email: Ejemplos¶
Aquí hay algunos ejemplos de cómo usar el paquete email para leer, escribir y enviar mensajes de correo electrónico simples, así como mensajes MIME más complejos.
Primero, veamos cómo crear y enviar un mensaje de texto simple (tanto el contenido de texto como las direcciones pueden contener caracteres unicode):
# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Open the plain text file whose name is in textfile for reading.
with open(textfile) as fp:
# Create a text/plain message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg.set_content(fp.read())
# me == the sender's email address
# you == the recipient's email address
msg['Subject'] = f'The contents of {textfile}'
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = you
# Send the message via our own SMTP server.
s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')
s.send_message(msg)
s.quit()
El análisis de los encabezados RFC 822 se pueden hacer fácilmente usando las clases del módulo parser:
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email.parser import BytesParser, Parser
from email.policy import default
# If the e-mail headers are in a file, uncomment these two lines:
# with open(messagefile, 'rb') as fp:
# headers = BytesParser(policy=default).parse(fp)
# Or for parsing headers in a string (this is an uncommon operation), use:
headers = Parser(policy=default).parsestr(
'From: Foo Bar <user@example.com>\n'
'To: <someone_else@example.com>\n'
'Subject: Test message\n'
'\n'
'Body would go here\n')
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary:
print('To: {}'.format(headers['to']))
print('From: {}'.format(headers['from']))
print('Subject: {}'.format(headers['subject']))
# You can also access the parts of the addresses:
print('Recipient username: {}'.format(headers['to'].addresses[0].username))
print('Sender name: {}'.format(headers['from'].addresses[0].display_name))
Aquí hay un ejemplo de cómo enviar un mensaje MIME que contiene un grupo de fotos familiares que pueden residir en un directorio:
# Import smtplib for the actual sending function
import smtplib
# And imghdr to find the types of our images
import imghdr
# Here are the email package modules we'll need
from email.message import EmailMessage
# Create the container email message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'
# me == the sender's email address
# family = the list of all recipients' email addresses
msg['From'] = me
msg['To'] = ', '.join(family)
msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
# Open the files in binary mode. Use imghdr to figure out the
# MIME subtype for each specific image.
for file in pngfiles:
with open(file, 'rb') as fp:
img_data = fp.read()
msg.add_attachment(img_data, maintype='image',
subtype=imghdr.what(None, img_data))
# Send the email via our own SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
Aquí hay un ejemplo de cómo enviar todo el contenido de un directorio como un mensaje de correo electrónico: 1
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""
import os
import smtplib
# For guessing MIME type based on file name extension
import mimetypes
from argparse import ArgumentParser
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.policy import SMTP
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message.
Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local
SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process. Your local machine
must be running an SMTP server.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory',
help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory,
otherwise use the current directory. Only the regular
files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to
subdirectories.""")
parser.add_argument('-o', '--output',
metavar='FILE',
help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of
sending the message to the SMTP server.""")
parser.add_argument('-s', '--sender', required=True,
help='The value of the From: header (required)')
parser.add_argument('-r', '--recipient', required=True,
action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT',
default=[], dest='recipients',
help='A To: header value (at least one required)')
args = parser.parse_args()
directory = args.directory
if not directory:
directory = '.'
# Create the message
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = f'Contents of directory {os.path.abspath(directory)}'
msg['To'] = ', '.join(args.recipients)
msg['From'] = args.sender
msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'
for filename in os.listdir(directory):
path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
if not os.path.isfile(path):
continue
# Guess the content type based on the file's extension. Encoding
# will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
# gzip'd or compressed files.
ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
# No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
# use a generic bag-of-bits type.
ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
msg.add_attachment(fp.read(),
maintype=maintype,
subtype=subtype,
filename=filename)
# Now send or store the message
if args.output:
with open(args.output, 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=SMTP))
else:
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Aquí hay un ejemplo de cómo descomprimir un mensaje MIME como el anterior, en un directorio de archivos:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files."""
import os
import email
import mimetypes
from email.policy import default
from argparse import ArgumentParser
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser(description="""\
Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files.
""")
parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', required=True,
help="""Unpack the MIME message into the named
directory, which will be created if it doesn't already
exist.""")
parser.add_argument('msgfile')
args = parser.parse_args()
with open(args.msgfile, 'rb') as fp:
msg = email.message_from_binary_file(fp, policy=default)
try:
os.mkdir(args.directory)
except FileExistsError:
pass
counter = 1
for part in msg.walk():
# multipart/* are just containers
if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
continue
# Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
# email message can't be used to overwrite important files
filename = part.get_filename()
if not filename:
ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
if not ext:
# Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
ext = '.bin'
filename = f'part-{counter:03d}{ext}'
counter += 1
with open(os.path.join(args.directory, filename), 'wb') as fp:
fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=True))
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Aquí hay un ejemplo de cómo crear un mensaje HTML con una versión alternativa de texto sin formato. Para hacer las cosas un poco más interesantes, incluimos una imagen relacionada en la parte html, y guardamos una copia de lo que vamos a enviar en el disco, además de enviarlo.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import smtplib
from email.message import EmailMessage
from email.headerregistry import Address
from email.utils import make_msgid
# Create the base text message.
msg = EmailMessage()
msg['Subject'] = "Ayons asperges pour le déjeuner"
msg['From'] = Address("Pepé Le Pew", "pepe", "example.com")
msg['To'] = (Address("Penelope Pussycat", "penelope", "example.com"),
Address("Fabrette Pussycat", "fabrette", "example.com"))
msg.set_content("""\
Salut!
Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie[1] déjeuner.
[1] http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718
--Pepé
""")
# Add the html version. This converts the message into a multipart/alternative
# container, with the original text message as the first part and the new html
# message as the second part.
asparagus_cid = make_msgid()
msg.add_alternative("""\
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<p>Salut!</p>
<p>Cela ressemble à un excellent
<a href="http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718">
recipie
</a> déjeuner.
</p>
<img src="cid:{asparagus_cid}" />
</body>
</html>
""".format(asparagus_cid=asparagus_cid[1:-1]), subtype='html')
# note that we needed to peel the <> off the msgid for use in the html.
# Now add the related image to the html part.
with open("roasted-asparagus.jpg", 'rb') as img:
msg.get_payload()[1].add_related(img.read(), 'image', 'jpeg',
cid=asparagus_cid)
# Make a local copy of what we are going to send.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'wb') as f:
f.write(bytes(msg))
# Send the message via local SMTP server.
with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
s.send_message(msg)
Si nos enviaron el mensaje del último ejemplo, aquí hay una forma en que podríamos procesarlo:
import os
import sys
import tempfile
import mimetypes
import webbrowser
# Import the email modules we'll need
from email import policy
from email.parser import BytesParser
def magic_html_parser(html_text, partfiles):
"""Return safety-sanitized html linked to partfiles.
Rewrite the href="cid:...." attributes to point to the filenames in partfiles.
Though not trivial, this should be possible using html.parser.
"""
raise NotImplementedError("Add the magic needed")
# In a real program you'd get the filename from the arguments.
with open('outgoing.msg', 'rb') as fp:
msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(fp)
# Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary, and any non-ASCII will
# be converted to unicode:
print('To:', msg['to'])
print('From:', msg['from'])
print('Subject:', msg['subject'])
# If we want to print a preview of the message content, we can extract whatever
# the least formatted payload is and print the first three lines. Of course,
# if the message has no plain text part printing the first three lines of html
# is probably useless, but this is just a conceptual example.
simplest = msg.get_body(preferencelist=('plain', 'html'))
print()
print(''.join(simplest.get_content().splitlines(keepends=True)[:3]))
ans = input("View full message?")
if ans.lower()[0] == 'n':
sys.exit()
# We can extract the richest alternative in order to display it:
richest = msg.get_body()
partfiles = {}
if richest['content-type'].maintype == 'text':
if richest['content-type'].subtype == 'plain':
for line in richest.get_content().splitlines():
print(line)
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].subtype == 'html':
body = richest
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
elif richest['content-type'].content_type == 'multipart/related':
body = richest.get_body(preferencelist=('html'))
for part in richest.iter_attachments():
fn = part.get_filename()
if fn:
extension = os.path.splitext(part.get_filename())[1]
else:
extension = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension, delete=False) as f:
f.write(part.get_content())
# again strip the <> to go from email form of cid to html form.
partfiles[part['content-id'][1:-1]] = f.name
else:
print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type()))
sys.exit()
with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False) as f:
f.write(magic_html_parser(body.get_content(), partfiles))
webbrowser.open(f.name)
os.remove(f.name)
for fn in partfiles.values():
os.remove(fn)
# Of course, there are lots of email messages that could break this simple
# minded program, but it will handle the most common ones.
Hasta el aviso, el resultado de lo anterior es:
To: Penelope Pussycat <penelope@example.com>, Fabrette Pussycat <fabrette@example.com>
From: Pepé Le Pew <pepe@example.com>
Subject: Ayons asperges pour le déjeuner
Salut!
Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie[1] déjeuner.
Notas al pie
- 1
Gracias a Matthew Dixon Cowles por la inspiración y ejemplos originales.