Conteo de referencias
*********************

Los macros de esta sección se utilizan para administrar conteos de
referencia de objetos Python.

void Py_INCREF(PyObject *o)

   Indicate taking a new *strong reference* to object *o*, indicating
   it is in use and should not be destroyed.

   Esta función se usa generalmente para convertir un *borrowed
   reference* en un *strong reference* en su lugar. La función
   "Py_NewRef()" se puede utilizar para crear un nuevo *strong
   reference*.

   When done using the object, release it by calling "Py_DECREF()".

   El objeto no debe ser "NULL"; si no está seguro de que no sea
   "NULL", use "Py_XINCREF()".

   Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.

void Py_XINCREF(PyObject *o)

   Similar to "Py_INCREF()", but the object *o* can be "NULL", in
   which case this has no effect.

   Ver también "Py_XNewRef()".

PyObject *Py_NewRef(PyObject *o)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.*

   Create a new *strong reference* to an object: call "Py_INCREF()" on
   *o* and return the object *o*.

   When the *strong reference* is no longer needed, "Py_DECREF()"
   should be called on it to release the reference.

   El objeto *o* no debe ser "NULL"; use "Py_XNewRef()" si *o* puede
   ser "NULL".

   Por ejemplo:

      Py_INCREF(obj);
      self->attr = obj;

   puede ser escrito como:

      self->attr = Py_NewRef(obj);

   Ver también "Py_INCREF()".

   Nuevo en la versión 3.10.

PyObject *Py_XNewRef(PyObject *o)
    * Part of the Stable ABI since version 3.10.*

   Similar a "Py_NewRef()", pero el objeto *o* puede ser NULL.

   Si el objeto *o* es "NULL", la función solo retorna "NULL".

   Nuevo en la versión 3.10.

void Py_DECREF(PyObject *o)

   Release a *strong reference* to object *o*, indicating the
   reference is no longer used.

   Once the last *strong reference* is released (i.e. the object's
   reference count reaches 0), the object's type's deallocation
   function (which must not be "NULL") is invoked.

   Esta función se usa generalmente para eliminar un *strong
   reference* antes de salir de su alcance.

   El objeto no debe ser "NULL"; si no está seguro de que no sea
   "NULL", use "Py_XINCREF()".

   Do not expect this function to actually modify *o* in any way.

   Advertencia:

     The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python code to be
     invoked (e.g. when a class instance with a "__del__()" method is
     deallocated).  While exceptions in such code are not propagated,
     the executed code has free access to all Python global variables.
     This means that any object that is reachable from a global
     variable should be in a consistent state before "Py_DECREF()" is
     invoked.  For example, code to delete an object from a list
     should copy a reference to the deleted object in a temporary
     variable, update the list data structure, and then call
     "Py_DECREF()" for the temporary variable.

void Py_XDECREF(PyObject *o)

   Similar to "Py_DECREF()", but the object *o* can be "NULL", in
   which case this has no effect. The same warning from "Py_DECREF()"
   applies here as well.

void Py_CLEAR(PyObject *o)

   Release a *strong reference* for object *o*. The object may be
   "NULL", in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect
   is the same as for "Py_DECREF()", except that the argument is also
   set to "NULL".  The warning for "Py_DECREF()" does not apply with
   respect to the object passed because the macro carefully uses a
   temporary variable and sets the argument to "NULL" before releasing
   the reference.

   It is a good idea to use this macro whenever releasing a reference
   to an object that might be traversed during garbage collection.

void Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Indicate taking a new *strong reference* to object *o*. A function
   version of "Py_XINCREF()". It can be used for runtime dynamic
   embedding of Python.

void Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Release a *strong reference* to object *o*. A function version of
   "Py_XDECREF()". It can be used for runtime dynamic embedding of
   Python.

Las siguientes funciones o macros son solo para uso dentro del núcleo
del intérprete: "_Py_Dealloc()", "_Py_ForgetReference()",
"_Py_NewReference()", así como la variable global "_Py_RefTotal".
