# `importlib.metadata` – Acceso a los metadatos de los paquetes

Added in version 3.8.

Distinto en la versión 3.10: `importlib.metadata` ya no es provisional.

Source code: Lib/importlib/metadata/__init__.py

`importlib.metadata` is a library that provides access to the metadata of an installed Distribution Package, such as its entry points or its top-level names (Import Packages, modules, if any). Built in part on Python’s import system, this library intends to replace similar functionality in the entry point API and metadata API of `pkg_resources`. Along with `importlib.resources`, this package can eliminate the need to use the older and less efficient `pkg_resources` package.

`importlib.metadata` operates on third-party distribution packages installed into Python’s `site-packages` directory via tools such as pip. Specifically, it works with distributions with discoverable `dist-info` or `egg-info` directories, and metadata defined by the Core metadata specifications.

Importante

These are not necessarily equivalent to or correspond 1:1 with the top-level import package names that can be imported inside Python code. One distribution package can contain multiple import packages (and single modules), and one top-level import package may map to multiple distribution packages if it is a namespace package. You can use packages_distributions() to get a mapping between them.

Por defecto, los metadatos de distribución pueden vivir en el sistema de ficheros o en archivos zip en `sys.path`. A través de un mecanismo de extensión, los metadatos pueden vivir casi en cualquier lugar.

Ver también

https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/

  La documentación de `importlib_metadata`, que proporciona un backport de `importlib.metadata`. Esto incluye una Referencia API para las clases y funciones de este módulo, así como una Guía de migración para los usuarios existentes de `pkg_resources`.

## Descripción general

Let’s say you wanted to get the version string for a Distribution Package you’ve installed using `pip`. We start by creating a virtual environment and installing something into it:

    $ python -m venv example
    $ source example/bin/activate
    (example) $ python -m pip install wheel

Se puede obtener la cadena de versión para `wheel` ejecutando lo siguiente:

    (example) $ python
    >>> from importlib.metadata import version
    >>> version('wheel')
    '0.32.3'

You can also get a collection of entry points selectable by properties of the EntryPoint (typically “group” or “name”), such as `console_scripts`, `distutils.commands` and others. Each group contains a collection of EntryPoint objects.

Se pueden obtener los metadatos para una distribución:

    >>> list(metadata('wheel'))
    ['Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Summary', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email', 'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Keywords', 'Platform', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Requires-Python', 'Provides-Extra', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Dist']

También se puede obtener el número de versión de una distribución, enumerar sus archivos constituyentes y obtener una lista de los Requerimientos de la distribución de la distribución.

exception importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError

  Subclass of `ModuleNotFoundError` raised by several functions in this module when queried for a distribution package which is not installed in the current Python environment.

## API funcional

Este paquete provee la siguiente funcionalidad a través de su API pública.

### Puntos de entrada

importlib.metadata.entry_points(**select_params)

  Returns a `EntryPoints` instance describing entry points for the current environment. Any given keyword parameters are passed to the `select()` method for comparison to the attributes of the individual entry point definitions.

  Note: it is not currently possible to query for entry points based on their `EntryPoint.dist` attribute (as different `Distribution` instances do not currently compare equal, even if they have the same attributes)

class importlib.metadata.EntryPoints

  Details of a collection of installed entry points.

  Also provides a `.groups` attribute that reports all identified entry point groups, and a `.names` attribute that reports all identified entry point names.

class importlib.metadata.EntryPoint

  Details of an installed entry point.

  Each `EntryPoint` instance has `.name`, `.group`, and `.value` attributes and a `.load()` method to resolve the value. There are also `.module`, `.attr`, and `.extras` attributes for getting the components of the `.value` attribute, and `.dist` for obtaining information regarding the distribution package that provides the entry point.

Consultar todos los puntos de entrada:

    >>> eps = entry_points()

The `entry_points()` function returns a `EntryPoints` object, a collection of all `EntryPoint` objects with `names` and `groups` attributes for convenience:

    >>> sorted(eps.groups)
    ['console_scripts', 'distutils.commands', 'distutils.setup_keywords', 'egg_info.writers', 'setuptools.installation']

`EntryPoints` has a `select()` method to select entry points matching specific properties. Select entry points in the `console_scripts` group:

    >>> scripts = eps.select(group='console_scripts')

Equivalently, since `entry_points()` passes keyword arguments through to select:

    >>> scripts = entry_points(group='console_scripts')

Elige un script específico llamado «wheel» (que se encuentra en el proyecto wheel):

    >>> 'wheel' in scripts.names
    True
    >>> wheel = scripts['wheel']

De manera equivalente, consulta por ese punto de entrada durante la selección:

    >>> (wheel,) = entry_points(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')
    >>> (wheel,) = entry_points().select(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')

Inspeccionar el punto de entrada resuelto:

    >>> wheel
    EntryPoint(name='wheel', value='wheel.cli:main', group='console_scripts')
    >>> wheel.module
    'wheel.cli'
    >>> wheel.attr
    'main'
    >>> wheel.extras
    []
    >>> main = wheel.load()
    >>> main
    <function main at 0x103528488>

The `group` and `name` are arbitrary values defined by the package author and usually a client will wish to resolve all entry points for a particular group. Read the setuptools docs for more information on entry points, their definition, and usage.

Distinto en la versión 3.12: The «selectable» entry points were introduced in `importlib_metadata` 3.6 and Python 3.10. Prior to those changes, `entry_points` accepted no parameters and always returned a dictionary of entry points, keyed by group. With `importlib_metadata` 5.0 and Python 3.12, `entry_points` always returns an `EntryPoints` object. See backports.entry_points_selectable for compatibility options.

Distinto en la versión 3.13: `EntryPoint` objects no longer present a tuple-like interface (`__getitem__()`).

### Metadatos de distribución

importlib.metadata.metadata(distribution_name)

  Return the distribution metadata corresponding to the named distribution package as a `PackageMetadata` instance.

  Raises `PackageNotFoundError` if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.

class importlib.metadata.PackageMetadata

  A concrete implementation of the PackageMetadata protocol.

  In addition to providing the defined protocol methods and attributes, subscripting the instance is equivalent to calling the `get()` method.

Every Distribution Package includes some metadata, which you can extract using the `metadata()` function:

    >>> wheel_metadata = metadata('wheel')

The keys of the returned data structure name the metadata keywords, and the values are returned unparsed from the distribution metadata:

    >>> wheel_metadata['Requires-Python']
    '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'

`PackageMetadata` also presents a `json` attribute that returns all the metadata in a JSON-compatible form per PEP 566:

    >>> wheel_metadata.json['requires_python']
    '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'

The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA Core metadata specification for additional details.

Distinto en la versión 3.10: La `Descripción` ahora se incluye en los metadatos cuando se presenta a través de la carga útil. Se han eliminado los caracteres de continuación de línea.

El atributo `json` fue añadido.

### Versiones de distribución

importlib.metadata.version(distribution_name)

  Return the installed distribution package version for the named distribution package.

  Raises `PackageNotFoundError` if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.

The `version()` function is the quickest way to get a Distribution Package’s version number, as a string:

    >>> version('wheel')
    '0.32.3'

### Archivos de distribución

importlib.metadata.files(distribution_name)

  Return the full set of files contained within the named distribution package.

  Raises `PackageNotFoundError` if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.

  Returns `None` if the distribution is found but the installation database records reporting the files associated with the distribuion package are missing.

class importlib.metadata.PackagePath

  A `pathlib.PurePath` derived object with additional `dist`, `size`, and `hash` properties corresponding to the distribution package’s installation metadata for that file.

The `files()` function takes a Distribution Package name and returns all of the files installed by this distribution. Each file is reported as a `PackagePath` instance. For example:

    >>> util = [p for p in files('wheel') if 'util.py' in str(p)][0]
    >>> util
    PackagePath('wheel/util.py')
    >>> util.size
    859
    >>> util.dist
    <importlib.metadata._hooks.PathDistribution object at 0x101e0cef0>
    >>> util.hash
    <FileHash mode: sha256 value: bYkw5oMccfazVCoYQwKkkemoVyMAFoR34mmKBx8R1NI>

Una vez que se tiene el archivo, también se puede leer su contenido:

    >>> print(util.read_text())
    import base64
    import sys
    ...
    def as_bytes(s):
        if isinstance(s, text_type):
            return s.encode('utf-8')
        return s

You can also use the `locate()` method to get the absolute path to the file:

    >>> util.locate()
    PosixPath('/home/gustav/example/lib/site-packages/wheel/util.py')

In the case where the metadata file listing files (`RECORD` or `SOURCES.txt`) is missing, `files()` will return `None`. The caller may wish to wrap calls to `files()` in always_iterable or otherwise guard against this condition if the target distribution is not known to have the metadata present.

### Requerimientos de la distribución

importlib.metadata.requires(distribution_name)

  Return the declared dependency specifiers for the named distribution package.

  Raises `PackageNotFoundError` if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.

To get the full set of requirements for a Distribution Package, use the `requires()` function:

    >>> requires('wheel')
    ["pytest (>=3.0.0) ; extra == 'test'", "pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'"]

### Mapeo de paquetes de importación a distribución

importlib.metadata.packages_distributions()

  Return a mapping from the top level module and import package names found via `sys.meta_path` to the names of the distribution packages (if any) that provide the corresponding files.

  To allow for namespace packages (which may have members provided by multiple distribution packages), each top level import name maps to a list of distribution names rather than mapping directly to a single name.

Un método práctico para resolver el nombre del Paquete de distribución (o nombres, en el caso de un paquete de espacio de nombres) que proporciona cada módulo Python de nivel superior importable o Paquete de importación:

    >>> packages_distributions()
    {'importlib_metadata': ['importlib-metadata'], 'yaml': ['PyYAML'], 'jaraco': ['jaraco.classes', 'jaraco.functools'], ...}

Algunas instalaciones editables, no suministran nombres de nivel superior, por lo que esta función no es fiable con dichas instalaciones.

Added in version 3.10.

## Distribuciones

importlib.metadata.distribution(distribution_name)

  Return a `Distribution` instance describing the named distribution package.

  Raises `PackageNotFoundError` if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.

class importlib.metadata.Distribution

  Details of an installed distribution package.

  Note: different `Distribution` instances do not currently compare equal, even if they relate to the same installed distribution and accordingly have the same attributes.

While the module level API described above is the most common and convenient usage, you can get all of that information from the `Distribution` class. `Distribution` is an abstract object that represents the metadata for a Python Distribution Package. You can get the concrete `Distribution` subclass instance for an installed distribution package by calling the `distribution()` function:

    >>> from importlib.metadata import distribution
    >>> dist = distribution('wheel')
    >>> type(dist)
    <class 'importlib.metadata.PathDistribution'>

Thus, an alternative way to get the version number is through the `Distribution` instance:

    >>> dist.version
    '0.32.3'

There are all kinds of additional metadata available on `Distribution` instances:

    >>> dist.metadata['Requires-Python']
    '>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
    >>> dist.metadata['License']
    'MIT'

For editable packages, an `origin` property may present PEP 610 metadata:

    >>> dist.origin.url
    'file:///path/to/wheel-0.32.3.editable-py3-none-any.whl'

The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA Core metadata specification for additional details.

Added in version 3.13: The `.origin` property was added.

## Distribution Discovery

Por defecto, este paquete proporciona soporte incorporado para el descubrimiento de metadatos para el sistema de archivos y archivos zip Distribution Packages. Este buscador de metadatos busca por defecto `sys.path`, pero varía ligeramente en cómo interpreta esos valores respecto a cómo lo hace otra maquinaria de importación. En particular:

- `importlib.metadata` does not honor `bytes` objects on `sys.path`.

- `importlib.metadata` respetará incidentalmente los objetos `pathlib.Path`` en `sys.path` aunque tales valores serán ignorados para las importaciones.

## Extendiendo el algoritmo de búsqueda

Because Distribution Package metadata is not available through `sys.path` searches, or package loaders directly, the metadata for a distribution is found through import system finders. To find a distribution package’s metadata, `importlib.metadata` queries the list of meta path finders on `sys.meta_path`.

Por defecto `importlib.metadata` instala un buscador de paquetes de distribución encontrados en el sistema de ficheros. Este buscador en realidad no encuentra ninguna distribución, pero puede encontrar sus metadatos.

La clase abstracta `importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder` define la interfaz que se espera de los buscadores por el sistema de importación de Python. `importlib.metadata` amplía este protocolo buscando una `find_distributions` opcional invocable en los buscadores desde `sys.meta_path` y presenta esta interfaz extendida como la clase base abstracta `DistributionFinder`, que define este método abstracto:

    @abc.abstractmethod
    def find_distributions(context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
        """Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
        loading the metadata for packages for the indicated ``context``.
        """

El objeto `DistributionFinder.Context` proporciona propiedades `.path` y `.name` que indican la ruta de búsqueda y los nombres que deben coincidir y puede proporcionar otro contexto relevante.

Lo que esto significa en la práctica es que, para soportar la búsqueda de metadatos en paquetes de distribución en ubicaciones distintas al sistema de archivos, se debe subclasificar `Distribution` e implementar sus métodos abstractos. Luego, en el método `find_distributions()` de un buscador personalizado no hay más que retornar instancias de esta `Distribution` derivada.

### Example

Consider for example a custom finder that loads Python modules from a database:

    class DatabaseImporter(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder):
        def __init__(self, db):
            self.db = db

        def find_spec(self, fullname, target=None) -> ModuleSpec:
            return self.db.spec_from_name(fullname)

    sys.meta_path.append(DatabaseImporter(connect_db(...)))

That importer now presumably provides importable modules from a database, but it provides no metadata or entry points. For this custom importer to provide metadata, it would also need to implement `DistributionFinder`:

    from importlib.metadata import DistributionFinder

    class DatabaseImporter(DistributionFinder):
        ...

        def find_distributions(self, context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
            query = dict(name=context.name) if context.name else {}
            for dist_record in self.db.query_distributions(query):
                yield DatabaseDistribution(dist_record)

In this way, `query_distributions` would return records for each distribution served by the database matching the query. For example, if `requests-1.0` is in the database, `find_distributions` would yield a `DatabaseDistribution` for `Context(name='requests')` or `Context(name=None)`.

For the sake of simplicity, this example ignores `context.path`. The `path` attribute defaults to `sys.path` and is the set of import paths to be considered in the search. A `DatabaseImporter` could potentially function without any concern for a search path. Assuming the importer does no partitioning, the «path» would be irrelevant. In order to illustrate the purpose of `path`, the example would need to illustrate a more complex `DatabaseImporter` whose behavior varied depending on `sys.path`/`PYTHONPATH`. In that case, the `find_distributions` should honor the `context.path` and only yield `Distribution`s pertinent to that path.

`DatabaseDistribution`, then, would look something like:

    class DatabaseDistribution(importlib.metadata.Distribution):
        def __init__(self, record):
            self.record = record

        def read_text(self, filename):
            """
            Read a file like "METADATA" for the current distribution.
            """
            if filename == "METADATA":
                return f"""Name: {self.record.name}
    Version: {self.record.version}
    """
            if filename == "entry_points.txt":
                return "\n".join(
                  f"""[{ep.group}]\n{ep.name}={ep.value}"""
                  for ep in self.record.entry_points)

        def locate_file(self, path):
            raise RuntimeError("This distribution has no file system")

This basic implementation should provide metadata and entry points for packages served by the `DatabaseImporter`, assuming that the `record` supplies suitable `.name`, `.version`, and `.entry_points` attributes.

The `DatabaseDistribution` may also provide other metadata files, like `RECORD` (required for `Distribution.files`) or override the implementation of `Distribution.files`. See the source for more inspiration.