# Objetos módulo

PyTypeObject PyModule_Type
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Esta instancia de `PyTypeObject` representa el tipo de módulo Python. Esto está expuesto a los programas de Python como `types.ModuleType`.

int PyModule_Check(PyObject *p)

  Retorna verdadero si p es un objeto de módulo o un subtipo de un objeto de módulo. Esta función siempre finaliza con éxito.

int PyModule_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

  Retorna verdadero si p es un objeto módulo, pero no un subtipo de `PyModule_Type`. Esta función siempre finaliza con éxito.

PyObject *PyModule_NewObject(PyObject *name)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Return a new module object with `module.__name__` set to name. The module’s `__name__`, `__doc__`, `__package__` and `__loader__` attributes are filled in (all but `__name__` are set to `None`). The caller is responsible for setting a `__file__` attribute.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  Added in version 3.3.

  Distinto en la versión 3.4: `__package__` and `__loader__` are now set to `None`.

PyObject *PyModule_New(const char *name)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar a `PyModule_NewObject()`, pero el nombre es una cadena de caracteres codificada UTF-8 en lugar de un objeto Unicode.

PyObject *PyModule_GetDict(PyObject *module)
  Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna el objeto del diccionario que implementa el espacio de nombres de module; este objeto es el mismo que el atributo `__dict__` del objeto módulo. Si module no es un objeto módulo (o un subtipo de un objeto de módulo), se lanza `SystemError` y se retorna `NULL`.

  It is recommended extensions use other `PyModule_*` and `PyObject_*` functions rather than directly manipulate a module’s `__dict__`.

PyObject *PyModule_GetNameObject(PyObject *module)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Return module’s `__name__` value. If the module does not provide one, or if it is not a string, `SystemError` is raised and `NULL` is returned.

  Added in version 3.3.

const char *PyModule_GetName(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar a `PyModule_GetNameObject()` pero retorna el nombre codificado a `'utf-8'`.

void *PyModule_GetState(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna el «estado» del módulo, es decir, un puntero al bloque de memoria asignado en el momento de la creación del módulo, o `NULL`. Ver `PyModuleDef.m_size`.

PyModuleDef *PyModule_GetDef(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna un puntero a la estructura `PyModuleDef` a partir de la cual se creó el módulo, o `NULL` si el módulo no se creó a partir de una definición.

PyObject *PyModule_GetFilenameObject(PyObject *module)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Return the name of the file from which module was loaded using module’s `__file__` attribute. If this is not defined, or if it is not a string, raise `SystemError` and return `NULL`; otherwise return a reference to a Unicode object.

  Added in version 3.2.

const char *PyModule_GetFilename(PyObject *module)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar a `PyModule_GetFilenameObject()` pero retorna el nombre de archivo codificado a “utf-8”.

  Obsoleto desde la versión 3.2: `PyModule_GetFilename()` raises `UnicodeEncodeError` on unencodable filenames, use `PyModule_GetFilenameObject()` instead.

# Module definitions

The functions in the previous section work on any module object, including modules imported from Python code.

Modules defined using the C API typically use a module definition, `PyModuleDef` – a statically allocated, constant “description» of how a module should be created.

The definition is usually used to define an extension’s “main” module object (see Defining extension modules for details). It is also used to create extension modules dynamically.

Unlike `PyModule_New()`, the definition allows management of module state – a piece of memory that is allocated and cleared together with the module object. Unlike the module’s Python attributes, Python code cannot replace or delete data stored in module state.

type PyModuleDef
  Part of the Stable ABI (including all members).

  The module definition struct, which holds all information needed to create a module object. This structure must be statically allocated (or be otherwise guaranteed to be valid while any modules created from it exist). Usually, there is only one variable of this type for each extension module.

  PyModuleDef_Base m_base

    Always initialize this member to `PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT`.

  const char *m_name

    Nombre para el nuevo módulo.

  const char *m_doc

    Docstring para el módulo; por lo general, se usa una variable docstring creada con `PyDoc_STRVAR`.

  Py_ssize_t m_size

    El estado del módulo se puede mantener en un área de memoria por módulo que se puede recuperar con `PyModule_GetState()`, en lugar de en globales estáticos. Esto hace que los módulos sean seguros para su uso en múltiples sub-interpretadores.

    This memory area is allocated based on m_size on module creation, and freed when the module object is deallocated, after the `m_free` function has been called, if present.

    Setting it to a non-negative value means that the module can be re-initialized and specifies the additional amount of memory it requires for its state.

    Setting `m_size` to `-1` means that the module does not support sub-interpreters, because it has global state. Negative `m_size` is only allowed when using legacy single-phase initialization or when creating modules dynamically.

    Ver PEP 3121 para más detalles.

  PyMethodDef *m_methods

    Un puntero a una tabla de funciones de nivel de módulo, descrito por valores `PyMethodDef`. Puede ser `NULL` si no hay funciones presentes.

  PyModuleDef_Slot *m_slots

    An array of slot definitions for multi-phase initialization, terminated by a `{0, NULL}` entry. When using legacy single-phase initialization, m_slots must be `NULL`.

    Distinto en la versión 3.5: Antes de la versión 3.5, este miembro siempre estaba configurado en `NULL` y se definía como:

    > inquiry m_reload

  traverseproc m_traverse

    Una función transversal para llamar durante el recorrido GC del objeto del módulo, o `NULL` si no es necesario.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Distinto en la versión 3.9: Ya no se llama antes de que se asigne el estado del módulo.

  inquiry m_clear

    Una función clara para llamar durante la limpieza GC del objeto del módulo, o `NULL` si no es necesario.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Tal como `PyTypeObject.tp_clear`, esta función no siempre es llamada antes de la designación de un módulo. Por ejemplo, cuando el recuento de referencias está listo para determinar que un objeto no se usa más, la recolección de basura cíclica no se involucra y se llama a `m_free` directamente.

    Distinto en la versión 3.9: Ya no se llama antes de que se asigne el estado del módulo.

  freefunc m_free

    Una función para llamar durante la desasignación del objeto del módulo, o `NULL` si no es necesario.

    This function is not called if the module state was requested but is not allocated yet. This is the case immediately after the module is created and before the module is executed (`Py_mod_exec` function). More precisely, this function is not called if `m_size` is greater than 0 and the module state (as returned by `PyModule_GetState()`) is `NULL`.

    Distinto en la versión 3.9: Ya no se llama antes de que se asigne el estado del módulo.

## Module slots

type PyModuleDef_Slot
  int slot

    Una ranura ID, elegida entre los valores disponibles que se explican a continuación.

  void *value

    Valor de la ranura, cuyo significado depende de la ID de la ranura.

  Added in version 3.5.

Los tipos de ranura disponibles son:

Py_mod_create

  Especifica una función que se llama para crear el objeto del módulo en sí. El puntero value de este espacio debe apuntar a una función de la firma:

  PyObject *create_module(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def)

  La función recibe una instancia de `ModuleSpec`, como se define en PEP 451, y la definición del módulo. Debería retornar un nuevo objeto de módulo, o establecer un error y retornar `NULL`.

  Esta función debe mantenerse mínima. En particular, no debería llamar a código arbitrario de Python, ya que intentar importar el mismo módulo nuevamente puede dar como resultado un bucle infinito.

  Múltiples ranuras `Py_mod_create` no pueden especificarse en una definición de módulo.

  Si no se especifica `Py_mod_create`, la maquinaria de importación creará un objeto de módulo normal usando `PyModule_New()`. El nombre se toma de spec, no de la definición, para permitir que los módulos de extensión se ajusten dinámicamente a su lugar en la jerarquía de módulos y se importen bajo diferentes nombres a través de enlaces simbólicos, todo mientras se comparte una definición de módulo único.

  No es necesario que el objeto retornado sea una instancia de `PyModule_Type`. Se puede usar cualquier tipo, siempre que admita la configuración y la obtención de atributos relacionados con la importación. Sin embargo, solo se pueden retornar instancias `PyModule_Type` si el `PyModuleDef` no tiene `NULL` `m_traverse`, `m_clear`, `m_free`; `m_size` distinto de cero; o ranuras que no sean `Py_mod_create`.

Py_mod_exec

  Especifica una función que se llama para ejecutar (execute) el módulo. Esto es equivalente a ejecutar el código de un módulo Python: por lo general, esta función agrega clases y constantes al módulo. La firma de la función es:

  int exec_module(PyObject *module)

  Si se especifican varias ranuras `Py_mod_exec`, se procesan en el orden en que aparecen en el arreglo m_slots.

Py_mod_multiple_interpreters

  Specifies one of the following values:

  Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_NOT_SUPPORTED

    The module does not support being imported in subinterpreters.

  Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED

    The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, but only when they share the main interpreter’s GIL. (See Aislamiento de módulos de extensión.)

  Py_MOD_PER_INTERPRETER_GIL_SUPPORTED

    The module supports being imported in subinterpreters, even when they have their own GIL. (See Aislamiento de módulos de extensión.)

  This slot determines whether or not importing this module in a subinterpreter will fail.

  Multiple `Py_mod_multiple_interpreters` slots may not be specified in one module definition.

  If `Py_mod_multiple_interpreters` is not specified, the import machinery defaults to `Py_MOD_MULTIPLE_INTERPRETERS_SUPPORTED`.

  Added in version 3.12.

Py_mod_gil

  Specifies one of the following values:

  Py_MOD_GIL_USED

    The module depends on the presence of the global interpreter lock (GIL), and may access global state without synchronization.

  Py_MOD_GIL_NOT_USED

    The module is safe to run without an active GIL.

  This slot is ignored by Python builds not configured with `--disable-gil`. Otherwise, it determines whether or not importing this module will cause the GIL to be automatically enabled. See Free-threaded CPython for more detail.

  Multiple `Py_mod_gil` slots may not be specified in one module definition.

  If `Py_mod_gil` is not specified, the import machinery defaults to `Py_MOD_GIL_USED`.

  Added in version 3.13.

# Creating extension modules dynamically

The following functions may be used to create a module outside of an extension’s initialization function. They are also used in single-phase initialization.

PyObject *PyModule_Create(PyModuleDef *def)
  Return value: New reference.

  Create a new module object, given the definition in def. This is a macro that calls `PyModule_Create2()` with module_api_version set to `PYTHON_API_VERSION`, or to `PYTHON_ABI_VERSION` if using the limited API.

PyObject *PyModule_Create2(PyModuleDef *def, int module_api_version)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Crea un nuevo objeto de módulo, dada la definición en def, asumiendo la versión de API module_api_version. Si esa versión no coincide con la versión del intérprete en ejecución, se emite un `RuntimeWarning`.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  This function does not support slots. The `m_slots` member of def must be `NULL`.

  Nota

  La mayoría de los usos de esta función deberían usar `PyModule_Create()` en su lugar; solo use esto si está seguro de que lo necesita.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec)
  Return value: New reference.

  This macro calls `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2()` with module_api_version set to `PYTHON_API_VERSION`, or to `PYTHON_ABI_VERSION` if using the limited API.

  Added in version 3.5.

PyObject *PyModule_FromDefAndSpec2(PyModuleDef *def, PyObject *spec, int module_api_version)
  Return value: New reference. Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Create a new module object, given the definition in def and the ModuleSpec spec, assuming the API version module_api_version. If that version does not match the version of the running interpreter, a `RuntimeWarning` is emitted.

  Return `NULL` with an exception set on error.

  Note that this does not process execution slots (`Py_mod_exec`). Both `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec` and `PyModule_ExecDef` must be called to fully initialize a module.

  Nota

  La mayoría de los usos de esta función deberían usar `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec()` en su lugar; solo use esto si está seguro de que lo necesita.

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_ExecDef(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Procesa cualquier ranura de ejecución (`Py_mod_exec`) dado en def.

  Added in version 3.5.

PYTHON_API_VERSION

  The C API version. Defined for backwards compatibility.

  Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

PYTHON_ABI_VERSION

  Defined as `3` for backwards compatibility.

  Currently, this constant is not updated in new Python versions, and is not useful for versioning. This may change in the future.

# Funciones de soporte

The following functions are provided to help initialize a module state. They are intended for a module’s execution slots (`Py_mod_exec`), the initialization function for legacy single-phase initialization, or code that creates modules dynamically.

int PyModule_AddObjectRef(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  Agrega un objeto a module como name. Esta es una función de conveniencia que se puede usar desde la función de inicialización del módulo.

  En caso de éxito, retorna `0`. En caso de error, lanza una excepción y retorna `-1`.

  Ejemplo de uso

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          if (obj == NULL) {
              return -1;
          }
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_DECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

  To be convenient, the function accepts `NULL` value with an exception set. In this case, return `-1` and just leave the raised exception unchanged.

  El ejemplo puede también ser escrito sin verificar explicitamente si obj es `NULL`:

      static int
      add_spam(PyObject *module, int value)
      {
          PyObject *obj = PyLong_FromLong(value);
          int res = PyModule_AddObjectRef(module, "spam", obj);
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          return res;
       }

  Note que `Py_XDECREF()` debería ser usado en vez de `Py_DECREF()` en este caso, ya que obj puede ser `NULL`.

  The number of different name strings passed to this function should be kept small, usually by only using statically allocated strings as name. For names that aren’t known at compile time, prefer calling `PyUnicode_FromString()` and `PyObject_SetAttr()` directly. For more details, see `PyUnicode_InternFromString()`, which may be used internally to create a key object.

  Added in version 3.10.

int PyModule_Add(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.13.

  Similar to `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`, but «steals» a reference to value. It can be called with a result of function that returns a new reference without bothering to check its result or even saving it to a variable.

  Ejemplo de uso

      if (PyModule_Add(module, "spam", PyBytes_FromString(value)) < 0) {
          goto error;
      }

  Added in version 3.13.

int PyModule_AddObject(PyObject *module, const char *name, PyObject *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Similar a `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`, pero roba una referencia a value en caso de éxito (en este caso retorna `0`).

  The new `PyModule_Add()` or `PyModule_AddObjectRef()` functions are recommended, since it is easy to introduce reference leaks by misusing the `PyModule_AddObject()` function.

  Nota

  Unlike other functions that steal references, `PyModule_AddObject()` only releases the reference to value on success.

  This means that its return value must be checked, and calling code must `Py_XDECREF()` value manually on error.

  Ejemplo de uso

      PyObject *obj = PyBytes_FromString(value);
      if (PyModule_AddObject(module, "spam", obj) < 0) {
          // If 'obj' is not NULL and PyModule_AddObject() failed,
          // 'obj' strong reference must be deleted with Py_XDECREF().
          // If 'obj' is NULL, Py_XDECREF() does nothing.
          Py_XDECREF(obj);
          goto error;
      }
      // PyModule_AddObject() stole a reference to obj:
      // Py_XDECREF(obj) is not needed here.

  Obsoleto desde la versión 3.13: `PyModule_AddObject()` is soft deprecated.

int PyModule_AddIntConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, long value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Add an integer constant to module as name. This convenience function can be used from the module’s initialization function. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  This is a convenience function that calls `PyLong_FromLong()` and `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`; see their documentation for details.

int PyModule_AddStringConstant(PyObject *module, const char *name, const char *value)
  Part of the Stable ABI.

  Add a string constant to module as name. This convenience function can be used from the module’s initialization function. The string value must be `NULL`-terminated. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  This is a convenience function that calls `PyUnicode_InternFromString()` and `PyModule_AddObjectRef()`; see their documentation for details.

PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, macro)

  Add an int constant to module. The name and the value are taken from macro. For example `PyModule_AddIntMacro(module, AF_INET)` adds the int constant AF_INET with the value of AF_INET to module. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

PyModule_AddStringMacro(module, macro)

  Agrega una constante de cadena de caracteres a module.

int PyModule_AddType(PyObject *module, PyTypeObject *type)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.

  Add a type object to module. The type object is finalized by calling internally `PyType_Ready()`. The name of the type object is taken from the last component of `tp_name` after dot. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.9.

int PyModule_AddFunctions(PyObject *module, PyMethodDef *functions)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Add the functions from the `NULL` terminated functions array to module. Refer to the `PyMethodDef` documentation for details on individual entries (due to the lack of a shared module namespace, module level «functions» implemented in C typically receive the module as their first parameter, making them similar to instance methods on Python classes).

  This function is called automatically when creating a module from `PyModuleDef` (such as when using Multi-phase initialization, `PyModule_Create`, or `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec`). Some module authors may prefer defining functions in multiple `PyMethodDef` arrays; in that case they should call this function directly.

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyModule_SetDocString(PyObject *module, const char *docstring)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.7.

  Set the docstring for module to docstring. This function is called automatically when creating a module from `PyModuleDef` (such as when using Multi-phase initialization, `PyModule_Create`, or `PyModule_FromDefAndSpec`).

  Added in version 3.5.

int PyUnstable_Module_SetGIL(PyObject *module, void *gil)
  This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor releases.

  Indicate that module does or does not support running without the global interpreter lock (GIL), using one of the values from `Py_mod_gil`. It must be called during module’s initialization function when using Legacy single-phase initialization. If this function is not called during module initialization, the import machinery assumes the module does not support running without the GIL. This function is only available in Python builds configured with `--disable-gil`. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.13.

## Module lookup (single-phase initialization)

The legacy single-phase initialization initialization scheme creates singleton modules that can be looked up in the context of the current interpreter. This allows the module object to be retrieved later with only a reference to the module definition.

Estas funciones no funcionarán en módulos creados mediante la inicialización de múltiples fases, ya que se pueden crear múltiples módulos de este tipo desde una sola definición.

PyObject *PyState_FindModule(PyModuleDef *def)
  Return value: Borrowed reference. Part of the Stable ABI.

  Retorna el objeto módulo que se creó a partir de def para el intérprete actual. Este método requiere que el objeto módulo se haya adjuntado al estado del intérprete con `PyState_AddModule()` de antemano. En caso de que el objeto módulo correspondiente no se encuentre o no se haya adjuntado al estado del intérprete, retornará `NULL`.

int PyState_AddModule(PyObject *module, PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.

  Adjunta el objeto del módulo pasado a la función al estado del intérprete. Esto permite que se pueda acceder al objeto del módulo a través de `PyState_FindModule()`.

  Solo es efectivo en módulos creados con la inicialización monofásica.

  Python calls `PyState_AddModule` automatically after importing a module that uses single-phase initialization, so it is unnecessary (but harmless) to call it from module initialization code. An explicit call is needed only if the module’s own init code subsequently calls `PyState_FindModule`. The function is mainly intended for implementing alternative import mechanisms (either by calling it directly, or by referring to its implementation for details of the required state updates).

  If a module was attached previously using the same def, it is replaced by the new module.

  The caller must have an attached thread state.

  Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  Added in version 3.3.

int PyState_RemoveModule(PyModuleDef *def)
  Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.3.

  Removes the module object created from def from the interpreter state. Return `-1` with an exception set on error, `0` on success.

  The caller must have an attached thread state.

  Added in version 3.3.