path may force it to be looked up in `PATH` rather than the current directory.

As a consequence of these differences, pathlib is not a drop-in replacement for `os.path`.

### Corresponding tools

A continuación se muestra una tabla que asigna varias funciones `os` a sus equivalentes en `PurePath`/`Path`.

`os` y `os.path` | `pathlib`
--- | ---
`os.path.dirname()` | `PurePath.parent`
`os.path.basename()` | `PurePath.name`
`os.path.splitext()` | `PurePath.stem`, `PurePath.suffix`
`os.path.join()` | `PurePath.joinpath()`
`os.path.isabs()` | `PurePath.is_absolute()`
`os.path.relpath()` | `PurePath.relative_to()` [1]
`os.path.expanduser()` | `Path.expanduser()` [2]
`os.path.realpath()` | `Path.resolve()`
`os.path.abspath()` | `Path.absolute()` [3]
`os.path.exists()` | `Path.exists()`
`os.path.isfile()` | `Path.is_file()`
`os.path.isdir()` | `Path.is_dir()`
`os.path.islink()` | `Path.is_symlink()`
`os.path.isjunction()` | `Path.is_junction()`
`os.path.ismount()` | `Path.is_mount()`
`os.path.samefile()` | `Path.samefile()`
`os.getcwd()` | `Path.cwd()`
`os.stat()` | `Path.stat()`
`os.lstat()` | `Path.lstat()`
`os.listdir()` | `Path.iterdir()`
`os.walk()` | `Path.walk()` [4]
`os.mkdir()`, `os.makedirs()` | `Path.mkdir()`
`os.link()` | `Path.hardlink_to()`
`os.symlink()` | `Path.symlink_to()`
`os.readlink()` | `Path.readlink()`
`os.rename()` | `Path.rename()`
`os.replace()` | `Path.replace()`
`os.remove()`, `os.unlink()` | `Path.unlink()`
`os.rmdir()` | `Path.rmdir()`
`os.chmod()` | `Path.chmod()`
`os.lchmod()` | `Path.lchmod()`

Notas al pie

[1]

`os.path.relpath()` calls `abspath()` to make paths absolute and remove «`..`» parts, whereas `PurePath.relative_to()` is a lexical operation that raises `ValueError` when its inputs” anchors differ (e.g. if one path is absolute and the other relative.)

[2]

`os.path.expanduser()` returns the path unchanged if the home directory can’t be resolved, whereas `Path.expanduser()` raises `RuntimeError`.

[3]

`os.path.abspath()` removes «`..`» components without resolving symlinks, which may change the meaning of the path, whereas `Path.absolute()` leaves any «`..`» components in the path.

[4]

`os.walk()` always follows symlinks when categorizing paths into dirnames and filenames, whereas `Path.walk()` categorizes all symlinks into filenames when follow_symlinks is false (the default.)