Integer Objects
***************

All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary
size.

On error, most "PyLong_As*" APIs return "(return type)-1" which cannot
be distinguished from a number.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
disambiguate.

type PyLongObject
    * Part of the Limited API (as an opaque struct).*

   This subtype of "PyObject" represents a Python integer object.

PyTypeObject PyLong_Type
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   This instance of "PyTypeObject" represents the Python integer type.
   This is the same object as "int" in the Python layer.

int PyLong_Check(PyObject *p)

   Return true if its argument is a "PyLongObject" or a subtype of
   "PyLongObject".  This function always succeeds.

int PyLong_CheckExact(PyObject *p)

   Return true if its argument is a "PyLongObject", but not a subtype
   of "PyLongObject".  This function always succeeds.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLong(long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from *v*, or "NULL" on failure.

   The current implementation keeps an array of integer objects for
   all integers between "-5" and "256". When you create an int in that
   range you actually just get back a reference to the existing
   object.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(unsigned long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSsize_t(Py_ssize_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C "Py_ssize_t", or "NULL"
   on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromSize_t(size_t v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C "size_t", or "NULL" on
   failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromLongLong(long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C long long, or "NULL" on
   failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(unsigned long long v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from a C unsigned long long, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromDouble(double v)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" object from the integer part of *v*, or
   "NULL" on failure.

PyObject *PyLong_FromString(const char *str, char **pend, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a new "PyLongObject" based on the string value in *str*,
   which is interpreted according to the radix in *base*.  If *pend*
   is non-"NULL", **pend* will point to the first character in *str*
   which follows the representation of the number.  If *base* is "0",
   *str* is interpreted using the Integer literals definition; in this
   case, leading zeros in a non-zero decimal number raises a
   "ValueError". If *base* is not "0", it must be between "2" and
   "36", inclusive.  Leading spaces and single underscores after a
   base specifier and between digits are ignored.  If there are no
   digits, "ValueError" will be raised.

   See also:

     Python methods "int.to_bytes()" and "int.from_bytes()" to convert
     a "PyLongObject" to/from an array of bytes in base "256". You can
     call those from C using "PyObject_CallMethod()".

PyObject *PyLong_FromUnicodeObject(PyObject *u, int base)
    *Return value: New reference.*

   Convert a sequence of Unicode digits in the string *u* to a Python
   integer value.

   New in version 3.3.

PyObject *PyLong_FromVoidPtr(void *p)
    *Return value: New reference.** Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Create a Python integer from the pointer *p*. The pointer value can
   be retrieved from the resulting value using "PyLong_AsVoidPtr()".

long PyLong_AsLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

long PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LONG_MAX" or less than
   "LONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *obj* is out of range for a
   long long.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

long long PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *obj, int *overflow)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not an
   instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method (if
   present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is greater than "LLONG_MAX" or less than
   "LLONG_MIN", set **overflow* to "1" or "-1", respectively, and
   return "-1"; otherwise, set **overflow* to "0".  If any other
   exception occurs set **overflow* to "0" and return "-1" as usual.

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

   New in version 3.2.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

Py_ssize_t PyLong_AsSsize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C "Py_ssize_t" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must
   be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "Py_ssize_t".

   Returns "-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must
   be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a unsigned long.

   Returns "(unsigned long)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

size_t PyLong_AsSize_t(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C "size_t" representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be
   an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a "size_t".

   Returns "(size_t)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *pylong*.  *pylong*
   must be an instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   an unsigned long long.

   Returns "(unsigned long long)-1" on error. Use "PyErr_Occurred()"
   to disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.1: A negative *pylong* now raises
   "OverflowError", not "TypeError".

unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is not
   an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()" method
   (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long, return
   the reduction of that value modulo "ULONG_MAX + 1".

   Returns "(unsigned long)-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to
   disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

unsigned long long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C unsigned long long representation of *obj*.  If *obj* is
   not an instance of "PyLongObject", first call its "__index__()"
   method (if present) to convert it to a "PyLongObject".

   If the value of *obj* is out of range for an unsigned long long,
   return the reduction of that value modulo "ULLONG_MAX + 1".

   Returns "(unsigned long long)-1" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()"
   to disambiguate.

   Changed in version 3.8: Use "__index__()" if available.

   Changed in version 3.10: This function will no longer use
   "__int__()".

double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Return a C double representation of *pylong*.  *pylong* must be an
   instance of "PyLongObject".

   Raise "OverflowError" if the value of *pylong* is out of range for
   a double.

   Returns "-1.0" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.

void *PyLong_AsVoidPtr(PyObject *pylong)
    * Part of the Stable ABI.*

   Convert a Python integer *pylong* to a C void pointer. If *pylong*
   cannot be converted, an "OverflowError" will be raised.  This is
   only assured to produce a usable void pointer for values created
   with "PyLong_FromVoidPtr()".

   Returns "NULL" on error.  Use "PyErr_Occurred()" to disambiguate.
