importlib.metadata
– Acceso a los metadatos de los paquetes¶
Added in version 3.8.
Distinto en la versión 3.10: importlib.metadata
ya no es provisional.
Source code: Lib/importlib/metadata/__init__.py
importlib.metadata
is a library that provides access to
the metadata of an installed Distribution Package,
such as its entry points
or its top-level names (Import Packages, modules, if any).
Built in part on Python’s import system, this library
intends to replace similar functionality in the entry point
API and metadata API of pkg_resources
. Along with
importlib.resources
,
this package can eliminate the need to use the older and less efficient
pkg_resources
package.
importlib.metadata
operates on third-party distribution packages
installed into Python’s site-packages
directory via tools such as
pip.
Specifically, it works with distributions with discoverable
dist-info
or egg-info
directories,
and metadata defined by the Core metadata specifications.
Importante
Estos no son necesariamente equivalentes o se corresponden 1:1 con los nombres de paquetes de importación de nivel superior que pueden ser importados dentro del código Python. Un paquete de distribución puede contener múltiples paquetes de importación (y módulos individuales), y un paquete de importación de nivel superior puede corresponder a múltiples paquetes de distribución si es un paquete de espacio de nombres. Puede usar package_distributions() para obtener un mapeo entre ellos.
Por defecto, los metadatos de distribución pueden vivir en el sistema de ficheros o en archivos zip en sys.path
. A través de un mecanismo de extensión, los metadatos pueden vivir casi en cualquier lugar.
Ver también
- https://importlib-metadata.readthedocs.io/
La documentación de
importlib_metadata
, que proporciona un backport deimportlib.metadata
. Esto incluye una Referencia API para las clases y funciones de este módulo, así como una Guía de migración para los usuarios existentes depkg_resources
.
Descripción general¶
Let’s say you wanted to get the version string for a
Distribution Package you’ve installed
using pip
. We start by creating a virtual environment and installing
something into it:
$ python -m venv example
$ source example/bin/activate
(example) $ python -m pip install wheel
Se puede obtener la cadena de versión para wheel
ejecutando lo siguiente:
(example) $ python
>>> from importlib.metadata import version
>>> version('wheel')
'0.32.3'
You can also get a collection of entry points selectable by properties of the EntryPoint (typically “group” or “name”), such as
console_scripts
, distutils.commands
and others. Each group contains a
collection of EntryPoint objects.
Se pueden obtener los metadatos para una distribución:
>>> list(metadata('wheel'))
['Metadata-Version', 'Name', 'Version', 'Summary', 'Home-page', 'Author', 'Author-email', 'Maintainer', 'Maintainer-email', 'License', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Project-URL', 'Keywords', 'Platform', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Classifier', 'Requires-Python', 'Provides-Extra', 'Requires-Dist', 'Requires-Dist']
También se puede obtener el número de versión de una distribución, enumerar sus archivos constituyentes y obtener una lista de los Requerimientos de la distribución de la distribución.
- exception importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError¶
Subclass of
ModuleNotFoundError
raised by several functions in this module when queried for a distribution package which is not installed in the current Python environment.
API funcional¶
Este paquete provee la siguiente funcionalidad a través de su API pública.
Puntos de entrada¶
- importlib.metadata.entry_points(**select_params)¶
Returns a
EntryPoints
instance describing entry points for the current environment. Any given keyword parameters are passed to theselect()
method for comparison to the attributes of the individual entry point definitions.Note: it is not currently possible to query for entry points based on their
EntryPoint.dist
attribute (as differentDistribution
instances do not currently compare equal, even if they have the same attributes)
- class importlib.metadata.EntryPoints¶
Details of a collection of installed entry points.
Also provides a
.groups
attribute that reports all identified entry point groups, and a.names
attribute that reports all identified entry point names.
- class importlib.metadata.EntryPoint¶
Details of an installed entry point.
Each
EntryPoint
instance has.name
,.group
, and.value
attributes and a.load()
method to resolve the value. There are also.module
,.attr
, and.extras
attributes for getting the components of the.value
attribute, and.dist
for obtaining information regarding the distribution package that provides the entry point.
Consultar todos los puntos de entrada:
>>> eps = entry_points()
The entry_points()
function returns a EntryPoints
object,
a collection of all EntryPoint
objects with names
and groups
attributes for convenience:
>>> sorted(eps.groups)
['console_scripts', 'distutils.commands', 'distutils.setup_keywords', 'egg_info.writers', 'setuptools.installation']
EntryPoints
has a select()
method to select entry points
matching specific properties. Select entry points in the
console_scripts
group:
>>> scripts = eps.select(group='console_scripts')
Equivalently, since entry_points()
passes keyword arguments
through to select:
>>> scripts = entry_points(group='console_scripts')
Elige un script específico llamado «wheel» (que se encuentra en el proyecto wheel):
>>> 'wheel' in scripts.names
True
>>> wheel = scripts['wheel']
De manera equivalente, consulta por ese punto de entrada durante la selección:
>>> (wheel,) = entry_points(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')
>>> (wheel,) = entry_points().select(group='console_scripts', name='wheel')
Inspeccionar el punto de entrada resuelto:
>>> wheel
EntryPoint(name='wheel', value='wheel.cli:main', group='console_scripts')
>>> wheel.module
'wheel.cli'
>>> wheel.attr
'main'
>>> wheel.extras
[]
>>> main = wheel.load()
>>> main
<function main at 0x103528488>
The group
and name
are arbitrary values defined by the package author
and usually a client will wish to resolve all entry points for a particular
group. Read the setuptools docs
for more information on entry points, their definition, and usage.
Nota de compatibilidad
The «selectable» entry points were introduced in importlib_metadata
3.6 and Python 3.10. Prior to those changes, entry_points
accepted
no parameters and always returned a dictionary of entry points, keyed
by group. With importlib_metadata
5.0 and Python 3.12,
entry_points
always returns an EntryPoints
object. See
backports.entry_points_selectable
for compatibility options.
Metadatos de distribución¶
- importlib.metadata.metadata(distribution_name)¶
Return the distribution metadata corresponding to the named distribution package as a
PackageMetadata
instance.Raises
PackageNotFoundError
if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.
- class importlib.metadata.PackageMetadata¶
A concrete implementation of the PackageMetadata protocol.
In addition to providing the defined protocol methods and attributes, subscripting the instance is equivalent to calling the
get()
method.
Every Distribution Package
includes some metadata, which you can extract using the metadata()
function:
>>> wheel_metadata = metadata('wheel')
The keys of the returned data structure name the metadata keywords, and the values are returned unparsed from the distribution metadata:
>>> wheel_metadata['Requires-Python']
'>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
PackageMetadata
also presents a json
attribute that returns
all the metadata in a JSON-compatible form per PEP 566:
>>> wheel_metadata.json['requires_python']
'>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA Core metadata specification for additional details.
Distinto en la versión 3.10: La Descripción
ahora se incluye en los metadatos cuando se presenta a través de la carga útil. Se han eliminado los caracteres de continuación de línea.
El atributo json
fue añadido.
Versiones de distribución¶
- importlib.metadata.version(distribution_name)¶
Return the installed distribution package version for the named distribution package.
Raises
PackageNotFoundError
if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.
The version()
function is the quickest way to get a
Distribution Package’s version
number, as a string:
>>> version('wheel')
'0.32.3'
Archivos de distribución¶
- importlib.metadata.files(distribution_name)¶
Return the full set of files contained within the named distribution package.
Raises
PackageNotFoundError
if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.Returns
None
if the distribution is found but the installation database records reporting the files associated with the distribuion package are missing.
- class importlib.metadata.PackagePath¶
A
pathlib.PurePath
derived object with additionaldist
,size
, andhash
properties corresponding to the distribution package’s installation metadata for that file.
The files()
function takes a
Distribution Package
name and returns all of the files installed by this distribution. Each file is reported
as a PackagePath
instance. For example:
>>> util = [p for p in files('wheel') if 'util.py' in str(p)][0]
>>> util
PackagePath('wheel/util.py')
>>> util.size
859
>>> util.dist
<importlib.metadata._hooks.PathDistribution object at 0x101e0cef0>
>>> util.hash
<FileHash mode: sha256 value: bYkw5oMccfazVCoYQwKkkemoVyMAFoR34mmKBx8R1NI>
Una vez que se tiene el archivo, también se puede leer su contenido:
>>> print(util.read_text())
import base64
import sys
...
def as_bytes(s):
if isinstance(s, text_type):
return s.encode('utf-8')
return s
You can also use the locate()
method to get the absolute
path to the file:
>>> util.locate()
PosixPath('/home/gustav/example/lib/site-packages/wheel/util.py')
In the case where the metadata file listing files
(RECORD
or SOURCES.txt
) is missing, files()
will
return None
. The caller may wish to wrap calls to
files()
in always_iterable
or otherwise guard against this condition if the target
distribution is not known to have the metadata present.
Requerimientos de la distribución¶
- importlib.metadata.requires(distribution_name)¶
Return the declared dependency specifiers for the named distribution package.
Raises
PackageNotFoundError
if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.
To get the full set of requirements for a Distribution Package,
use the requires()
function:
>>> requires('wheel')
["pytest (>=3.0.0) ; extra == 'test'", "pytest-cov ; extra == 'test'"]
Mapeo de paquetes de importación a distribución¶
- importlib.metadata.packages_distributions()¶
Return a mapping from the top level module and import package names found via
sys.meta_path
to the names of the distribution packages (if any) that provide the corresponding files.To allow for namespace packages (which may have members provided by multiple distribution packages), each top level import name maps to a list of distribution names rather than mapping directly to a single name.
Un método práctico para resolver el nombre del Paquete de distribución (o nombres, en el caso de un paquete de espacio de nombres) que proporciona cada módulo Python de nivel superior importable o Paquete de importación:
>>> packages_distributions()
{'importlib_metadata': ['importlib-metadata'], 'yaml': ['PyYAML'], 'jaraco': ['jaraco.classes', 'jaraco.functools'], ...}
Algunas instalaciones editables, no suministran nombres de nivel superior, por lo que esta función no es fiable con dichas instalaciones.
Added in version 3.10.
Distribuciones¶
- importlib.metadata.distribution(distribution_name)¶
Return a
Distribution
instance describing the named distribution package.Raises
PackageNotFoundError
if the named distribution package is not installed in the current Python environment.
- class importlib.metadata.Distribution¶
Details of an installed distribution package.
Note: different
Distribution
instances do not currently compare equal, even if they relate to the same installed distribution and accordingly have the same attributes.
While the module level API described above is the most common and convenient usage,
you can get all of that information from the Distribution
class.
Distribution
is an abstract object that represents the metadata for
a Python Distribution Package.
You can get the concreate Distribution
subclass instance for an installed
distribution package by calling the distribution()
function:
>>> from importlib.metadata import distribution
>>> dist = distribution('wheel')
>>> type(dist)
<class 'importlib.metadata.PathDistribution'>
Thus, an alternative way to get the version number is through the
Distribution
instance:
>>> dist.version
'0.32.3'
There are all kinds of additional metadata available on Distribution
instances:
>>> dist.metadata['Requires-Python']
'>=2.7, !=3.0.*, !=3.1.*, !=3.2.*, !=3.3.*'
>>> dist.metadata['License']
'MIT'
The full set of available metadata is not described here. See the PyPA Core metadata specification for additional details.
Distribution Discovery¶
Por defecto, este paquete proporciona soporte incorporado para el descubrimiento de metadatos para el sistema de archivos y archivos zip Distribution Packages. Este buscador de metadatos busca por defecto sys.path
, pero varía ligeramente en cómo interpreta esos valores respecto a cómo lo hace otra maquinaria de importación. En particular:
importlib.metadata
does not honorbytes
objects onsys.path
.importlib.metadata
respetará incidentalmente los objetospathlib.Path`
ensys.path
aunque tales valores serán ignorados para las importaciones.
Extendiendo el algoritmo de búsqueda¶
Because Distribution Package metadata
is not available through sys.path
searches, or
package loaders directly,
the metadata for a distribution is found through import
system finders. To find a distribution package’s metadata,
importlib.metadata
queries the list of meta path finders on
sys.meta_path
.
Por defecto importlib.metadata
instala un buscador de paquetes de distribución encontrados en el sistema de ficheros. Este buscador en realidad no encuentra ninguna distribución, pero puede encontrar sus metadatos.
La clase abstracta importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder
define la interfaz que se espera de los buscadores por el sistema de importación de Python. importlib.metadata
amplía este protocolo buscando una find_distributions
opcional invocable en los buscadores desde sys.meta_path
y presenta esta interfaz extendida como la clase base abstracta DistributionFinder
, que define este método abstracto:
@abc.abstractmethod
def find_distributions(context=DistributionFinder.Context()):
"""Return an iterable of all Distribution instances capable of
loading the metadata for packages for the indicated ``context``.
"""
El objeto DistributionFinder.Context
proporciona propiedades .path
y .name
que indican la ruta de búsqueda y los nombres que deben coincidir y puede proporcionar otro contexto relevante.
Lo que esto significa en la práctica es que, para soportar la búsqueda de metadatos en paquetes de distribución en ubicaciones distintas al sistema de archivos, se debe subclasificar Distribution
e implementar sus métodos abstractos. Luego, en el método find_distributions()
de un buscador personalizado no hay más que retornar instancias de esta Distribution
derivada.