# Dictionary Objects

type `PyDictObject`

  This subtype of `PyObject` represents a Python dictionary object.

PyTypeObject `PyDict_Type`

  This instance of `PyTypeObject` represents the Python dictionary type. This is the same object as `dict` in the Python layer.

int `PyDict_Check`(PyObject *p)

  Return true if p is a dict object or an instance of a subtype of the dict type. This function always succeeds.

int `PyDict_CheckExact`(PyObject *p)

  Return true if p is a dict object, but not an instance of a subtype of the dict type. This function always succeeds.

PyObject *`PyDict_New`()
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new empty dictionary, or `NULL` on failure.

PyObject *`PyDictProxy_New`(PyObject *mapping)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a `types.MappingProxyType` object for a mapping which enforces read-only behavior. This is normally used to create a view to prevent modification of the dictionary for non-dynamic class types.

void `PyDict_Clear`(PyObject *p)

  Empty an existing dictionary of all key-value pairs.

int `PyDict_Contains`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)

  Determine if dictionary p contains key. If an item in p is matches key, return `1`, otherwise return `0`. On error, return `-1`. This is equivalent to the Python expression `key in p`.

PyObject *`PyDict_Copy`(PyObject *p)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a new dictionary that contains the same key-value pairs as p.

int `PyDict_SetItem`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key, PyObject *val)

  Insert val into the dictionary p with a key of key. key must be hashable; if it isn’t, `TypeError` will be raised. Return `0` on success or `-1` on failure. This function does not steal a reference to val.

int `PyDict_SetItemString`(PyObject *p, const char *key, PyObject *val)

  Insert val into the dictionary p using key as a key. key should be a const char*. The key object is created using `PyUnicode_FromString(key)`. Return `0` on success or `-1` on failure. This function does not steal a reference to val.

int `PyDict_DelItem`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)

  Remove the entry in dictionary p with key key. key must be hashable; if it isn’t, `TypeError` is raised. If key is not in the dictionary, `KeyError` is raised. Return `0` on success or `-1` on failure.

int `PyDict_DelItemString`(PyObject *p, const char *key)

  Remove the entry in dictionary p which has a key specified by the string key. If key is not in the dictionary, `KeyError` is raised. Return `0` on success or `-1` on failure.

PyObject *`PyDict_GetItem`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  Return the object from dictionary p which has a key key. Return `NULL` if the key key is not present, but without setting an exception.

  Note that exceptions which occur while calling `__hash__()` and `__eq__()` methods will get suppressed. To get error reporting use `PyDict_GetItemWithError()` instead.

  Changed in version 3.10: Calling this API without GIL held had been allowed for historical reason. It is no longer allowed.

PyObject *`PyDict_GetItemWithError`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key)
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  Variant of `PyDict_GetItem()` that does not suppress exceptions. Return `NULL` with an exception set if an exception occurred. Return `NULL` without an exception set if the key wasn’t present.

PyObject *`PyDict_GetItemString`(PyObject *p, const char *key)
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  This is the same as `PyDict_GetItem()`, but key is specified as a const char*, rather than a PyObject*.

  Note that exceptions which occur while calling `__hash__()` and `__eq__()` methods and creating a temporary string object will get suppressed. To get error reporting use `PyDict_GetItemWithError()` instead.

PyObject *`PyDict_SetDefault`(PyObject *p, PyObject *key, PyObject *defaultobj)
  Return value: Borrowed reference.

  This is the same as the Python-level `dict.setdefault()`. If present, it returns the value corresponding to key from the dictionary p. If the key is not in the dict, it is inserted with value defaultobj and defaultobj is returned. This function evaluates the hash function of key only once, instead of evaluating it independently for the lookup and the insertion.

  New in version 3.4.

PyObject *`PyDict_Items`(PyObject *p)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a `PyListObject` containing all the items from the dictionary.

PyObject *`PyDict_Keys`(PyObject *p)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a `PyListObject` containing all the keys from the dictionary.

PyObject *`PyDict_Values`(PyObject *p)
  Return value: New reference.

  Return a `PyListObject` containing all the values from the dictionary p.

Py_ssize_t `PyDict_Size`(PyObject *p)

  Return the number of items in the dictionary. This is equivalent to `len(p)` on a dictionary.

int `PyDict_Next`(PyObject *p, Py_ssize_t *ppos, PyObject **pkey, PyObject **pvalue)

  Iterate over all key-value pairs in the dictionary p. The `Py_ssize_t` referred to by ppos must be initialized to `0` prior to the first call to this function to start the iteration; the function returns true for each pair in the dictionary, and false once all pairs have been reported. The parameters pkey and pvalue should either point to PyObject* variables that will be filled in with each key and value, respectively, or may be `NULL`. Any references returned through them are borrowed. ppos should not be altered during iteration. Its value represents offsets within the internal dictionary structure, and since the structure is sparse, the offsets are not consecutive.

  For example:

      PyObject *key, *value;
      Py_ssize_t pos = 0;

      while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
          /* do something interesting with the values... */
          ...
      }

  The dictionary p should not be mutated during iteration. It is safe to modify the values of the keys as you iterate over the dictionary, but only so long as the set of keys does not change. For example:

      PyObject *key, *value;
      Py_ssize_t pos = 0;

      while (PyDict_Next(self->dict, &pos, &key, &value)) {
          long i = PyLong_AsLong(value);
          if (i == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
              return -1;
          }
          PyObject *o = PyLong_FromLong(i + 1);
          if (o == NULL)
              return -1;
          if (PyDict_SetItem(self->dict, key, o) < 0) {
              Py_DECREF(o);
              return -1;
          }
          Py_DECREF(o);
      }

int `PyDict_Merge`(PyObject *a, PyObject *b, int override)

  Iterate over mapping object b adding key-value pairs to dictionary a. b may be a dictionary, or any object supporting `PyMapping_Keys()` and `PyObject_GetItem()`. If override is true, existing pairs in a will be replaced if a matching key is found in b, otherwise pairs will only be added if there is not a matching key in a. Return `0` on success or `-1` if an exception was raised.

int `PyDict_Update`(PyObject *a, PyObject *b)

  This is the same as `PyDict_Merge(a, b, 1)` in C, and is similar to `a.update(b)` in Python except that `PyDict_Update()` doesn’t fall back to the iterating over a sequence of key value pairs if the second argument has no “keys” attribute. Return `0` on success or `-1` if an exception was raised.

int `PyDict_MergeFromSeq2`(PyObject *a, PyObject *seq2, int override)

  Update or merge into dictionary a, from the key-value pairs in seq2. seq2 must be an iterable object producing iterable objects of length 2, viewed as key-value pairs. In case of duplicate keys, the last wins if override is true, else the first wins. Return `0` on success or `-1` if an exception was raised. Equivalent Python (except for the return value):

      def PyDict_MergeFromSeq2(a, seq2, override):
          for key, value in seq2:
              if override or key not in a:
                  a[key] = value