Objetos enteros
***************

Todos los enteros se implementan como objetos enteros "largos"
(*long*) de tamaño arbitrario.

En caso de error, la mayoría de las API "PyLong_As*" retornan "(tipo
de retorno) -1" que no se puede distinguir de un número. Use
"PyErr_Occurred()" para desambiguar.

type PyLongObject
    * Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).*

   Este subtipo de "PyObject" representa un objeto entero de Python.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Esta instancia de "PyTypeObject" representa el tipo entero de
   Python. Este es el mismo objeto que "int" en la capa de Python.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

   Retorna verdadero si su argumento es un "PyLongObject" o un subtipo
   de "PyLongObject". Esta función siempre finaliza con éxito.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   Retorna verdadero si su argumento es un "PyLongObject", pero no un
   subtipo de "PyLongObject". Esta función siempre finaliza con éxito.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLong(long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna un objeto "PyLongObject" nuevo desde *v*, o "NULL" en caso
   de error.

   The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for
   all integers between "-5" and "256". When you create an int in that
   range you actually just get back a reference to the existing
   object.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna un objeto "PyLongObject" nuevo desde un C "Py_ssize_t", o
   "NULL" en caso de error.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna un objeto "PyLongObject" nuevo desde un C "size_t", o
   "NULL" en caso de error.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C long long, or "NULL" on
   failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna un nuevo objeto "PyLongObject" de la parte entera de *v*, o
   "NULL" en caso de error.

PyObject *PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" based on the string value in *str*,
   which is interpreted according to the radix in *base*, or "NULL" on
   failure.  If *pend* is non-"NULL", **pend* will point to the end of
   *str* on success or to the first character that could not be
   processed on error.  If *base* is "0", *str* is interpreted using
   the Literales enteros definition; in this case, leading zeros in a
   non-zero decimal number raises a "ValueError".  If *base* is not
   "0", it must be between "2" and "36", inclusive.  Leading and
   trailing whitespace and single underscores after a base specifier
   and between digits are ignored.  If there are no digits or *str* is
   not NULL-terminated following the digits and trailing whitespace,
   "ValueError" will be raised.

   Ver también:

     Python methods "int.to_bytes()" and "int.from_bytes()" to convert
     a "PyLongObject" to/from an array of bytes in base "256". You can
     call those from C using "PyObject_CallMethod()".

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Convierte una secuencia de dígitos Unicode en la cadena de
   caracteres *u* en un valor entero de Python.

   Added in version 3.3.

PyObject *PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Crea un entero de Python desde el puntero *p*. El valor del puntero
   se puede recuperar del valor resultante usando
   "PyLong_AsVoidPtr()".

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long.

   Retorna "-1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

   long PyLong_AS_LONG(PyObject *obj)

      A *soft deprecated* alias. Exactly equivalent to the preferred
      "PyLong_AsLong". In particular, it can fail with "OverflowError"
      or another exception.

      Obsoleto desde la versión 3.14: The function is soft deprecated.

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LONG_MAX" or less than
   "LONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Retorna "-1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long long.

   Retorna "-1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LLONG_MAX" or less than
   "LLONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Retorna "-1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

   Added in version 3.2.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna una representación de C "Py_ssize_t" de *pylong*. *pylong*
   debe ser una instancia de "PyLongObject".

   Lanza "OverflowError" si el valor de *pylong* está fuera de rango
   para un "Py_ssize_t".

   Retorna "-1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must
   be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a unsigned long.

   Retorna "(unsigned long)-1" en caso de error. Use
   "PyErr_Occurred()" para desambiguar.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Retorna una representación de C "size_t" de *pylong*. *pylong* debe
   ser una instancia de "PyLongObject".

   Lanza "OverflowError" si el valor de *pylong* está fuera de rango
   para un "size_t".

   Retorna "(size_t) -1" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   an unsigned long long.

   Retorna "(unsigned long long) -1" en caso de error. Use
   "PyErr_Occurred()" para desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.1: Ahora un *pylong* negativo lanza un
   "OverflowError", no "TypeError".

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not
   an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method
   (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long, return
   the reduction of that value modulo "ULONG_MAX + 1".

   Retorna "(unsigned long)-1" en caso de error. Use
   "PyErr_Occurred()" para desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is
   not an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()"
   method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long long,
   return the reduction of that value modulo "ULLONG_MAX + 1".

   Retorna "(unsigned long long) -1" por error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()"
   para desambiguar.

   Distinto en la versión 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Distinto en la versión 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C double representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be an
   instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a double.

   Retorna "-1.0" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

void *PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C void pointer. If *pylong*
   cannot be converted, an "OverflowError" will be raised.  This is
   only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created
   with "PyLong_FromVoidPtr()".

   Retorna "NULL" en caso de error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" para
   desambiguar.

PyObject *PyLong_GetInfo(void)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   On success, return a read only *named tuple*, that holds
   information about Python's internal representation of integers. See
   "sys.int_info" for description of individual fields.

   On failure, return "NULL" with an exception set.

   Added in version 3.1.

int PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact(const PyLongObject *op)

   *This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
   releases.*

   Return 1 if *op* is compact, 0 otherwise.

   This function makes it possible for performance-critical code to
   implement a “fast path” for small integers. For compact values use
   "PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue()"; for others fall back to a
   "PyLong_As*" function or "calling" "int.to_bytes()".

   The speedup is expected to be negligible for most users.

   Exactly what values are considered compact is an implementation
   detail and is subject to change.

   Added in version 3.12.

Py_ssize_t PyUnstable_Long_CompactValue(const PyLongObject *op)

   *This is Unstable API. It may change without warning in minor
   releases.*

   If *op* is compact, as determined by "PyUnstable_Long_IsCompact()",
   return its value.

   Otherwise, the return value is undefined.

   Added in version 3.12.
