# 11.2. `os.path` — Common pathname manipulations

Source code: Lib/posixpath.py (for POSIX), Lib/ntpath.py (for Windows NT), and Lib/macpath.py (for Macintosh)

This module implements some useful functions on pathnames. To read or write files see `open()`, and for accessing the filesystem see the `os` module. The path parameters can be passed as either strings, or bytes. Applications are encouraged to represent file names as (Unicode) character strings. Unfortunately, some file names may not be representable as strings on Unix, so applications that need to support arbitrary file names on Unix should use bytes objects to represent path names. Vice versa, using bytes objects cannot represent all file names on Windows (in the standard `mbcs` encoding), hence Windows applications should use string objects to access all files.

Unlike a unix shell, Python does not do any automatic path expansions. Functions such as `expanduser()` and `expandvars()` can be invoked explicitly when an application desires shell-like path expansion. (See also the `glob` module.)

Ver también

The `pathlib` module offers high-level path objects.

Nota

All of these functions accept either only bytes or only string objects as their parameters. The result is an object of the same type, if a path or file name is returned.

Nota

Since different operating systems have different path name conventions, there are several versions of this module in the standard library. The `os.path` module is always the path module suitable for the operating system Python is running on, and therefore usable for local paths. However, you can also import and use the individual modules if you want to manipulate a path that is always in one of the different formats. They all have the same interface:

- `posixpath` for UNIX-style paths

- `ntpath` for Windows paths

- `macpath` for old-style MacOS paths

`os.path.``abspath`(path)

  Return a normalized absolutized version of the pathname path. On most platforms, this is equivalent to calling the function `normpath()` as follows: `normpath(join(os.getcwd(), path))`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``basename`(path)

  Return the base name of pathname path. This is the second element of the pair returned by passing path to the function `split()`. Note that the result of this function is different from the Unix basename program; where basename for `'/foo/bar/'` returns `'bar'`, the `basename()` function returns an empty string (`''`).

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``commonpath`(paths)

  Return the longest common sub-path of each pathname in the sequence paths. Raise ValueError if paths contains both absolute and relative pathnames, or if paths is empty. Unlike `commonprefix()`, this returns a valid path.

  Availability: Unix, Windows

  Nuevo en la versión 3.5.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a sequence of path-like objects.

`os.path.``commonprefix`(list)

  Return the longest path prefix (taken character-by-character) that is a prefix of all paths in list. If list is empty, return the empty string (`''`).

  Nota

  This function may return invalid paths because it works a character at a time. To obtain a valid path, see `commonpath()`.

      >>> os.path.commonprefix(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
      '/usr/l'

      >>> os.path.commonpath(['/usr/lib', '/usr/local/lib'])
      '/usr'

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``dirname`(path)

  Return the directory name of pathname path. This is the first element of the pair returned by passing path to the function `split()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``exists`(path)

  Return `True` if path refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor. Returns `False` for broken symbolic links. On some platforms, this function may return `False` if permission is not granted to execute `os.stat()` on the requested file, even if the path physically exists.

  Distinto en la versión 3.3: path can now be an integer: `True` is returned if it is an open file descriptor, `False` otherwise.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``lexists`(path)

  Return `True` if path refers to an existing path. Returns `True` for broken symbolic links. Equivalent to `exists()` on platforms lacking `os.lstat()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``expanduser`(path)

  On Unix and Windows, return the argument with an initial component of `~` or `~user` replaced by that user’s home directory.

  On Unix, an initial `~` is replaced by the environment variable `HOME` if it is set; otherwise the current user’s home directory is looked up in the password directory through the built-in module `pwd`. An initial `~user` is looked up directly in the password directory.

  On Windows, `HOME` and `USERPROFILE` will be used if set, otherwise a combination of `HOMEPATH` and `HOMEDRIVE` will be used. An initial `~user` is handled by stripping the last directory component from the created user path derived above.

  If the expansion fails or if the path does not begin with a tilde, the path is returned unchanged.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``expandvars`(path)

  Return the argument with environment variables expanded. Substrings of the form `$name` or `${name}` are replaced by the value of environment variable name. Malformed variable names and references to non-existing variables are left unchanged.

  On Windows, `%name%` expansions are supported in addition to `$name` and `${name}`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``getatime`(path)

  Return the time of last access of path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

  If `os.stat_float_times()` returns `True`, the result is a floating point number.

`os.path.``getmtime`(path)

  Return the time of last modification of path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

  If `os.stat_float_times()` returns `True`, the result is a floating point number.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``getctime`(path)

  Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path. The return value is a number giving the number of seconds since the epoch (see the `time` module). Raise `OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``getsize`(path)

  Return the size, in bytes, of path. Raise `OSError` if the file does not exist or is inaccessible.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``isabs`(path)

  Return `True` if path is an absolute pathname. On Unix, that means it begins with a slash, on Windows that it begins with a (back)slash after chopping off a potential drive letter.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``isfile`(path)

  Return `True` if path is an `existing` regular file. This follows symbolic links, so both `islink()` and `isfile()` can be true for the same path.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``isdir`(path)

  Return `True` if path is an `existing` directory. This follows symbolic links, so both `islink()` and `isdir()` can be true for the same path.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``islink`(path)

  Return `True` if path refers to an `existing` directory entry that is a symbolic link. Always `False` if symbolic links are not supported by the Python runtime.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``ismount`(path)

  Return `True` if pathname path is a mount point: a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted. On POSIX, the function checks whether path’s parent, `path/..`, is on a different device than path, or whether `path/..` and path point to the same i-node on the same device — this should detect mount points for all Unix and POSIX variants. On Windows, a drive letter root and a share UNC are always mount points, and for any other path `GetVolumePathName` is called to see if it is different from the input path.

  Nuevo en la versión 3.4: Support for detecting non-root mount points on Windows.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``join`(path, *paths)

  Join one or more path components intelligently. The return value is the concatenation of path and any members of *paths with exactly one directory separator (`os.sep`) following each non-empty part except the last, meaning that the result will only end in a separator if the last part is empty. If a component is an absolute path, all previous components are thrown away and joining continues from the absolute path component.

  On Windows, the drive letter is not reset when an absolute path component (e.g., `r'\foo'`) is encountered. If a component contains a drive letter, all previous components are thrown away and the drive letter is reset. Note that since there is a current directory for each drive, `os.path.join("c:", "foo")` represents a path relative to the current directory on drive `C:` (`c:foo`), not `c:\foo`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object for path and paths.

`os.path.``normcase`(path)

  Normalize the case of a pathname. On Unix and Mac OS X, this returns the path unchanged; on case-insensitive filesystems, it converts the path to lowercase. On Windows, it also converts forward slashes to backward slashes. Raise a TypeError if the type of path is not `str` or `bytes` (directly or indirectly through the `os.PathLike` interface).

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``normpath`(path)

  Normalize a pathname by collapsing redundant separators and up-level references so that `A//B`, `A/B/`, `A/./B` and `A/foo/../B` all become `A/B`. This string manipulation may change the meaning of a path that contains symbolic links. On Windows, it converts forward slashes to backward slashes. To normalize case, use `normcase()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``realpath`(path)

  Return the canonical path of the specified filename, eliminating any symbolic links encountered in the path (if they are supported by the operating system).

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``relpath`(path, start=os.curdir)

  Return a relative filepath to path either from the current directory or from an optional start directory. This is a path computation: the filesystem is not accessed to confirm the existence or nature of path or start.

  start defaults to `os.curdir`.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``samefile`(path1, path2)

  Return `True` if both pathname arguments refer to the same file or directory. This is determined by the device number and i-node number and raises an exception if an `os.stat()` call on either pathname fails.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Distinto en la versión 3.2: Added Windows support.

  Distinto en la versión 3.4: Windows now uses the same implementation as all other platforms.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``sameopenfile`(fp1, fp2)

  Return `True` if the file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to the same file.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Distinto en la versión 3.2: Added Windows support.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``samestat`(stat1, stat2)

  Return `True` if the stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to the same file. These structures may have been returned by `os.fstat()`, `os.lstat()`, or `os.stat()`. This function implements the underlying comparison used by `samefile()` and `sameopenfile()`.

  Availability: Unix, Windows.

  Distinto en la versión 3.4: Added Windows support.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``split`(path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair, `(head, tail)` where tail is the last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that. The tail part will never contain a slash; if path ends in a slash, tail will be empty. If there is no slash in path, head will be empty. If path is empty, both head and tail are empty. Trailing slashes are stripped from head unless it is the root (one or more slashes only). In all cases, `join(head, tail)` returns a path to the same location as path (but the strings may differ). Also see the functions `dirname()` and `basename()`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``splitdrive`(path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(drive, tail)` where drive is either a mount point or the empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be the empty string. In all cases, `drive + tail` will be the same as path.

  On Windows, splits a pathname into drive/UNC sharepoint and relative path.

  If the path contains a drive letter, drive will contain everything up to and including the colon. e.g. `splitdrive("c:/dir")` returns `("c:", "/dir")`

  If the path contains a UNC path, drive will contain the host name and share, up to but not including the fourth separator. e.g. `splitdrive("//host/computer/dir")` returns `("//host/computer", "/dir")`

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``splitext`(path)

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(root, ext)` such that `root + ext == path`, and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period. Leading periods on the basename are ignored; `splitext('.cshrc')` returns `('.cshrc', '')`.

  Distinto en la versión 3.6: Accepts a path-like object.

`os.path.``splitunc`(path)

  Obsoleto desde la versión 3.1: Use splitdrive instead.

  Split the pathname path into a pair `(unc, rest)` so that unc is the UNC mount point (such as `r'\\host\mount'`), if present, and rest the rest of the path (such as `r'\path\file.ext'`). For paths containing drive letters, unc will always be the empty string.

  Availability: Windows.

`os.path.``supports_unicode_filenames`

  `True` if arbitrary Unicode strings can be used as file names (within limitations imposed by the file system).